Newsroom-as-set trends/working newsroom feels outside the Anglosphere

The RTF/ORTF had held a monopoly on French television for years.

With the split of the RTF/ORTF under the 1974 law, TF1, Antenne 2 and FR3 began their operations on January 6, 1975 as France's Big Three television channels.

For Antenne 2, although state-owned, it was uniquely a television channel known for innovation.

On February 14, 1977, which was an appropiate day celebrating love, symbolized by hearts, Antenne 2 introduced a new look to its newscasts (in music, intros and presentation).

Jean-Pierre Elkabbach masterminded the 1977 look for the newscasts on Antenne 2.

November 1977 was when Antenne 2 began using a chroma key backdrop. 

using an American-like newsroom/bullpen via its regional stations.

The Normandie region, served by FR3, had two stations, one in Rouen, the other in Caen.

During the early-1980's era, FR3's Caen news operation made its relocation to Rue Fred-Scamaroni; its editor-in-chief Henri Sannier delivered the news from the newsroom.

19/20 (FR3), upon its May 6, 1986 debut, put the newsroom-as-set trend being seen in FR3's own Caen operation on a national basis via Henri Sannier.

Antenne 2 responded to the immense success being made by 19/20 (FR3) by hiring Henri Sannier.

Coupled with its opening sequence being created by David Niles, during the late-1980's era, Antenne 2 utilized the newsroom as a studio centrepiece under Henri Sannier, but via chroma key.

On September 6, 1989, not long after the 200th anniversary of the 1789 French Revolution, TF1 began tearing down the walls of a world map for a physical mutli-monitor control room backdrop.

Until 1984, both Tagesschau (ARD) and Heute (ZDF) held a national duopoly on the German television news landscape.

Sat.1 and RTL, both being the first national private television channels in Germany, countered this news formula of both ARD and ZDF with their American-style news aesthetics in 1984.

For Sat.1, its own launch on January 1, 1984 (New Year's Day 1984) resulted in the introeduction of the newsroom-as-set trend to the DACH region.

ORF and SF DRS followed in the Sat.1 footsteps by adopting this trend, first in 1984 and then in 1985.

ProSieben embraced the physical newsroom-as-set trend based on WSVN (and BCTV/CNN) for three years since 1996.

N24 (now Welt) has used the physical newsroom-as-set trend since the mid-noughties.

The television iteration of TROS Aktua was one of the first news programs outside the Anglosphere to embrace an American-like newsroom/bullpen, both on a regular basis and in a physical form.

Lasting from October 1974 to October 1984, with an exception that lasted 2 years starting in 1981, the bullpen was a regular studio feature for the television iteration of TROS Aktua.

Wibo van de Linde developed a unique style through his ties to American media.

In 1961, Wibo van de Linde began his career in journalism as an apprentice at the US-based UPI news agency; he was the the official Dutch reporter for Time-Life.

Besides, in 1977, Wibo van de Linde hosted Europe Calling, an English-language program for TROS.

Europe Calling is a Dutch program focusing on international American network approaches, which had aired in August 1977.

For Wibo van de Linde, his vision for TROS Aktua did not just emulate American aesthetics, he made a different form of journalism in the Benelux.

Televisa began using the newsroom-as-set trend designed by BDI in the mid-noughties.

Having been based on BCTV/CNN, Televisa's own newsroom-as-set trend was part of the newly-built expansion of its Chapultepec headquarters.

However, this newsroom-as-set trend was not new for Televisa, as it was already used, shortly after the April 1997 death of Emilio Azcarraga Milmo until 1998, for 24 Horas with Jacobo Zabludovsky.

Plus, Televisa's local stations, like XEWT and XHBC, use the newsroom-as-set trend.

Rival TV Azteca used the newsroom-as-set trend for some Hechos editions from the late-1990's to the noughties.

ECO, which is television's first all-news service in both Latin America and the Hispanic world, used a multi-monitor control room set similar to CNN Headline News.

During the Carlos Menem presidency, newsroom-as-set trends were introduced to Argentina in a more modern and professional manner.

For example, Telenoche (Artear) used a studio set, which featured a multi-monitor control room as its primary backdrop, designed to have a working newsroom feel.

In Chile, from 1990 to 2002, 24 Horas (TVN) utilized a small-sized newsroom-as-set trend.

Also in Chile, Teletrece (UCTV) used the newsroom-as-set trend from the 1990's to the noughties.

However, the newsroom-as-set trend was not new for Teletrece (UCTV), as it was already used for its secondary editions (afternoons/late-nights) during the 1980's.

QAP broke from tradition by using a newsroom-as-set trend, the first of its kind in Colombia.

Based on one for CNN (and in turn, BCTV), the newsroom-as-set trend for QAP conveyed urgency and transparency that other newscasts in Colombia have not.

Since QAP, this newsroom-as-set trend has been used by Colombia's private television services, such as RCN, Caracol and CityTV, the latter being based on the original Toronto version.

Meanwhile, in Peru, Red Global used the Canal De Noticias NBC set, but through chroma key, and in 1997, a physical newsroom-as-set trend was used.

From the early-1990's to 2017, Uruguay's Canal 4 used the newsroom-as-set trend known as the Centro Monte Carlo de Noticias, translated into English as the Monte Carlo News Centre.

The Centro Monte Carlo De Noticias was based on one for CNN, and in turn, BCTV.

Also in Uruguay, Teledoce utilized newsroom-as-set trends, including the one being based upon CNN International from the late-1990's to the mid-2010's.

VTM used newsroom-as-set trends, including one designed by BDI from 1996 to the mid-noughties. 

In August 1986, Aktuellt (SVT) began to use the newsroom as a backdrop, but on a temporary basis.

The newsroom-as-set trend for Aktuellt (SVT) became a permanent one with the launch of ABC, which served as a regional newscast covering Stockholm and Uppsala.

For Aktuellt (SVT), the newsroom-as-set trend on a regular basis lasted until September 2001.

Nyhetshuset was a testing ground for the newsroom-as-set trend for Aktuellt (SVT).

During its first 17 years, TV4 (Sweden) had used the CNN-style newsroom-as-set trend.

Storangsbotten, located in Stockholm, housed a television studio, which doubled as a testing ground for the CNN-style newsroom-as-set trend for TV4 from September 1990 to May 1996.

On the other hand, MTV3 (Finland) used the physical CNN-style newsroom-as-set trend, which lasted from 1990 to the late-2010's.

The use of this newsroom-as-set trend for MTV3 (which was similar to one for CNN) started with the imminent launch of its 7 p.m. newscast in 1990.

Pollolaakso, located in Ilmala in Helsinki, near its railway station, served as the testing ground for the CNN-style newsroom-as-set trend for MTV3.

MTV3's newsroom-as-set trend was modernized in 2001 for its 20th year since its 1981 launch.

Television Broadcasts Limited (TVB), during 1977, broke from tradition by using the American-style multi-monitor control room news set, the first of its kind in Asia.

For TVB, its 1977 news studio design was based on Fred Harpman's futurist, high-tech and cinematic NewsCentre design for NBC, and in turn, the open area for Today (NBC) under Dave Garroway.

NBC modelled Fred Harpman's NewsCentre, the elements of which were adapted from his own nerve centre designs in Search/Probe and Fantastic Voyage and for the 1977 TVB news set.

Rediffusion Television (Hong Kong), during 1980, broke from tradition by utilizing the American-style newsroom-as-set trend, the first of its kind in Asia, like TVB during 1977.

During 1980, RTV used the ABC News elements under Roone Arledge, like a masthead.

In the mid-1980's era, NHK General TV began using the newsroom-as-set trend for News Centre 9, the first of its kind in Japan, which lasted until its demise in the late-1980's.

This newsroom-as-set trend for NHK's NC9 program was styled after American networks.

During this period, Taro Kimura, born in the United States, and Midori Miyazaki, who formerly did the weather forecasts for this program, anchored NC9 from the newsroom.

Meanwhile, in 1985, All-Nippon News Network (ANN) began using the newsroom-as-set trend, which was based on one for CNN (and in turn, BCTV).

The Ark Broadcasting Centre, to which ANN moved in 1985, was the testing ground for this innovative newsroom-as-set trend within Japan's commercial television sector.

Even with its move to Roppongi Hills, ANN still used the CNN-style newsroom-as-set trend.

Whereas NHK was a pioneer in using the newsroom-as-set trend for News Centre 9, TV Asahi's News Station did the same, but within the commercial television sector.

News Station's launch stemmed from Japan Cable Television, which TV Asahi partly owned, striking a deal with CNN, back in the early-1980's.

JCTV's deal with CNN led to the latter's official introduction to Japan in 1984.

In 1998, a year after its relocation to Odaiba in March 1997, Fuji News Network (FNN) started to use a CNN-style newsroom-as-set trend, lasting until 2013.

Kenzo Tange's ultra-modern building was the permanent home for the FNN newsroom-as-set trend.

Meanwhile, Nippon News Network (NNN) used the CNN-style newsroom-as-set trend, not simply for Plus 1 in its last years, but also for its Real Time program in its first years.

NHK Japan-World opened its headquarters in New York in spring 2021, utilizing the newsroom-as-set trend that Provost Design had created.

December 1, 1980 was when colour television was introduced to South Korea, with full-time national colour services launching on January 1, 1981.

Using NTSC colour, South Korea's television industry had made many improvements.

In the early-to-mid-1980's era, KBS' television services pioneered Western-like aesthetics, including the newsroom-as-set trend and the working newsroom feel, the first of any kind in South Korea.

July 1984 was when KBS adopted its CNN-style newsroom-as-set trend for its flagship 9 p.m. newscast that lasted until the turn of the 21st century.

The brief interruption of the KBS newsroom-as-set trend was from January 1997 to May 1998.

Meanwhile, MBC adopted the newsroom-as-set rend, based on one for the CBS Evening News, which BDI designed in 1996; it lasted during the first half of the noughties.

SBS also used the CNN-style newsroom-as-set trend (with a rotating news desk) for its main newscast from the mid-noughties to the early-2010's.

However, this newsroom-as-set trend was not new for SBS, as it was already used for its main 8 p.m. newscast upon its debut in the early-1990's, like KBS.

With Taiwan's martial law being lifted, TTV began using the newsroom-as-set trend in 1989.

Just as Rediffusion (Hong Kong) was the first television channel in East Asia and the Chinese world to utilize the newsroom-as-set trend, TTV was the first in Taiwan to do so.

During its first 3 decades, from the mid-1960's to December 31, 1993, MediaCorp's precursors utilized isolated and enclosed news sets, either using a skyline or a plain backdrop.

However, spurred by Singapore Cable Vision (SCV), the first of its channels being NewsVision (whose schedule comprised CNN International), television news in Singapore made some changes.

For instance, Channel 5 began using CNN-like newsroom studio set.

NDTV, which is the first independent news broadcaster in India, has endured its dynamic, modern and Western-style news aesthetic since its inception in the late-1980's.

Prannoy Roy and Radhika Roy, both educated in the UK, are the former masterminds behind NDTV.

Doordarshan, having endured a monopoly on Indian television, offered both domestic and global news coverage, with NDTV as a private television production house.

The World This Week was the first program produced for NDTV.

For its debut, The World This Week used a studio set design, which was made on a physical level with monitor banks, in contrast to Doordarshan's staid design.

Due to the success of its first program called The World This Week, NDTV joined with Doordarshan to present the television coverage of the 1989 Indian general election.

For one reason, the television coverage of the 1989 Indian general election was the first of its kind to be offered on a live basis.

Plus, the live television coverage of the 1989 Indian general election was co-produced by NDTV, which marked the first time a private news broadcaster did election broadcasts.

In addition, this televised coverage of the 1989 Indian general election, co-produced by NDTV, featured national hotlines, polling analysts and technical innovations, like dynamic visuals.

Besides, the bullpen was used as a studio feature for the television coverage of the 1989 Indian general election, co-produced by NDTV.

Unusually, the bullpen was at the back of the studio for NDTV's 1989 Indian general election telecast.

CNN's Gulf War coverage, for instance, entirely bypassed state media, introducing Indian audiences to real-time world breaking news.

Li Ka-shing and his company Hutchison Whampoa, in partnership with his son Richard Li, co-founded Star TV in the early-1990's era.

Whereas Li Ka-shing backed Star TV, Richard Li was the driving force behind this venture.

Using AsiaSat 1, partly-owned by Hutchison Whampoa, Star TV provided programming in the English language to Asia.

Hong Kong, a former British territory, served as a testing ground for Star TV.

Rupert Murdoch acquired Star TV from Li Ka-shing, Hutchison Whampoa and Richard Li, in 1993.

Star TV used Western-made broadcast technology, infrastructure and expertise not previously used in a media landscape in some Asian regions dominated by state-run media.

Zee TV, which Star TV initially ran in a partnership with Essel Group, is India's first private television service.

Before Star TV, television assets in some Asian regions used isolated and enclosed news sets.

However, spurred by Star TV, television assets in some Asian regions started utilizing newsroom-as-set trends based upon CNN.

Television news in South Asia underwent its modernization, spurred by NDTV, the 1990's satellite TV boom and India's economic reforms.

Kargil is the battleground for the late-1990's war between India and Pakistan.

Pervez Musharraf, who was the architect of the Kargil War, also led Pakistan until August 2008, putting liberalization on this nation's map in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks in 2001.

During the Pervez Musharraf era, private television stations in India's neighbour exploded.

Issuing the private television stations in India's neighbour is PEMRA.

Bangladesh, a country that is formerly being used to be the eastern province of India's neighbour, also endured a private television explosion.

Led by former US ambassadors Ronald Lauder and Mark Palmer, CME has been a pioneer in bringing Western-influenced (Western European and American) media principles to the Eastern Bloc.

For CME, it facilitates the Eastern Bloc's television modernization by mixing Western-style television presentation (specifically American and Hollywood) with local Eastern content.

Plus, CME exports Western management and marketing strategies to the Eastern Bloc.

Since 2020, CME has been run by the PFF Group, a multinational investment group founded by Czech businessman Petr Kellner, breaking from its American ties.

During the Cold War, television in Eastern Europe was staid.

With the television channels held by CME, television in Eastern Europe was modernized by adopting newsroom-as-set trends based on CNN.

As glasnost and perestroika loosened strict controls on media, Eduard Sagalaev changed the television landscape in the Eastern Bloc with Vzglyad, the 12th Floor, 7 Days and TSN.

Initially based in London, MBC has been a pioneer in bringing Western-style (Western European and American) media principles to the Arab world.

MBC facilitates the modernization of television in the Arab world by mixing Western-style television presentation (specifically American and Hollywood) with local Arab content, similar to CME.

Plus, like CME, MBC exports Western management and marketing strategies to the Arab world.

Waleed bin Ibrahim Al Ibrahim, an American-educated Saudi businessman, ran MBC as the television service of his ARAvision group.

London, known for its liberal and independent media environment, was MBC's first base.

Both CME and MBC are pioneers in bringing Western media principles to the two emerging markets in Eurasia, turning them into pluralistic, commercially-driven media economies.

Sam Barnett, who worked at MBC Group from 2002 to 2025 (14 as its CEO), also works at CME.

For Sam Barnett, he bridges both the CME and MBC companies, which, from their early period in the 1990's, facilitated television's modernization in both the Eastern Bloc and the Arab world.

Just before CNN's innovative coverage of the first Gulf War, television channels across the Arab world have used isolated and enclosed news studio sets.

Spurred by CNN's Gulf War coverage, private Arabic TV channels use CNN-like newsroom studios.

London, which served as the primary base for MBC until 2002, was a testing ground for Western-made broadcast technology, infrastructure and expertise previously unused in the Arab world.

Dubai Media City was MBC's second base from 2002 to 2022, with Saudi Arabia as its third base.

For most of its run at Dubai Media City, MBC used the CNN-style newsroom-as-set trend.

Al-Arabiya, which is MBC's sister channel, also used the similar CNN-style newsroom-as-set trend as MBC from its launch around the Iraqi War until 2020.

Clickspring Design renovated MBC's CNN-style newsroom-as-set trend at Dubai Media City in 2017, which blended Islamic-inspired design elements with modern technology.

Meanwhile, Clickspring Design made Al-Arabiya's studio in 2020.

This newsroom-as-set trend was not new for MBC, however, as it was already being used, while at its London studios, starting in the mid-1990's.

Besides, Al-Jazeera, in its original Arabic iteration, used newsroom-as-set trends for news updates; its main studio was isolated.

During the mid-2010's, Al-Jazeera's original version began using the newsroom as its main backdrop at Studio 5; Veech x Veech designed this one for Al-Jazeera's original version.

For its 25th anniversary, in 2021, Al-Jazeera's Studio 5 was renovated by Clickspring Design.

In its English-language version, Al-Jazeera has consistently used the newsroom-as-set trend from its primary Doha headquarters since its launch.

BBC Arabic Television used the newsroom-as-set trend physically from 2008 to 2013.

Sky News Arabia, like its original British version, has used the newsroom-as-set trend for most of the 2010's decade, which BDA designed.

The Abu Dhabi Media Centre, based at twofour54, was a testing ground for Sky News Arabia.

Dubai Media Inc. had its own Dubai News Centre at Dubai Media City, which BDI designed.

For the Dubai News Centre at Dubai Media City, it is one of the most sophisticated newsrooms in the Middle East, based on one for CNN.

Abu Dhabi TV used a newsroom-as-set trend being designed by British-based Shaun Moore Design during the mid-noughties.

Meanwhile, in Lebanon, Future News and Murr Television (MTV) used CNN-style newsroom-as-set trends, both starting 2008 and 2009.

For Future News, its newsroom-as-set trend, designed by Ali Wazani, was introduced in 2008.

Shigeru Takato designed the newsroom-as-set trend for Murr Television (MTV) in 2009.

RCTI, the first privately-owned television channel in Indonesia, has endured its dynamic, modern and American-style news aesthetic since its 1989 inception.

Some of the American-style news elements for the RCTI channel include a news set, which featured a multi-monitor control room backdrop, plus live reports, dynamic graphics and modern music.

The 1993 RCTI news studio, with a multi-monitor control room backdrop, was the first in Indonesia to utilize a working newsroom feel.

Kebon Jeruk was the permanent home for a working newsroom feel, which RCTI pioneered.

Pete Langlois, who was the news director at KCRA-TV, a local NBC station in the United States, had shaped RCTI's American-style strategy since its 1989 inception.

NBC modelled Fred Harpman's NewsCentre, the elements of which were adapted from his own nerve centre designs in Search/Probe and Fantastic Voyage and for RCTI's 1993 news studio.

Incidentally, NBC had good relations with KCRA-TV (from which Pete Langlois came to Indonesia to shape RCTI's US-style strategy).

Therefore, Fred Harpman's NewsCentre design, which NBC (and WNBC-TV) had commissioned, was adapted for the innovative 1993 news set with a multi-monitor backdrop for RCTI.

SCTV, with its 2008 relocation to the new, high-tech and multi-story SCTV Tower in the Senayan City complex, was Indonesia's first TV channel to use the newsroom as a studio feature.

Liputan 6, starting in 2008, used the newsroom having an immersive space at the SCTV Tower.

For SCTV, its newsroom-as-set trend doubled down on RCTI's innovative news studio design that Pete Langlois conceived in 1993, due to its 2008 move to the SCTV Tower.

The newsroom as a studio centrepiece for SCTV, which, in turn, was based on the Walter Cronkite-era CBS Evening News set, lasted from a new look in mid-August 2008 to the mid-2010's.

RCTI and SCTV, both privately-owned services that forged a joint agreement from 1990 to 1996, have introduced both the newsroom-as-set trend and the working newsroom feel to Indonesia.

NET. (Indonesia) used a newsroom-as-set trend, doubling down on SCTV's newsroom feature at the SCTV Tower in 2008, plus RCTI's control room news set that Pete Langlois conceived in 1993.

Designed in 2013 by BDI, the newsroom set for NET. was based on CNN (and in turn, BCTV).

Whereas SCTV had the newsroom set (without the multi-monitor control room), NET. bridged the gap between RCTI (1993 multi-monitor control room studio) and SCTV (2008 newsroom studio).

iTV, which was the first television service to be operated independently on the UHF band in Thailand, broke from tradition by adopting the CNN-style newsroom-as-set trend upon its 1996 launch.

On December 14, 2017, VTC broke from tradition by introducing a real and physical newsroom-as-set trend, which was the first of its kind in Vietnam.

Many Vietnamese television services, like VTV, have utilized traditional and enclosed news sets, either physical or virtual, for years.

This physical VTC newsroom set, inspired by global news broadcasters, like CNN and the BBC, lasted from December 2017 until its digital TV services ended in mid-January 2025.

Newsroom-as-set trends in South Asia

NDTV, which is the first independent news broadcaster in India, has endured its dynamic, modern and Western-style news aesthetic since its inception in the late-1980's.

Prannoy Roy and Radhika Roy, both educated in the UK, are the former masterminds behind NDTV.

Doordarshan, having endured a monopoly on Indian television, offered both domestic and global news coverage, with NDTV as a private television production house.

The World This Week was the first program produced for NDTV.

For its debut, The World This Week used a studio set design, which was made on a physical level with monitor banks, in contrast to Doordarshan's staid design.

Due to the success of its first program called The World This Week, NDTV joined with Doordarshan to present the television coverage of the 1989 Indian general election.

For one reason, the television coverage of the 1989 Indian general election was the first of its kind to be offered on a live basis.

Plus, the live television coverage of the 1989 Indian general election was co-produced by NDTV, which marked the first time a private news broadcaster did election broadcasts.

In addition, this televised coverage of the 1989 Indian general election, co-produced by NDTV, featured national hotlines, polling analysts and technical innovations, like dynamic visuals.

Besides, the bullpen was used as a studio feature for the television coverage of the 1989 Indian general election, co-produced by NDTV.

Unusually, the bullpen was at the back of the studio for NDTV's 1989 Indian general election telecast.

CNN's Gulf War coverage, for instance, entirely bypassed state media, introducing Indian audiences to real-time world breaking news.

Li Ka-shing and his company Hutchison Whampoa, in partnership with his son Richard Li, co-founded Star TV in the early-1990's era.

Whereas Li Ka-shing backed Star TV, Richard Li was the driving force behind this venture.

Using AsiaSat 1, partly-owned by Hutchison Whampoa, Star TV provided programming in the English language to Asia.

Hong Kong, a former British territory, served as a testing ground for Star TV.

Rupert Murdoch acquired Star TV from Li Ka-shing, Hutchison Whampoa and Richard Li, in 1993.

Star TV used Western-made broadcast technology, infrastructure and expertise not previously used in a media landscape in some Asian regions dominated by state-run media.

Zee TV, which Star TV initially ran in a partnership with Essel Group, is India's first private television service.

Before Star TV, television assets in some Asian regions used isolated and enclosed news sets.

However, spurred by Star TV, television assets in some Asian regions started utilizing newsroom-as-set trends based upon CNN.

Television news in South Asia underwent its modernization, spurred by NDTV, the 1990's satellite TV boom and India's economic reforms.

Kargil is the battleground for the late-1990's war between India and Pakistan.

Pervez Musharraf, who was the architect of the Kargil War, also led Pakistan until August 2008, putting liberalization on this nation's map in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks in 2001.

During the Pervez Musharraf era, private television stations in India's neighbour exploded.

Issuing the private television stations in India's neighbour is PEMRA.

Bangladesh, a country that is formerly being used to be the eastern province of India's neighbour, also endured a private television explosion.

Allie Nicole (indie singer-songwriter)

Allie Nicole (b. 1981) is an independent singer-songwriter.

For Allie Nicole, she has pop, rhythm & blues/soul, gospel and country genres; her singing voice has a soulful and emotive rhythm & blues-influenced tone.

Judy Garland and Barbra Streisand are early vocal idols for Allie Nicole.

Whitney Houston and Mariah Carey, both inspired by the earlier's honorary aunt Aretha Franklin, are some other vocal idols for Allie Nicole.

Plus, Allie Nicole is inspired by Mariah Carey, whose key idol, in turn, is Marilyn Monroe.

Los Angeles, California is where Allie Nicole was born and raised.

Nashville, Tennessee is Allie Nicole's secondary base.

May 5, 1981 (Cinco de Mayo) is when Allie Nicole was born.

Cinco de Mayo is a popular holiday in the United States for celebrating Mexican-American culture and heritage.

Incidentally, Allie Nicole has Mexican roots.

Allison Nicole Noriega is Allie Nicole's full name.

TheAllieNicole is a social media handle being used by Allie Nicole.

Saddleback Church is where Allie Nicole was exposed to rhythm & blues/soul and gospel music via its Magnification Team.

Besides her work as a singer, Allie Nicole has paperie through her eponymous online shop called Allie Nicole Paperie.

Plus, Allie Nicole releases her own video series called Allie's Album Diaries.

Spring has the Wood element symbolizing youth, true to Allie Nicole as a youthful icon.

Rain also acts as a bridge between the sky (air) and earth (ground) elements, which proves to be true to Allie Nicole's status/reputation as a spring girl in music.

For Allie Nicole, she is represented by the Water element in her soul, emotion and youth.

Mirroring human tears, rain uses water drops, which holds true to Allie Nicole's soulful and emotional singing voice/music.

The Water element represents the lowest and the deepest frequencies, but also the dark and mysterious depths of the ocean; this holds true for Allie Nicole.

A husky, sultry voice like Allie Nicole's mirrors moving water's fluid, echoing quality.

One of the professional involvements for Allie Nicole is with the Walt Disney Company, which has its famous theme parks (Disneyland and Walt Disney World).

Like Xtina, Allie Nicole is a real-life Disney princess, but with a soulful rhythm & blues twist.

With her sob-choked, soulful and emotional gospel-like singing voice and her Disney experience, Allie Nicole (Allison Nicole Noriega) has the voice of a soulful and sad-tinged Disney princess.

For Allie Nicole (Allison Nicole Noriega), she is a female singer born in 1981, a year belonging to the Rooster zodiac, the Chinese zodiac with the most letters.

Dabbling in country music, Allie Nicole juxtaposes her soulful rhythm & blues-like singing voice with Nashville's twangy country sound.

Three dimensions define Allie Nicole's soulful singing persona echoing the name of Marilyn Monroe's early-1950's film being released after her breakthrough in 1950:

• As young as she feels: Young, hot, sexy, sultry, dynamic, energetic, classy, emotive, passionate, beautiful, vibrant, soulful, fierce/fiery, smouldering, gut-wrenching and poignant

• As young as she looks: Young, hot, sexy, sultry, steamy, seductive, beautiful, charismatic, kind, charming, fierce/fiery, gorgeous, smouldering and emotive

• As young as she sounds: Young, hot, sexy, sultry, beautiful, smooth, steamy, seductive, soulful, fierce/fiery, soft, soothing, breathy, cooing, smouldering, gut-wrenching and emotive

Danielle Fishel is another girl born on May 5, 1981 (Cinco de Mayo).

Having Maltese ancestry, Danielle Fishel is one of the 1981-born Maltese-descended girls.

California State University (Fullerton) is an educational institution for Danielle Fishel

Britney Spears is the most famous of all the 1981-born Maltese-descended girls.

One of the key idols for Britney Spears is Madonna, who, in turn, is inspired by Marilyn Monroe, with whom Britney Spears, often called Baby Madonna, shares similarities.

Similarly, both Marilyn Monroe and Britney Spears have the name structure, with 7 letters in their first names and 6 in their last (13 overall); the earlier is a stage name, but the latter is real.

Both Marilyn Monroe and Britney Spears are also pop culture icons who earn fame and popularity at a young age and become sex icons, captivating both the public and media.

Likewise, both Marilyn Monroe and Britney Spears are blondes whose natural hair colour is brown.

In addition, both Marilyn Monroe and Britney Spears share a variation of the middle name: Jeane is for Marilyn Monroe, Jean for Britney Spears.

On the other hand, both Marilyn Monroe and Britney Spears also use sexy facial expressions, but with differences.

Brentwood and Kentwood are quiet backdrops to the public lives of both Marilyn Monroe and Britney Spears, both ending with the "-entwod" suffix.

For Brentwood (a place that belongs to Marilyn Monroe), it has B and R as its first 2 letters, whilst for Kentwood (belonging to Britney Spears), it uses K as its first.

Plus, both Marilyn Monroe and Britney Spears are child-women.

Having had a nasal soft baby voice, Britney Spears is a modern and pop-influenced version of Marilyn Monroe's breathy vocal approach, but also a modern Annette Funicello.

Lynda Trang Dai (b. 1960's), Minh Tuyet and Nhu Loan (b. 1981) are some of the controversial female figures in the Vietnamese music scene, especially within the diaspora.

Contrasting to the other Vietnamese diaspora singers who stick with traditions, Lynda Trang Dai, Minh Tuyet and Nhu Loan bridge the gap between Vietnamese and global pop music.

Known as the Vietnamese Madonna, Lynda Trang Dai is one of the first singers among the Vietnamese diaspora to embrace a sexual and provocative attitude, like crop tops.

Incidentally, Marilyn Monroe is a key idol for Madonna, who, in turn, inspires Lynda Trang Dai.

Like Madonna, Lynda Trang Dai uses a sexy aesthetic: crop tops/baby tees and low-rise jeans.

For Lynda Trang Dai, she uses dance-pop, rock, rap and ballads.

Dance-pop songs, which come from parts of the Western world, including the United States, the United Kingdom and Germany, make up Lynda Trang Dai's song collection.

While she has less global fame than both Marilyn Monroe and Madonna, Lynda Trang Dai is still an influential figure in the Vietnamese pop music scene, especially among the diaspora.

The stage name for Lynda Trang Dai is derived from Lynda Carter, who stars as Wonder Woman.

Lynda Trang Dai's sexy and sensual approach has generated controversy from traditional Vietnamese generations.

Moving to Hong Kong and San Diego in 1978, and finally Orange County, Lynda Trang Dai had first encountered American culture, to which she was exposed.

Besides Thuy Nga, Lynda Trang Dai works with Asia Entertainment and Hollywood Night Music.

In addition to her singing work, Lynda Trang Dai is also a businesswoman.

Lynda Trang Dai, as a businesswoman, runs a sandwich shop, opened on New Year's Eve 2010.

Three dimensions define Lynda Trang Dai's hot and sexy persona echoing the title of Marilyn Monroe's early-1950's film being released after her breakthrough in 1950:

• As young as she feels: Young, hot, sexy, sultry, dynamic, energetic, classy, emotive, passionate, beautiful, vibrant, soulful, fierce/fiery, smouldering, gut-wrenching and poignant

• As young as she looks: Young, hot, sexy, sultry, steamy, seductive, beautiful, charismatic, kind, charming, fierce/fiery, gorgeous, smouldering and emotive

• As young as she sounds: Young, hot, sexy, sultry, beautiful, smooth, steamy, seductive, soulful, fierce/fiery, soft, soothing, cooing, breathy, smouldering, gut-wrenching and emotive

Britney Spears serves as an influence on Minh Tuyet's modern high-energy stage performances, music videos, sexy choreography and sexy fashion.

For this purpose, Minh Tuyet is one of the first singers among the Vietnamese diaspora to embrace the Y2K trend that Britney Spears popularized.

Like Britney Spears, Minh Tuyet uses a sexy Y2K aesthetic: crop tops/baby tees and low-rise jeans.

Plus, Beyoncé serves as an influence on Minh Tuyet's modern high-energy stage performances, music videos, sexy choreography and sexy fashion.

Together, Britney Spears and her peer Beyoncé, both 1981-born pop culture icons, are some of the key Western influences for Minh Tuyet, who borrows her style from theirs.

Similar to how Britney Spears is known as the Pop Princess in the Western music scene, Minh Tuyet is known as the Vietnamese Pop Princess, especially among its diaspora.

Charisma, charm, beauty, grace, youth, innocence, humour and sex appeal are some enduring qualities making Minh Tuyet an iconic sex symbol.

Having been a hot, sexy, beautiful, gorgeous and charismatic girl/woman, Minh Tuyet is also a resilient symbol for many girls/women in the Vietnamese diaspora.

Plus, Minh Tuyet is deeply loved and idolized by many, especially girls in the Vietnamese diaspora.

The name Minh Tuyet means brightness and snow, representing her clarity, brilliance and pure serenity, despite her wild and sexy performances.

Minh Tuyet, born in a Fire year, is one of the Vietnamese sex icons and an eternal flame.

Likewise, the Fire element represents Minh Tuyet in her vibrant beauty, warmth, genius and inner star power, but also in her energy and as a spark of the Vietnamese sexual revolution.

For Minh Tuyet, she sets Vietnamese music on sexual fire; she has a hot, sexy, sultry, charismatic and emotional persona among the Vietnamese diaspora.

In addition, Minh Tuyet's English name translation, standing for Morning Snow (but also conveying a watery nature), also represents her in her youth, soul and emotion.

Standing in the rain makes Minh Tuyet a hot, sexy, sultry, soulful, emotional and youthful girl/woman with wet hair, mirroring human tears and newfound youth.

The Water element represents the lowest and the deepest frequencies, but also the dark and mysterious depths of the ocean; this holds true for Minh Tuyet.

A husky, sultry voice like Minh Tuyet's mirrors moving water's fluid, echoing quality.

With the water combined with the fire to create steam, Minh Tuyet's hot, sexy and sultry appeal is an elusive, misty and atmospheric icon.

Even the heavy rain/water droplets cannot dim/extinguish Minh Tuyet's fire.

Using the steam, Minh Tuyet delivers sexy, sultry and steamy performances, as evidenced in her music performances, music videos and photoshoots.

In addition, as a girl/woman who was born on a day with the Libra sign, Minh Tuyet is a youthful and sparkling icon with a breathy voice.

Three dimensions define Minh Tuyet's hot and sexy persona that echoes the title of Marilyn Monroe's early-1950's film being released after her breakthrough in 1950:

• As young as she feels: Young, hot, sexy, sultry, dynamic, energetic, classy, emotive, passionate, beautiful, vibrant, soulful, fierce/fiery, smouldering, gut-wrenching and poignant

• As young as she looks: Young, hot, sexy, sultry, steamy, seductive, beautiful, charismatic, kind, charming, fierce/fiery, gorgeous, smouldering and emotive

• As young as she sounds: Young, hot, sexy, sultry, beautiful, smooth, steamy, seductive, soulful, fierce/fiery, soft, soothing, cooing, breathy, smouldering, gut-wrenching and emotive

Echoing her birth in a Fire year, Minh Tuyet is hot, sexy and sultry.

Besides, echoing the watery nature of her English name translation, Minh Tuyet also uses soulful and youthful emotion.

Using the fire, air and water elements, Minh Tuyet is a multi-dimensional star: young, hot, sexy, sultry, vibrant, dynamic, energetic, soulful and emotional.

From 1993 to 1997, in Vietnam, Minh Tuyet was paired with her sister.

During her work as a duo in Vietnam with her sister, Minh Tuyet was a girl-next-door, having utilized a modest style in both her image and her music, plus her initial struggles.

By relocating to the United States in 1997 (and by signing a deal with Thuy Nga in 2002), Minh Tuyet underwent a shift in her image and her music.

Having been exposed to American and world culture when she came to the United States in 1997, Minh Tuyet worked with Tinh, during which she adopted honey highlights and a modern wardrobe.

When Thuy Nga signed her in 2002, Minh Tuyet became sexier like Britney Spears and Beyoncé.

Upon her arrival in the United States in 1997, Minh Tuyet studied English in San Diego just before her overseas singing career began due to financial necessity.

In 2009, after 12 years, Minh Tuyet made her return to Vietnam, having cultivated a sexier image in the United States that differed from her work as a duo in Vietnam with her sister.

Returning to her homeland Vietnam, Minh Tuyet, as a diaspora artist, has generated some controversy.

In her own music, Minh Tuyet incorporates modern-sounding genres into Vietnamese music, especially among the Vietnamese diaspora, including rhythm & blues/soul, dance-pop, hip-hop and rap.

For her upbeat tunes, Minh Tuyet incorporates sexy Y2K crop tops and low-rise jeans into her style and music, drawing some comparisons to pop icons like Britney Spears.

Minh Tuyet has ao dai in her slow and soulful ballads, even when she has sexy Britney Spears-like crop tops and low-rise jeans.

While she earns less global fame than Marilyn Monroe, Madonna, Britney Spears and Beyoncé, Minh Tuyet is still influenced by Britney Spears and Beyoncé in both music and performance.

Incidentally, Minh Tuyet is the Vietnamese answer to either Britney Spears or Beyoncé.

Similarly, both Marilyn Monroe and Minh Tuyet use M as the first letter of their given names.

Besides, both Marilyn Monroe and Minh Tuyet use sexy poses, like sticking out a tongue, licking/biting lips, doing a gaze/stare, using a smile, doing a wink and using a slightly open-mouth pose.

Furthermore, both Marilyn Monroe and Minh Tuyet use a breathy, sexy, sultry and soulful tone.

Unconfined to being a singer, Nhu Loan is also a model.

Having made her relocation from Vietnam to the United States in the early-1990's era and having been exposed to American culture, Nhu Loan's idol is Britney Spears.

April 20, 1981 is when Nhu Loan was born.

California State University (Fullerton) is an education institution for Nhu Loan.

Just like Minh Tuyet, Britney Spears serves as an influence on Nhu Loan's modern high-energy stage performances, music videos, sexy choreography and sexy fashion.

Plus, like Minh Tuyet, Nhu Loan is one of the first singers in the Vietnamese diaspora music scene to embrace the Y2K trend that Britney Spears popularized.

For Nhu Loan, she has generated controversy for using Western sex appeal over traditional Vietnamese music, like Lynda Trang Dai and Minh Tuyet.

Charisma, charm, beauty, grace, youth, innocence, humour and sex appeal are some enduring qualities making Nhu Loan an iconic sex symbol.

Nhu Loan uses a sexy Y2K aesthetic: crop tops/baby tees, low-rise jeans and lower-back tattoos/tramp stamps, similar to Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera.

Similarly, Minh Tuyet uses a similarly sexy Y2K Britney Spears aesthetic to Nhu Loan.

Like Minh Tuyet, Nhu Loan has modern music genres, like rhythm & blues, dance-pop and teen pop.

While she earns less global fame than Marilyn Monroe, Madonna and Britney Spears, Nhu Loan is still influenced by Britney Spears in both music and performance, in similar fashion to Minh Tuyet.

For California State University (Fullerton), it houses Danielle Fishel (who uses similar Maltese roots to Britney Spears), born on Cinco de Mayo 1981 like Allie Nicole (Allison Nicole Noriega).

Plus, California State University (Fullerton) houses Nhu Loan, who was also born in 1981, like Britney Spears, Danielle Fishel and Allie Nicole (Allison Nicole Noriega).

The Rooster, using 7 letters, is tied with the Buffalo for having the longest letter count of a Vietnamese zodiac in English; it is a zodiac in which Nhu Loan was born.

Spring has the Wood element symbolizing youth, true to Nhu Loan as a youthful icon.

Rain also acts as a bridge between the sky (air) and earth (ground) elements, which proves to be true to Nhu Loan as pop culture's spring girl.

The Water element represents the lowest and the deepest frequencies, but also the dark and mysterious depths of the ocean; this holds true for Nhu Loan.

A husky, sultry voice like Nhu Loan mirrors moving water's fluid, echoing quality.

Three dimensions define Nhu Loan's hot and sexy persona that echoes the name of Marilyn Monroe's early-1950's film being released after her breakthrough in 1950:

• As young as she feels: Young, hot, sexy, sultry, dynamic, energetic, classy, emotive, passionate, beautiful, vibrant, soulful, fierce/fiery, smouldering, gut-wrenching and poignant

• As young as she looks: Young, hot, sexy, sultry, steamy, seductive, beautiful, charismatic, kind, charming, fierce/fiery, gorgeous, smouldering and emotive

• As young as she sounds: Young, hot, sexy, sultry, beautiful, smooth, steamy, seductive, soulful, fierce/fiery, soft, soothing, cooing, breathy, smouldering, gut-wrenching and emotive

The sources are divided on where Lynda Trang Dai was born, either Da Nang or Hue.

Saigon is Minh Tuyet's birthplace, and Bao Loc (based in a region surrounding Saigon) is Nhu Loan's birthplace.

Plus, both Minh Tuyet and Nhu Loan are female figures born in US presidential election/inauguration years, which started on Thursday, but also use Thi as a portion of their birth names.

Incidentally, Marilyn Monroe is a key idol for Madonna, Britney Spears and Beyoncé; all, in turn, are major idols for Lynda Trang Dai, Minh Tuyet and Nhu Loan.

For Lynda Trang Dai, Minh Tuyet and Nhu Loan, their Western-like aesthetics are sexy.

Juxtaposing Vietnamese trends with Western influences, Lynda Trang Dai, Minh Tuyet and Nhu Loan uniquely use a sexy aesthetic at a time when Vietnamese girls are modest.

Incidentally, both Madonna and Britney Spears, with Marilyn Monroe as their idol, are inspirations to Lynda Trang Dai, Minh Tuyet and Nhu Loan.

Plus, Britney Spears, whose key idol Madonna is based on Marilyn Monroe, follows the Disney-to-pop star path made by Annette Funicello; they inspire Lynda Trang Dai, Minh Tuyet and Nhu Loan.

For Annette Funicello, she is regarded as the blueprint for the modern career path from Disney to a pop music star.

Marilyn Monroe attended University High School (Uni) from February to June 1942, just a few months before Annette Funicello's October 1942 birth.

Plus, both Annette Funicello and Britney Spears are part of the Disney ecosystem.

Both Marilyn Monroe and Annette Funicello are girls/women smiling in heaven for Madonna, Britney Spears, Lynda Trang Dai, Minh Tuyet and Nhu Loan.

Altogether, Lynda Trang Dai, Minh Tuyet and Nhu Loan are unofficially Disney princesses, but with a modern and sexy Vietnamese pop music twist.

France, the original base for Thuy Nga, also houses EuroDisney, based east of the centre of Paris.

Likewise, Paris is also where both Lynda Trang Dai and Minh Tuyet made their debuts in this Paris by Night series under the Thuy Nga label.

San Diego houses the Hotel del Coronado (which, in turn, is a feature in Marilyn Monroe's late-1950's film), plus the early US years of both Lynda Trang Dai and Minh Tuyet.

Ever since the 2020's, Minh Tuyet has used the English vocal ad-libs.

These ad-libs, which have been used by Minh Tuyet since the 2020's era, come from her main Western idols Madonna, Britney Spears and Beyoncé, all inspired by Marilyn Monroe.

Minh Tuyet uses the sexy English ad-libs "Baby," "Oh, baby," "Baby, baby, baby" and "Uh-huh."

Incidentally, ever since this 2020's decade, Minh Tuyet's English vocal ad-libs have been described as being hot, sexy, sultry, soulful and emotive.

Ky Phuong Uyen (b. 1989), Diem Suong (b. 1989) and Toc Tien (b. 1989) are controversial icons in the Vietnamese music scene, especially within the diaspora.

Altogether, Ky Phuong Uyen, Diem Suong and Toc Tien use Marilyn Monroe's mole/beauty mark.

Whereas Ky Phuong Uyen has a mole/beauty mark being based above her right lip, Diem Suong has a mole/beauty mark below her lip, and Toc Tien has a mole next to her eye.

Nhu Loan, Ky Phuong Uyen, Diem Suong and Toc Tien are female icons being born in US presidential inauguration years (1981 and 1989).

1981 is when Nhu Loan was born, 1989 for Ky Phuong Uyen, Diem Suong and Toc Tien.

Plus, Saigon births Nhu Loan, Ky Phuong Uyen and Toc Tien.

Ky Phuong Uyen, Diem Suong and Toc Tien, all born in a fiery Snake year, are eternal flames.

The Snake, which uses a fiery nature, represents Ky Phuong Uyen, Diem Suong and Toc Tien in their warmth, genius and inner star power.

Using the Snake's fiery nature, Ky Phuong Uyen, Diem Suong and Toc Tien set Vietnamese music on sexual and soulful fire.

Nhu Loan, Ky Phuong Uyen, Diem Suong and Toc Tien are individuals with charisma, charm, energy, passion, soul and raw emotions.

Like the hyper-sexualized Lynda Trang Dai, Minh Tuyet and Nhu Loan trio, the equally-sexualized Ky Phuong Uyen, Diem Suong and Toc Tien trio (all 1989-born) work for Thuy Nga.

Altogether, Ky Phuong Uyen, Diem Suong and Toc Tien are unofficially Disney princesses, but with a modern and sexy Vietnamese pop music twist.

Like both Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera, Allie Nicole (Allison Nicole Noriega) is a modern Annette Funicello with a soulful and emotive twist.

Suzie Kennedy

Suzie Kennedy (b. 1977) is a modern Marilyn Monroe lookalike/impersonator.

As the premier tribute artist for Hollywood's ultimate sex symbol, Suzie Kennedy holds trans-Atlantic citizenship (British/American).

The legal/alternative name for Suzie Kennedy is Sue Ellen Kennedy.

Plus, like Marilyn Monroe, Suzie Kennedy believes in Christian religion.

Given her professional career as the primary tribute artist for Hollywood's ultimate sex symbol, the S, which is the first letter in Suzie Kennedy's given name, stands for sexy.

Three dimensions define Suzie Kennedy's hot and sexy persona echoing the title of her impersonator Marilyn Monroe's early-1950's film being released after her breakthrough in 1950:

• As young as she feels: Young, hot, sexy, sultry, dynamic, energetic, classy, emotive, passionate, beautiful, vibrant, soulful, fierce/fiery, smouldering, gut-wrenching and poignant

• As young as she looks: Young, hot, sexy, sultry, steamy, seductive, beautiful, charismatic, kind, charming, fierce/fiery, gorgeous, smouldering and emotive

• As young as she sounds: Young, hot, sexy, sultry, beautiful, smooth, steamy, seductive, soulful, fierce/fiery, soft, soothing, breathy, smouldering, gut-wrenching and emotive

Marilyn Monroe's twist of the hybrid BCTV/CNN newsroom-control room DNA

Marilyn Monroe is one of the most famous popular culture icons in the world; her spirit also extends to broadcast journalism.

Having been born on June 1, 1926 in Los Angeles and having passed on August 4, 1962 in Brentwood, which is a portion of Los Angeles, Marilyn Monroe symbolizes modernization.

The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) is one of the most famous broadcasters in both the United States and the world.

Having been the first (and oldest) major broadcaster in America since its 1926 inception, NBC is also a pioneer/innovator in this industry; its innovations shape modern radio and television.

Incidentally, NBC is one of the traditional Big Four broadcasters in the United States.

Each of the Big Four broadcasters, including NBC, is privately-financed, but each also uses advertising revenue.

For NBC, together with the other Big Four broadcasters, the modern ecosystem, including cable, mixes advertising revenue with consumer subscription fees.

David Sarnoff, Dave Garroway and Sylvester "Pat" Weaver are some of the noted people who shape the broadcast sector through NBC.

The Front Page is a Broadway play about journalism, adapted for film, radio and television.

Chicago is the setting for The Front Page; this city's former reporters Ben Hecht and Charles McArthur serve as writers of this comedy play.

Some of the masterminds of the first 3 film iterations of The Front Page are filmmakers being involved with Marilyn Monroe: Howard Hughes, Howard Hawks and Billy Wilder.

Unconfined to The Front Page, Chicago houses the Chicago School of Television, which countered the television scene of the East Coast, specifically New York.

NBC and WNBQ/WMAQ-TV are the main incubators for the innovations of the Chicago School.

Some innovative techniques of the Chicago School philosophy include walking hosts, direct-to-viewer addresses, fluid and moving camerawork and the studio as a third-dimensional canvas.

Dave Garroway, a noted individual being involved in the Chicago School of Television, innovated the Chicago Style for his eponymous program Garroway at Large, plus Today (NBC).

For his own Garroway at Large television program, Dave Garroway defied television's early theatrical conventions for a more casual approach, in which the reality of the studio was acknowledged.

Using one camera, Dave Garroway walked around large studios and simple abstract sets as he directly talked to guests and television viewers for his eponymous Garroway at Large program.

Inside the RCA Exhibition Hall floor, portions of which were converted into the first studio location for Today (NBC), was a room evoking the large newspaper office of the East Coast.

Blending print journalism's industrial past (via the 50 Rock hub of the Associated Press) with electronic media's transparent future (via the RCA Exhibition Hall), the Today (NBC) bullpen is innovative.

Specifically, the blueprint being created by the borderless room being based inside the RCA Exhibition Hall for Today (NBC) under Dave Garroway birthed modern broadcast design elements.

Noted elements of the boundless room being based in the RCA Exhibition Hall for Today (NBC) under Dave Garroway include newsroom sets, street-side studios, news tickers and clock displays.

Just before Dave Garroway, television news featured anchors who delivered the day's stories in a studio resembling a claustrophobic box/theatrical and radio stage with journalists backstage in a bullpen.

However, Dave Garroway's innovations, including Garroway at Large and Today (NBC), tore down the walls, juxtaposing the main stage in the news studio with the backstage workspace bullpen.

Returning to radio, Dave Garroway was the first host of NBC's magazine program Monitor.

The first broadcast of NBC's Monitor radio program featured Dave Garroway's interview with Marilyn Monroe, who recently attended the premiere of The Seven Year Itch.

Staying with NBC's radio section in this 1950's decade, Marilyn Monroe recorded the Hollywood Star Playhouse for its episode Statement in Full (in its second version).

Incidentally, 1926 is a Tiger year marking the birth of both Marilyn Monroe and NBC.

By the mid-1950's period, the Chicago School of Television had started to fade, as television network production became a centralized duopoly between New York and Los Angeles.

The East Coast (New York) holds network corporate headquarters, prestige live dramas and hard news operations, drawing heavily from print journalism's industrial legacy.

As for the West Coast (Los Angeles), it uses the television industry's entertainment, variety and filmed sectors, capitalizing on.Hollywood's infrastructure and cinematic pool.

Even so, the DNA of the Chicago School of Television still survives; its casual delivery and open and borderless studio trends lead to national morning programs and 24-hour news channels.

In addition, Chicago also births William S. Paley, who famously ran NBC's top competitor CBS.

Marilyn Monroe made a rare television appearance as a noted guest on Person to Person, an interview program on CBS, hosted by Edward R. Murrow.

Edward R. Murrow is CBS' somber answer to NBC's inventive Dave Garroway.

NBC pioneered the format of using the newsroom as a regular studio feature (either as a backdrop or a centrepiece) on a national network basis, with CBS putting this on a local level.

What led local US stations to use the concept of a news studio set, featuring the newsroom as a regular backdrop, is competition from both the Eyewitness News and Action News formats.

Fred Harpman, a science fiction designer in Hollywood, is involved with his work on NBC's sci-fi spy television series Search and its 1972 pilot television film Probe.

Playing the main role in Search/Probe is Hugh O'Brian as Hugh Lockwood.

Hugh O'Brian also appears in Marilyn Monroe's 1954 musical movie called There's No Business Like Show Business.

Search/Probe use the Probe Control Centre, a high-tech, NASA-like nerve centre.

The Probe Control Centre, which Fred Harpman had designed for Search/Probe on NBC, serves as the direct inspiration for his studio set design for this network called the NewsCentre.

Plus, Fred Harpman's NewsCentre design is based upon his nerve centre design being used in the 1966 science fiction adventure film Fantastic Voyage, for which he is assistant art director.

CMDF's nerve centre uses its high-tech and futuristic feel for Fantastic Voyage (1966).

Directed by Richard Fleischer, Fantastic Voyage (1966) stars Marilyn Monroe's Fox successor Raquel Welch.

Richard Fleischer also directed The Girl in the Red Velvet Swing, which Marilyn Monroe planned but eventually declined to put in the title role.

Having its Hollywood sci-fi roots, Fred Harpman's cinematic NewsCentre studio set design served as a radical departure from the austere news set designs.

Marilyn Monroe's spirit, via her former co-star Hugh O'Brian, her Fox successor Raquel Welch and her planned director Richard Fleischer, also inspired Fred Harpman's NewsCentre design.

Using its hybrid newsroom-control room studio set design, BCTV fused together both the old and new guards of the local/regional television news industry across North America, influencing CNN.

For Ray Peters, BCTV's innovative hybrid newsroom-control room studio, which he co-conceived with Cameron Bell and Ernie Rose, paralelled the open area for Today (NBC) under Dave Garroway.

Incidentally, Today (NBC) is the television program of which BCTV's Ray Peters was an avid viewer.

Upon its June 1, 1980 launch, CNN used its BCTV-inspired hybrid newsroom-control room studio set design, which serves as the DNA for 24-hour television news.

BCTV, incidentally, juxtaposed CBS (bullpen, Robert Wussler, Daniel Schorr, Bernard Shaw and Sam Zelman) with NBC (NewsCentre, Mary Alice Williams and Jim Kitchell), all used by CNN.

Especially, this BCTV/CNN layout is a print-style bullpen operating in a high-tech monitor matrix.

Modern 21st-century news sets do not leave the CBS, NBC and BCTV/CNN philosophies behind; they instead use digital technology to merge and evolve them into flexible ecosystems.

The hybrid BCTV/CNN newsroom-control room studio design is echoed by films and television.

Switching Channels, which is the modern 1980's film incarnation of The Front Page, echoes the hybrid newsroom-control room studio design by BCTV/CNN.

Pamela Anderson is Canada's modern answer to Marilyn Monroe, but also an iconic and world-famous import from British Columbia.

Whereas BCTV pioneered its hybrid newsroom-control room studio set that CNN popularized, Pamela Anderson became internationally famous through Playboy and Baywatch.

Just as Marilyn Monroe is the first Playboy cover girl/centrefold, Pamela Anderson is its most frequent cover star.

Dorothy Stratten is another Canadian answer to Marilyn Monroe, but a less known import from British Columbia than Pamela Anderson.

For Dorothy Stratten, her 1960 birth coincided with BCTV's launch, her 1980 death with CNN's.

Incidentally, Playboy puts Marilyn Monroe, Dorothy Stratten and Pamela Anderson on the map.

DNA of the hybrid BCTV/CNN newsroom-control room studio layout

British Columbia Television (BCTV) is the former official on-air name for CHAN-TV, which is a local television station covering British Columbia; its official on-air name lasted from 1973 to 2001.

Western International Communications (WIC) is the name of a former media empire rooted in Western Canada, whose flagship station was BCTV.

Despite its CTV affiliation from 1961 to 2001, BCTV (CHAN-TV) used its distinctive presentation.

Some of the key drivers that pushed BCTV towards its unique presentation, in spite of its CTV network affiliation, included home-grown ownership and its conflict with CFTO-TV in Toronto.

Under WIC, BCTV defended Western Canadian media interests against national media interests being rooted in Eastern Canada.

For BCTV, it uniquely operated in the form of an independent station, despite its CTV affiliation.

The Pacific Dogwood flower, which serves as British Columbia's provincial flower, also serves as an iconic and famous symbol for BCTV from 1973 to 2001, refined in the mid-1990's.

Initially, BCTV came from its studios at Davie and Richards Streets in downtown Vancouver.

Not long after its 1960 debut, BCTV relocated to its permanent and purpose-built studios at Enterprise Street in the Lake City Industrial Park in 1961, fully opened in 1962.

Tony Parsons is the former chief news anchor for BCTV (CHAN-TV), lasting from 1975 to December 2009.

For Tony Parsons, he anchored BCTV's main newscast called the News Hour.

Ray Peters was the powerhouse behind BCTV from around its 1960 launch to January 1990.

Having begun in the sales portion, Ray Peters made his ascent to the BCTV (CHAN-TV) leadership in 1961, when it began to carry some programs from CTV, which it formally joined not long after.

Not confined to BCTV, Ray Peters also served as WIC's President and CEO from 1978 to 1989.

When Ray Peters joined in 1961, BCTV (CHAN-TV) was in debt and had a struggling situation.

But by the time Ray Peters retired in January 1990, BCTV (CHAN-TV) had turned into a financial and ratings success.

Cameron Bell was BCTV's news director from the late-1960's to 1989.

Under Cameron Bell, BCTV pioneered a tabloid news approach that revolutionized television news in British Columbia and helped this station dethrone the CBC's ratings crown.

Ernie Rose was BCTV's engineering master, lasting from its 1960 inception to 1981.

Having been Canada's first private television station to be delivered via satellite, BCTV's achievement resulted from Ernie Rose's technical direction.

BCTV's specially-made newsroom-as-set trend offered better and more open-concept visuals, improved lighting, superior acoustics and a smoother flow between on-air personnel and journalists.

This hybrid newsroom-control room set trend (which BCTV developed) made the news studio look less conventional and more like a high-functioning, authentic and professional newsroom.

Ray Peters and Cameron Bell, both BCTV executives, served as the geniuses behind the creation of its unique hybrid newsroom-multi-monitor control room set associated with Tony Parsons.

Ernie Rose was BCTV's technical mastermind; he brought the unique hybrid newsroom-multi-monitor control room set associated with BCTV to life.

The BCTV Television Centre, which is a purpose-built TV building at Enterprise Street in the Lake City Industrial Park, houses its oft-imitated newsroom-multi-monitor control room set.

Having been launched in a Metal year, BCTV (CHAN-TV) is a force in the television industry.

This Metal element represents BCTV (CHAN-TV), not just in television's heavy and hardware-driven nature, but in its physical industrial park location that houses its newsroom-as-set trend.

Using its hybrid newsroom-control room studio set design, BCTV fused together both the old and new guards of the local/regional television news industry across North America, influencing CNN.

For Ray Peters, BCTV's innovative hybrid newsroom-control room studio, which he co-conceived with Cameron Bell and Ernie Rose, paralelled the open area for Today (NBC) under Dave Garroway.

Incidentally, Today (NBC) is the television program of which BCTV's Ray Peters was an avid viewer.

Upon its June 1, 1980 launch, CNN used its BCTV-inspired hybrid newsroom-control room studio set design, which serves as the DNA for 24-hour television news.

BCTV, incidentally, juxtaposed CBS (bullpen, Robert Wussler, Daniel Schorr, Bernard Shaw and Sam Zelman) with NBC (NewsCentre, Mary Alice Williams and Jim Kitchell), all used by CNN.

Particularly, this hybrid layout used by BCTV/CNN is a bustling, print-style bullpen, operating inside a massive, high-tech monitor matrix.

Modern 21st-century news sets do not leave the CBS, NBC and BCTV/CNN philosophies behind; they instead use digital technology to merge and evolve them into flexible ecosystems.

The hybrid BCTV/CNN newsroom-control room studio design is echoed by films and television.

Switching Channels, which is the modern 1980's film incarnation of The Front Page, echoes the hybrid newsroom-control room studio design by BCTV/CNN.

Stock music in a fairytale/storybook fable twist

With apologies to Cinderella, just before the KPM 1000 Series, which both Robin Phillips and Adrian Kerridge envisioned, the stock music scene was a banished and isolated servant.

However, the KPM 1000 Series, which both Robin Phillips and Adrian Kerridge have made, is a Fairy Godmother that turned stock music into a modern pop princess, with apologies to Cinderella.

Besides, with apologies to Cinderella, the KPM 1000 Series is a glass slipper being fitted by this stock music princess wearing a ball gown to marry the charming pop/rock/jazz music princes. 

Plus, with apologies to the Cinderella fairy tale, the KPM 1000 Series transformed stock music from a vintage pumpkin into a modern-sounding carriage.

Likewise, with apologies to Cinderella, the stroke of midnight marked the magical demise of this staid stock music sound, with new ones coming in.

Meanwhile, with apologies to both the Snow White and Sleeping Beauty tales, before the KPM 1000 Series, stock music was placed in a magical curse mimicking death for many years.

With apologies to both the Snow White and Sleeping Beauty tales, the KPM 1000 Series, which both Robin Phillips and Adrian Kerridge envisioned, broke the curse in stock music by a kiss.

Kathy Mellinger

Kathy Mellinger (1985-2010's) is a young girl. Born in Arkansas, she is a well-known figure in the theatrical arena.

Three dimensions define Kathy Mellinger's hot, sexy and youthful persona echoing the title of Marilyn Monroe's own early-1950's film being released after her breakthrough in 1950:

• As young as she feels: Young, hot, sexy, sultry, dynamic, energetic, classy, emotive, passionate, beautiful, vibrant, soulful, fierce/fiery, smouldering, gut-wrenching and poignant

• As young as she looks: Young, hot, sexy, sultry, steamy, seductive, beautiful, charismatic, kind, charming, fierce/fiery, gorgeous, smouldering and emotive

• As young as she sounds: Soft, breathy, whispery, hot, sexy, sultry, beautiful, steamy, seductive, soulful, fierce/fiery, husky, smouldering, gut-wrenching and emotive

DNA of the Chicago School of Television for the news business

The Chicago School of Television is an influential philosophy rooted in its namesake; its strategy is to counter the television industry of the East Coast, specifically New York.

Having fewer resources than New York, the Chicago School of Television is an inventive source.

NBC and WNBQ/WMAQ-TV are the main incubators for the innovations of the Chicago School.

Some innovative techniques of the Chicago School philosophy include walking hosts, direct-to-viewer addresses, fluid and moving camerawork and the studio as a third-dimensional canvas.

Dave Garroway, a noted individual being involved in the Chicago School of Television, innovated the Chicago Style for his eponymous program Garroway at Large, plus Today (NBC).

For his own Garroway at Large television program, Dave Garroway defied television's early theatrical conventions for a more casual approach, in which the reality of the studio was acknowledged.

Using one camera, Dave Garroway walked around large studios and simple abstract sets as he directly talked to guests and television viewers for his eponymous Garroway at Large program.

Sylvester "Pat" Weaver, who, during radio's golden age, worked for the Young & Rubicam agency, was also involved with NBC since 1949, and was creating something of a controversial innovation.

Early-morning television was Pat Weaver's innovative, but controversial dream for a few years, and he tapped Dave Garroway from Chicago to make this dream real.

Pat Weaver's successful dream of an early-morning television program was called Today (NBC).

When Today (NBC) began, television was completely absent from the early-morning hours, and critics believed that no one watched TV while getting ready for work.

Just before Today (NBC), Pat Weaver was also trying to find a location for its studio.

Situated in the Rockefeller Centre complex, the RCA Exhibition Hall is based directly across from the iconic and famous headquarters of the Associated Press at 50 Rockefeller Plaza.

Contrasting to the iconic headquarters of the Associated Press, which represented print journalism, the RCA Exhibition Hall represented electronic media's fluid and transparent future.

Isamu Noguchi created a 9-ton stainless steel sculpture known as News, famously based at the 50 Rock headquarters of the Associated Press above the main entrance.

Likewise, Rockefeller Centre also housed 1 Rockefeller Plaza, which, from 1938 to 1960, served as the former base for Time Inc.

The presence of both the Associated Press and Time Inc. transformed Rockefeller Centre's scope from a strictly radio-communications complex into a centre of the radio and print media sectors.

Using the RCA Exhibition Hall as Pat Weaver's choice, Today (NBC) was unconventional.

During the early-1950's era, parts of the floor of the RCA Exhibition Hall were being converted into an early studio space for Today (NBC).

Inside the RCA Exhibition Hall floor, portions of which were converted into the first studio location for Today (NBC), was a room evoking the Associated Press bullpen at 50 Rock.

Blending print journalism's industrial past (via the 50 Rock hub of the Associated Press) with electronic media's transparent future (via the RCA Exhibition Hall), the Today (NBC) bullpen was innovative.

Undoing the past, the blueprint of this unique room in the RCA Exhibition Hall for Today (NBC) under Dave Garroway/Pat Weaver birthed modern broadcast design elements.

Elements of this first Today (NBC) studio under Dave Garroway/Pat Weaver included newsroom-as-set trends, street-side studios, news tickers and clock displays.

This borderless room, which was located inside the RCA Exhibition Hall for Today (NBC) under Dave Garroway/Pat Weaver, was created in-house by NBC's engineering and production teams.

RCA's corporate exhibition teams shaped the layout/design of the first Today (NBC) studio.

Just before (and even after) the newsroom-as-set trends being influenced by Dave Garroway, television news set designs across North America have three separate formulas:

• News anchors sitting at one desk in a studio with a claustrophobic feel behind blank walls

• Journalists working in a newsroom/bullpen being filled with teletype machines and noises

• Technical staff operating in a dark and windowless control room, featuring monitor banks

However, Dave Garroway's innovations, including Garroway at Large and Today (NBC), tore down the walls, mixing the main stage (news desk) with the backstage workspace (bullpen/control room).

By the mid-1950's period, the Chicago School of Television had started to fade, as television network production became a centralized duopoly between New York and Los Angeles.

The East Coast (New York) holds network corporate headquarters, prestige live dramas and hard news operations, drawing heavily from print journalism's industrial legacy.

As for the West Coast (Los Angeles), it uses the television industry's entertainment, variety and filmed sectors, capitalizing on.Hollywood's infrastructure and cinematic pool.

Even so, the DNA of the Chicago School of Television still survives; its casual delivery and open and borderless studio trends lead to national morning programs and 24-hour news channels.

NBC pioneered the format of using the newsroom as a regular studio feature (either as a backdrop or a centrepiece) on a national network basis, with CBS putting this on a local level.

What led local US stations to use the concept of a news studio set, featuring the newsroom as a regular backdrop, is competition from both the Eyewitness News and Action News formats.

Returning to the Midwestern United States, innovative concepts (which were built on Dave Garroway's television aspects) also metamorphosed the way television news was presented.

WBBM-TV, WJW-TV and WCCO-TV are some local television stations in this Midwestern region that changed television news studio set designs, all connected to NBC's rival CBS.

Robert Wussler and Van Gordon Sauter, both involved with WBBM-TV, were the geniuses behind the creation of its regular newsroom-as-set trend in 1973.

For the regular newsroom-as-set trend that WBBM-TV had made, under both Robert Wussler and Van Gordon Sauter, it shattered the rigid and isolated television news studio set trends.

Evoking a raw, gritty and unpolished newspaper feel, the WBBM-TV news studio, featuring a regular bullpen backdrop, has a mantra: It's not pretty, but it's real news.

Just before the innovative news desks, made in the 1960's by both WJW-TV and WCCO-TV, television newscasts featured one anchor in one desk and three separate segments (news-sports-weather).

However, in this 1960's era, both WJW-TV and WCCO-TV built wider and unified news desks to bring anchors/segments (news-sports-weather) together in one desk and one program.

Fred Harpman, a science fiction designer in Hollywood, is involved with his work on NBC's sci-fi spy television series Search and its 1972 pilot television film Probe.

Search/Probe uses the Probe Control Centre, a futurist and high-tech NASA-like nerve centre.

The Probe Control Centre (which Fred Harpman had designed for Search/Probe on NBC) uses monitor banks.

Incidentally, the Probe Control Centre, created by Fred Harpman for Search/Probe, directly inspires his own design, not for Hollywood, but for broadcast journalism, called the NewsCentre.

Plus, Fred Harpman's NewsCentre design is based upon his nerve centre design being used in the 1966 science fiction adventure film Fantastic Voyage, for which he is assistant art director.

CMDF's nerve centre uses its high-tech and futuristic feel for Fantastic Voyage (1966).

Using architectural geometry, angled desks and glass partitions, Fred Harpman's NewsCentre set design contrasts with traditional ones whose framing was flat, shallow and two-dimensional.

Besides, the NewsCentre design by Fred Harpman features NASA-like banks of active video feeds/data monitors.

In addition, mezzanine/stairs also add to Fred Harpman's NewsCentre design.

WNBC-TV is the first station in the world to use Fred Harpman's high-tech and cinematic NewsCentre design, coinciding with arrival of its main anchor Chuck Scarborough, both in 1974.

Having been described by many as an industrial factory workshop being created for the television news scene, Fred Harpman's NewsCentre design, which NBC commissioned in 1974, has 5 areas:

• The main anchor desk: The main presentation area in which the main news anchors offer nightly and breaking news

• The weather centre: A dedicated station filled/equipped with meteorology skills, maps and radar systems for reporting on a local level

• The sports desk: A specialized area for sportscasters to offer highlights and athletic scores

• The mini-studio/interview area: A secondary (and flexible) place used for live one-on-one guest segments and specialized feature reports

• The active newsroom (Assignment Desk): An exposed backdrop with working journalists, wire machines and editors, emphasizing transparency and a flow of real-time information

So successful was the NewsCentre philosophy (in branding, visuals and design), which WNBC-TV had originated, that NBC's other owned-and-operated television stations began using this one.

NBC commissioned modular and scaled-down structural clones of this original NewsCentre incarnation that WNBC-TV originated in New York.

Plus, Fred Harpman's NewsCentre design paralleled the borderless room being located inside the RCA Exhibition Hall for Today (NBC) under Dave Garroway.

Lee Hanna and Earl Ubell, both news executives involved with WNBC-TV, are the geniuses behind the creation of its NewsCentre, featuring Fred Harpman's futurist, high-tech and cinematic design.

What inspired Lee Hanna to envision the NewsCentre (NBC) is an episode of Search that he saw on his home television, featuring Fred Harpman's high-tech Probe Control design.

Earl Ubell, meanwhile, has his background in science.

When he joined the New York Herald Tribune in 1942, Earl Ubell was a messenger, and soon made his promotion to the night secretary of the managing editor

In 1953, Earl Ubell became science editor for the New York Herald Tribune.

Television then came calling for the print-friendly Earl Ubell in 1966, when he became one of the first dedicated science editors in American television news via WCBS-TV.

Lee Hanna also joined WCBS-TV in early-1966 as its news director, lasting 4 years.

WNBC-TV plucked both Lee Hanna and Earl Ubell from WCBS-TV, the latter having joined in 1972.

Jim Kitchell is the mastermind behind NBC's space broadcast unit to cover NASA events.

Due to his interest in NASA's nerve centres, Jim Kitchell managed the futurist, space-age and high-tech NASA-like aesthetics at NBC News, specifically Fred Harpman's NewsCentre design.

Likewise, Jim Kitchell also served as the technical mastermind behind the Huntley-Brinkley Report on NBC, whose multi-city format was based on WSAZ-TV.

In Chicago, in a poetic twist of television history, this NewsCentre traces back to Dave Garroway's old stomping grounds: the Merchandise Mart, from which Garroway at Large was presented.

WMAQ-TV used the NewsCentre as a multi-tiered and active newsroom atmosphere that proved news reporting in the Midwest in an industrial and fast-paced nature.

Besides, Fred Harpman's NewsCentre (via WMAQ-TV) was a cinematic alternative to Hugh Raisky's gritty studio with a regular newsroom backdrop (via rival WBBM-TV).

Ever since its debut on April 29, 1974, NBC's NewsCentre philosophy (emphasized by Fred Harpman's cinematic and high-tech design) has led to copycats.

In addition, ever since its launch on April 29, 1974, NBC's NewsCentre philosophy has also split North America's local television news scene into two camps.

For one camp, local television outlets in the United States that retrofitted studio spaces with faux-wood panels, extra monitors and a chroma key backdrop represented the old guard.

Local CBS television stations, many featuring the newsroom/bullpen as a regular studio backdrop, also represented the old guard (w/wo chroma key).

Conversely, advanced and forward-thinking television stations used the NewsCentre model under Fred Harpman, Lee Hanna, Earl Ubell and Jim Kitchell (for NBC), representing the new guard.

This NewsCentre model (for NBC) evoked the NASA-like nerve centres of Hollywood.

Upon its June 1, 1980 launch, CNN used its BCTV-inspired hybrid newsroom-control room studio set design, which serves as the DNA for 24-hour television news.

Specifically, this hybrid layout used by BCTV/CNN is a bustling, print-style bullpen operating inside a massive, high-tech monitor matrix.

Modern 21st-century news sets do not leave the CBS, NBC and BCTV/CNN philosophies behind; they instead use digital technology to merge and evolve them into flexible ecosystems.

Back to the Midwest, non-NBC stations used undertones of this NewsCentre design that Fred Harpman created, notably WJKW-TV and WTHR.

WJKW-TV's NewsCentre design, which its art director Hilton Murray created, used undertones of the NewsCentre design, which had NBC commissioned and which Fred Harpman had created.

Meanwhile, during its initial years under the ownership of the Columbus Dispatch newspaper, WTHR utilized Fred Harpman's NewsCentre design, mixed with Al Primo's Eyewitness News format.

Eyewitness NewsCentre 13 is a unique, hybrid and innovative television news formula that WTHR had created, in which anchors walked around the studio and talked to anchors and reporters.

Plus, this Eyewitness NewsCentre 13 format, during the last ABC years for WTHR, paralelled the open working area based in the RCA Exhibition Hall for Today (NBC) under Dave Garroway.

Upon its relocation from 99 Queen Street East to 299 Queen Street West, CityTV began to use a unique formula for its CityPulse newscasts similar to Eyewitness NewsCentre 13 (via WTHR).

Moses Znaimer, who masterminded CityTV since its debut in September 1972, is the genius behind the creation of its CityPulse newsroom-as-set trend upon its move to 299.

During its first decade starting in 1977, CityTV's CityPulse newscast used anchors sitting at a desk in a studio with 2 orange-red-black striped beams and a television monitor between the anchors.

Incidentally, during its 99 Queen Street East era, this CityPulse studio (for CityTV) had an isolated and claustrophobic box-like look and feel.

News reporting on the field, conversely, was a more innovative approach in CityTV's CityPulse, whilst sticking around at 99 Queen Street East during its first decade starting in 1977.

Using videographers - lone wolf reporters shooting, editing and reporting their own stories (rather than multi-person technial crews - is CityPulse's innovation for CityTV.

With its move to CityTV's new headquarters at 299 Queen Street West, the CityPulse walls were being torn down, as was the desk.

For CityTV, its CityPulse format paralelled the open working area based in the RCA Exhibition Hall for Today (NBC) under Dave Garroway, but also Eyewitness NewsCentre 13.

299 Queen Street West (which famously both housed CityTV and MuchMusic) also paralelled the RCA Exhibition Hall for Today (NBC) under Dave Garroway

Both CityTV and MuchMusic perfected (and expanded) the non-traditional Eyewitness NewsCentre 13 formula made by WTHR in its last ABC years.

The Newsroom Computer System (NRCS), satellite distribution, video display terminals (VDTs) and digital character generators silence the teletype sound in newsroom-as-set trends.

Newscoop is by ITN, Baysis by CNN.

Canada's two national television giants - the public CBC and the private CTV - were opponents of the newsroom-as-set trend that BCTV, CNN and CityTV during the 1980's.

In the 1990's, both the CBC and CTV networks embraced the newsroom-as-set trend.

In television's early years, the studio and the newsroom were separate.

News anchors delivered the day's stories from an isolated and enclosed studio, while journalists in the bullpen physically sprinted across a high catwalk to deliver scripts to them.

This frantic setup was impossible to maintain for a longer, fast-paced newscast.

For television newscasts extending beyond the quarter-hour time limit, however, news anchors sat in a bullpen, surrounded by busy journalists, plus the teletype and its clattering sound.

Silent computers replaced the teletype and its clattering sound in the newsroom.