Historic television aspects

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is one of the most successful, influential and respected media empires in the world.

Whether on television, radio, the internet or various platforms, the BBC is a window to the world.

News, information, entertainment and education are the core elements of the BBC.

Indeed, the BBC is one of the world's most successful and trusted sources for news, information and entertainment.

Electric and Musical Industries (EMI) is also one of the multinational companies based in the UK.

From its 1930's inception to its 2010's end, EMI has been particularly involved with music, as well as television, film and leisure.

General Electric (GE) and the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) are also multinational forces.

Both GE and RCA are innovators and leaders in both electronics and telecommunications in the United States for many years.

Virgin Group is also a multinational empire, like EMI, RCA and GE.

For many years, three broadcasters in the United States have also been the largest and most distributed broadcasters in the world, known collectively as the Big Three, doubling as production companies.

Programs which are made and produced especially for the English-language television networks in the United States are the most widely-syndicated overseas.

The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) is also one of the world's most successful, influential and respected media empires in the world, much like the BBC

As the oldest of all the Big Three broadcasters in the United States since its 1926 inception, NBC also serves as an iconic and world-famous broadcaster.

Whether on television, radio, the internet or other ways, NBC is one of the most successful and trusted media sources in the world for news, information and entertainment.

Ever since its 1926 inception, NBC has been an innovator in the broadcasting business.

Some of the innovations that NBC pioneered include colour television, early-morning television and late-night television.

Paramount Pictures is one of the Big Five film studios in the US, but also a multinational empire.

Film Booking Offices of America (FBO), Metro Pictures Corporation, the Orpheum Circuit and 20th Century Pictures, Inc. are precursors of the other Big Five film studios in the United States.

RKO Radio Pictures, besides Paramount and others, is one of the Big Five film studios in the United States, which RCA partly owned.

American Multi Cinema (AMC), Regal Cinemas (also Regal Entertainment Group) and Cinemark are known as the largest movie theatre chains in the United States.

National Amusements is an American privately-owned movie theatre operator.

The American Broadcasting Company (ABC), a spin-off of the NBC Blue Network, is regarded as the youngest of the US-based Big Three broadcasters.

Plus, ABC is an iconic and world-famous broadcaster, much like the BBC and NBC.

Like both the BBC and NBC, either on television, radio, the internet or others, ABC is also one of the most successful and trusted media sources for news, information and entertainment.

United Independent Broadcasters, besides NBC and ABC, is one of the traditional US-based Big Three broadcasters.

The Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) is the current name for United Independent Broadcasters.

Like the BBC, NBC and ABC networks, CBS has been an iconic and world-famous broadcaster.

Plus, whether on television, radio, online or others, CBS is a successful and a trusted media source for news, information and entertainment, like the BBC, NBC and ABC.

William S. Paley, David Sarnoff and Leonard Goldenson are the three notable masterminds of the Big Three broadcasters

WNBC, WCBS, WABC, WNYW, WWOR and WPIX are broadcast trailblazers.

KNBC, KCBS, KTLA, WMAQ, WBBM, WLS and WGN are some other local broadcast outlets in the United States influencing broadcast presentation.

New York City and Los Angeles are the primary locations for the Big Three broadcasters in the United States, but also endure many historic radio and television firsts.

Chicago is a crucial location for the Midwest operations of the Big Three networks, also making many historic radio and television innovations.

KYW, WCAU, WPVI, WNAC, WXPO and KDKA are also broadcast trailblazers.

Philadelphia, Boston and the Steel City, besides New York, Los Angeles and Chicago, are the other locations enduring other broadcast innovations.

Both KYW and KDKA are some broadcast stations east of the Mississippi River using K calls.

WFAA, WSVN, WKYC, WEWS, WJW, WLW, WCPO, WKRC, WTBS and WTHR are some other broadcast trailblazers.

Dallas-Fort Worth, Miami-Fort Lauderdale, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Atlanta and Indianapolis are also notable locations for broadcast innovations.

KOWH, WHB and WTIX are crucial stations in developing and establishing top forty/CHR radio.

Omaha, Kansas City and New Orleans are crucial locations for KOWH, WHB and WTIX, which are prototypes of the top forty radio concept.

WINS, KYW and KFWB are crucial stations in developing and establishing all-news radio.

New York, Philadelphia and Los Angeles are crucial locations for WINS, KYW and KFWB, which are prototypes of the all-news radio format on a permanent basis.

United Paramount Theatres (UPT) is a former independent American theatre chain that was formed in 1949 as a spin-off of the movie theatre operations of Paramount Pictures.

Merging with UPT in 1953, ABC has become a broadcast innovator.

Some innovations that ABC pioneered since its merger with UPT include cinematic Hollywood-style television programming, such as made-for-television films and miniseries.

Plus, since its merger with UPT, ABC has made enhancements in its news and sports coverage.

WSMV, WTVF, WKRN and WSAZ are also local US broadcast stations which influence television presentation.

Nashville and Huntington-Charleston are crucial locations for WSMV, WTVF, WKRN and WSAZ.

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates broadcast and media assets in the US.

Independent Television (ITV) is the BBC's main television competitor.

Unlike the BBC's national television services, all of which have no advertising revenues, ITV utilizes commercials.

BBC One and BBC Two are the BBC's main domestic television services.

Just like the iconic broadcasters from core Anglophone countries, BBC One, BBC Two and ITV have always been television services known for innovation, quality and value.

London is a major hub for both British and international television services.

Nippon Hoso Kyokai (NHK), similar and related to the BBC, is Japan's public broadcaster.

As do other broadcasters in core Anglophone countries, NHK is a broadcaster known for innovation, quality and value.

Associated-Rediffusion (later known as Rediffusion London), Associated Television (ATV), Granada Television and ABC Weekend Television are the Big Four ITV franchises until the 1960's.

Thames Television, London Weekend Television (LWT), ATV, Granada and Yorkshire Television are franchises of the ITV network making up the Big Five from the late-1960's to the early-1980's.

Central Independent Television joins Thames, LWT, Granada and Yorkshire in ITV's Big Five group from the early-1980's to the early-1990's.

Scottish Television, Television Wales and West (TWW), Southern Television, Anglia Television and Tyne Tees Television are ITV's other franchises.

Harlech Television (HTV) and Television South (TVS) join Scottish, Anglia and Tyne Tees in ITV's franchise group.

Ulster Television (UTV), Grampian Television, Westward Television, Border Television and Channel Television (CTV) are the smallest ITV franchises.

Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ) is Ireland's national public broadcaster.

Like the famous broadcasters from core Anglophone nations, RTÉ has been a media empire known for innovation, quality and value.

The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) is a Crown corporation doubling as the national public broadcaster in Canada, officially related to the worldwide BBC system.

Ever since 1936, the CBC has been a source for news, information, entertainment and education.

The CTV Television Network and the Global Television Network are the CBC's television rivals.

Just like the broadcasters which come from core Anglophone nations, both CTV and Global are media empires renowned for innovation, quality and value.

CBLT, CFTO, CHUM, CHCH, CHAN, CIII, CKND, CITY, CJOH, CFCN, CFRN and CITV are some broadcast stations in Canada influencing broadcast presentation.

Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Winnipeg, Edmonton and Calgary are some Canadian media hubs.

Most of the radio and television stations in Canada have four-letter call signs; three-letter calls are for either radio stations or commercial stations earning three-letter calls before rules are adopted.

Five-letter calls are for CBC transmitters, either rebroadcasters or assets being owned-and-operated by Télévision de Radio-Canada outside Quebec.

Call signs for stations held by the CBC use the letters CB, including television, where the CB-(-)T call letters are used.

In addition, the television stations of both the CBC and CTV networks have current and former studios being located in a city's downtown core.

The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) regulates all broadcast outlets in Canada.

British Columbia Television (BCTV) is the official former brand for CHAN-TV from 1973 to 2001.

Canwest is one of the former major multinational privately-owned media empires in Canada.

Western International Communications (WIC) is likewise a media empire in Canada.

Fuji Television (Fuji TV), Nippon Television (NTV), TV Asahi, TV Tokyo and Tokyo Broadcasting System (TBS) are commercial television networks in Japan.

The Korean Broadcasting System (KBS) and Munwha Broadcasting Corporation (MBC) are major broadcasters in South Korea.

Channel 9, Channel 7 and Channel 10 are the Big Three television broadcasters in Australia.

The National Nine Network, the Nine Network, the Seven Network and Network Ten are some of the other names for Channel 9, Channel 7 and Channel 10.

For many years, Channel 9, Channel 7 and Channel 10 have frequently had historic alliances with the Big Three broadcasters in the United States:

• Nine = ABC
• Seven = NBC
• Ten = CBS

During the 1980's and the 1990's, Channel 9 also endured an alliance with CBS.

Plus, the former names for Channel 9, Channel 7 and Channel 10 include:

• Nine = National Television Network
• Seven = Australian Television Network
• Ten = Independent Television Service

TCN, GTV, QTQ, NWS and TVW are the Nine Network's flagship stations based in Australia's major metropolitan cities.

ATN, HSV, BTQ, SAS and TVW are the Seven Network's flagship stations based in Australia's major metropolitan cities.

TEN, ATV, TVQ, ADS and NEW are Ten's flagship stations in Australia's major metropolitan cities.

Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth serve as the main bases for Australia's Big Three advertiser-supported and metropolitan television services.

WIN, CBN, CWN, RVN, AMV, NEN, BCV, STV, GLV, BTV, GMV, TVT, TNT and NBN are some regional commercial television stations in Australia.

Prime Television and Southern Cross are regional television networks in Australia, aside from WIN Television, whose name is derived from its first (and flagship) station.

The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), officially similar and related to the worldwide BBC system, is the national public broadcaster in Australia.

Ever since its inception in the 1930's, the ABC has had an influence on Australian culture.

Television New Zealand (TVNZ), often related to the BBC, is New Zealand's main public television broadcaster.

Radio New Zealand (RNZ) is the radio answer to Television New Zealand (TVNZ).

ABN, ABV, ABQ, ABS and ABW are the flagship television stations of the ABC in Australia's major metropolitan cities.

Until the 1980's, the ABC was known as the Australian Broadcasting Commission.

Like the famous broadcasters from core Anglophone nations, Australia's ABC has been a media empire renowned for innovation, quality and value.

Many calls for Australia's commercial television stations begin with the first two letters chosen by the licensee, while the third one often indicates the state or territory in which the station is located.

The Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) is a public broadcaster in Australia, whose goal is to provide programming in multilingual and multicultural aspects to this nation.

Distinct from (yet similar) to the ABC, SBS is one of the two public broadcasters in Australia.

Aggregation is a process in Australia where television viewers in regional areas could offer the same choice as their metropolitan counterparts.

In Australian television, this aggregation process enables regional commercial television channels to expand their signals into neighbouring areas.

Prior to aggregation, small, separate areas have one single independent television station.

But with the aggregation process, large regional markets in Australia have three commercial television channels, plus the ABC and SBS.

Whereas it is beneficial for viewers, aggregation in the Australian television industry led to concerns involving regional television.

Regional television stations in Australia frequently offered local news, sports and community events before aggregation.

Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen (ZDF) is the television rival of ARD, yet friendly with collaboration.

Unlike ARD, which is a group of distinct and separate regional broadcasters and has its roots in radio, ZDF is a centrally-organized broadcaster devoted solely to television

Alto Broadcasting System (ABS) and Chronicle Broadcasting Network (CBN) are two of the Filipino broadcasters that merged to form ABS-CBN in the late-1960's.

Having been the dominant media empire in the Philippines, ABS-CBN also spans the globe.

Global Media Arts (GMA Network or GMA), Radio Philippines Network (RPN) and the Associated Broadcasting Company (ABC) are ABS-CBN's most frequent competitors.

Taiwan Television (TTV), China Television (CTV) and the Chinese Television System (CTS) are the primary television broadcasters in Taiwan.

MediaCorp is Singapore's main broadcaster.

Radio Television Singapore (RTS), the Singapore Broadcasting Corporation (SBC) and Singapore International Media (SIM) are MediaCorp's precusors.

Channel 5 is the primary English-language television channel in Singapore, while Channel 8 is its primary Chinese-language television channel

Television Corporation of Singapore (TCS) and Singapore Television 12 are two of the television divisions that make up the Singapore International Media empire.

For a country having been relatively late to the television scene, the television presentation made by MediaCorp and its precursors have been as advanced as others in the First World.

NBC News, CBS News and ABC News are the news divisions of the Big Three broadcasters.

Eyewitness News, Action News and NewsCentre are the most popular television news formats in the United States and the world, doubling as newscast titles.

Independent Television News (ITN) is ITV's news service, doubling as one of the world's major news agencies.

The CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News and World News Tonight are the flagship television news programs.

60 Minutes, 20/20 and Dateline NBC are the main weekly newsmagazines on television.

Today and Good Morning America are two of the three main American morning news programs.

Meet The Press, Face The Nation and This Week are the flagship weekly news/discussion programs on American television.

11 PM is the traditional time for late-night local newscasts in the Eastern and Pacific time zones of the United States; late-night local news airs at 10 PM in America's middle time zones.

Film at 11 is a phrase being utilized in the American television news business to indicate the late-night newscast that is typically aired at 11 p.m.

The Film at 11 phrase means keeping viewers informed with the day's top stories and breaking news.

Home Box Office (HBO) is a trailblazer in cable television since its debut in 1972.

Blending theatrically-released motion pictures with sports and specials, HBO is the oldest subscription television service in the United States.

Plus, HBO is the first television service to send its programming to cable systems across the nation via satellite, rather than microwave, paving the way for others adopting satellite transmission.

MTV: Music Television is the world's first 24-hour single-genre television channel with music as its primary theme.

The MTV style is a visual form that emerged during the music video boom.

A cinematic style which features fast-paced, non-linear editing, dynamic camera angles and a visually slick, flashy and glossy look, the MTV style is also used in films, television and commercials.

Having started its operations in 1981, MTV has had a significant impact in popular culture around the world, influencing music, fashion and youth trends.

SuperStation WTBS is the national version of WTBS, but also a sister service to HBO.

Cable News Network (CNN) is the first ever 24-hour single-genre television service in the world with news as its primary theme.

The CNN effect is a theory of television news.

For the CNN effect, television networks, utilizing their ability to provide live 24-hour television news coverage from around the world, play a role in deciding the actions and outcomes of events.

Headline News is CNN's spin-off, but also a sister to HBO, Cinemax and TBS.

While CNN blends newscasts with specialized topical and feature programs, Headline News formerly strictly focused on rolling news coverage, featuring half-hour newscasts 24 hours a day.

On television or online, CNN is one of the world's most successful and trusted media sources for news and information.

The CBN Satellite Service is the first basic cable channel to be carried via satellite from its launch and also the first to have original programming, not just a feed of a local broadcast station.

USA Network is the first national satellite-delivered basic cable television network to heavily focus on advertising income upon its launch, other than subscriber fees like other early cable networks.

ESPN is the world's first ever 24-hour single-genre television service with sports as its main theme.

The Weather Channel is the world's first ever 24-hour solo-genre television service with weather as its main theme.

Food Network is a cable television service with food as its main theme.

The United Nations (UN), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the European Union (EU) and the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance are intergovermental organizations.

Broadcast stations in the US utilize calls that begin with a W and a K; W limited to stations east of the Mississippi River and K to stations west of the river; calls have either three or four letters.

In addition, some stations with W call letters are in a section of the US now being issued K calls.

Local stations of the Big Three networks in the United States, such as both NBC and CBS, have their current and former studios in the downtown core of a US city.

National Telefilm Associates (NTA) is a former distribution company used to syndicate American film libraries to television.

WYAH-TV is the former flagship station of the Christian Broadcasting Network.

Metromedia, Capital Cities Communications, Tribune Broadcasting and Paramount Stations Group are some former media empires.

Combined Communications Corporation and Multimedia, Inc. are likewise former media empires.

Silver King Broadcasting, Media General, Nationwide Communications and Freedom Newspapers are also former media empires.

National Educational Television (NET) is a rival of the Big Three networks in the United States.

The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is the present name for NET.

WNET, WETA, WGBH, WTTW, WPBT, KQED, WQED, WQEX, KUHT and KTCA are some of the influential member stations of both NET and PBS.

The National Football League (NFL) is one of the five major sports leagues in North America.

Having been America's most popular sports league, the NFL is also the world's wealthiest professional sports league by revenue, and the league with the most vaulable teams.

Plus, the NFL has the highest average attendance of any pro sports league in the world.

Sundays are when most NFL games are being played, with a Monday night game usually held once a week at least, and Thursday night games on most weeks as well.

The Super Bowl is the NFL's annual league championship game, and since 1966, it has been the final game of each and every NFL season.

Frequently known as the Big Game or other generic terms, the Super Bowl is one of the world's most popular annual sporting events ever.

Plus, the Super Bowl is held on a Sunday, also known as Super Bowl Sunday or Super Sunday.

Commercial airtime for the Super Bowl is the most expensive of the year due to the high viewership, leading to companies regularly developing their most expensive ads for the broadcast.

As a matter of fact, commercial viewership is an integral part of the Super Bowl.

Ever since its inception, the Super Bowl has been not just a game, but a national holiday.

Super Bowl Sunday is a uniquely American holiday tradition bringing people together, like friends, to bond over their love of gridiron football, laugh at commercials and sing along at halftime.

NFL Films is the film and television division of the NFL, known for its distinctive cinematic style.

The American Football League (AFL) is the NFL's former most successful rival that lasted during the entire 1960's decade, enduring innovations that the NFL also used.

Some of the innovations being made by the AFL and also used by the NFL include a 14-game season, player names on jerseys, integration and diversity, a league-wide television contract, etc.

By merging the flashy AFL with the older NFL, two conferences were created: the National Football Conference (NFC) and the American Football Conference (AFC).

The National Hockey League (NHL) is one of the five major sports leagues in North America.

Specifically-produced programs for the Anglo-Canadian television networks are also some of the most widely-syndicated overseas.

News at Ten, produced by ITN, is the flagship news program on the ITV network, plus one of the most successful and influential television news programs in both the United Kingdom and the world.

The Nine O'Clock News is the BBC's former answer to ITN's News at Ten.

Sky Channel is Europe's first cable and satellite television service

Initially known as Satellite Television, Sky Channel offers programs from the United States, including action series, soap operas and children's programs.

Premiere is the first pay television channel to focus on films in Britain, launched in 1984.

Music Box is the European counterpart of MTV, because the US-based MTV channel did not launch a European version until the late-1980's.

Sky Television is Sky Channel's multi-channel version, offering a broader range of channels.

British Satellite Broadcasting (BSB) is a former satellite television consortium initially run by five companies, including Granada Television, Anglia Television and Virgin.

Not long after its March 1990 launch, BSB merged with Sky Television in December 1990 to form British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB), the largest premium television company in Britain.

Eurosport is a pan-European sports television channel, initially co-run by Sky and the EBU.

Sky News is the first 24-hour television news channel in the United Kingdom, doubling as the British answer to CNN.

Specifically-produced programs for television services coming down under are also some of the most widely-syndicated overseas like the United States, the British Isles and Canada.

La Organización de Telecomunicaciones de Iberoamérica (OTI) is the Ibero-American response to the EBU/UER.

Office de Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française (ORTF) and Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française (RTF) served as France's former national public broadcasters.

Télévision Française 1 (TF1) and France Télévisions are France's main television broadcasters.

Antenne 2 (A2) and France Régions 3 (FR3) are French television broadcasters that started in January 1975, and merged in the early-1990's or before 1993 to form France Télévisions.

Radio Television Luxembourg (RTL) is one of the oldest privately-run television stations in Europe.

Compagnie Luxembourgeoise de Télédiffusion (CLT) is the company running RTL.

Télé-Liban is the main public broadcaster in Lebanon.

Compagnie Libanaise de Télévision (CLT) and Télé-Orient are the former private television stations in Lebanon which merged in 1977 to form Télé-Liban.

Future Television, the Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation International (LBCI), Al Jadeed TV and the National Broadcasting Network (NBN) are some private television stations in Lebanon.

Where the News Comes First is one of the popular slogans for local newscasts.

Coverage You Can Count On and Live, Local, Late Breaking are some other popular slogans for local newscasts, besides Where the News Comes First.

The iconic "Where the News Comes First" slogan serves as an indication of the commitment of a local station to being the first to cover breaking news.

Meanwhile, the equally-famous "Coverage You Can Count On" slogan serves as a reminder to viewers watching at home that the news is reliable and trustworthy.

By the same token, the "Live, Local, Late Breaking" slogan is proof of the immediacy, local focus and latest, up-to-the minute nature of the news coverage.

Your 24-Hour News Source is a testament to the station's dedication to non-stop news coverage.

Made à la CNN, the 24-Hour News Source concept includes news updates at the top of the hour, which would last 30 seconds, plus short weather updates every half-hour during local commercial breaks.

This 24-Hour News Source concept, which was made à la CNN, provides news headlines to viewers at home outside regularly-scheduled and long-form newscasts.

On Your Side is another popular slogan for local newscasts, which is proof of the news organization's commitment to serving the community's interests.

Propaganda Films and Palomar Pictures are pioneers in bringing the MTV style to films and television commercials.

American Bandstand and Top of the Pops are music programs that featured the week's top hits.

NBC Saturday Night at the Movies is television's first anthology series to air relatively recent motion pictures coming from major Hollywood studios in colour.

The ABC Movie of the Week popularized the concept of made-for-television movies.

Westwood Village Memorial Park is the final resting place for many famous Hollywood stars.

Dalmo-Victor is a technological empire.

Ampex, which is a spin-off of the Dalmo-Victor company, is known around the world as an iconic and famous technological innovator.

Telstar, Syncom and the International Television Satellite Organization (Intelsat) are some of the first communications satellites in the world.

Magnetophon is a reel-to-reel recorded that enables pre-recorded playback by AEG.

WPP, Publicis, Omnicon and IPG are the world-famous Big Four agency companies.

RCA Records, Capitol Records, Columbia Records, Atlantic Records, Zomba, Arista, Jive and Fable Music are some iconic music labels.

Commodore and Compagnie Générale de la Télégraphie Sans Fil (CSF) are industrial forces.

The Olympic Games and the FIFA World Cup are the world's leading international sporting events.

Revived in 1896 after a long absence of the ancient Olympics, the modern Olympics have summer and winter sports competitions; they foster international cooperation and cultural exchange.

Hosting the Olympics can also bring significant economic benefits and issues to the host city, affecting infrastructure, tourism and local communities.

Every two years, the Olympics and its media exposure offers athletes their chance to earn national and international fame.

Plus, the Olympics provide an opportunity for the host city and country to showcase themselves to the world.

Meanwhile, the FIFA World Cup has been the most prestigous association football competition in the world, but also the world's most widely watched and followed sporting event.

Since 1930, the FIFA World Cup has generated economic growth and investment in a nation, but also positive social change.

The Eurovision Song Contest (ESC) is the flagship event of the EBU/UER.

Having been an annual television tradition since the 1950's, the Eurovision Song Contest is one of the world's most popular non-sporting events ever, attracting more viewers than the Super Bowl.

Prime Computer and Apolo Computer are former computer technology companies.

FruityLoops (FL Studio) is one of the digital audio workstations

NTSC, PAL and SECAM are colour television standards.

Both PAL and SECAM have 625 lines, a hundred lines more than NTSC; PAL has 50 frame rates per second, while NTSC has 60.

Some of the test cards include the SMPTE colour bars (NTSC), the circle pattern (PAL/SECAM), the Telefunken PuBK (PAL) and the EBU colour bars.

Industrial Light and Magic (ILM) is one of the best visual effects companies in the world.

NBC Films, CBS Enterprises and ABC Films are syndicated divisions of the Big Three networks.

Video & Audio Communications (Viacom) and Worldvision Enterprises are companies involved with television syndication.

Television by Design (TVbD), jcbD, DESIGNefx, Novocom/GRFX and Pittard Sullivan are just some high-end broadcast graphics firms in the United States.

On/Off Productions, Velvet mediendesign, Animatica, Ostra Delta and View are some of the high-end motion graphics firms based in mainland Europe.

Cuppa Coffee Studios and Big Studios are some high-end motion graphics firms in Canada.

Animal Logic, Zero Plus, Conja, Centro Digital Pictures, Fat Lizard, Critica and Mojo are high-end motion graphics firms in the Asia-Pacific region.

Pacific Data Images (PDI) and Pixar Animation Studios are some of the iconic 3D computer graphics firms in the world.

The New York Institute of Technology (NYIT) is one of the educational institutions.

The Prime Time Access Rule is an American broadcast regulation that the FCC imposed.

What the Prime Time Access Rule means is that the television networks would return early-evening programming half an hour to local stations.

Many effects of the Prime Time Access Rule, some of which have been felt still, have an impact on television:

• The Big Three networks alter the start time for prime time programming, both on weekdays and Saturdays, from 7:30pm to 8:00pm, adopted by later entrants.

• In addition, the Prime Time Access Rule is also a factor in the cancellation of various television programs being geared towards older and rural audiences.

• By cancelling programs being geared towards older and rural audiences, the networks make the decision to target younger urban audiences more profitable to advertisers.

The Financial Interest and Syndication Rules (fin-syn) are a series of regulations being imposed by the Federal Communications Commission on television.

With these fin-syn rules, the FCC kept the Big Three broadcasters from monopolizing the broadcasting landscape by not owning any of the programming in their primetime line-up.

Plus, these fin-syn regulations prevented the networks from airing syndicated programming they had a financial stake in, but also led them to spin off their syndicated divisions.

For example, with the FCC's fin-syn rules, NBC Films was sold to NTA, whilst CBS Enterprises was spun-off into Viacom and ABC Films was sold to Worldvision.

The National Screen Service (NSS) is a company producing film trailers before the 1960's.

NSS' work used important scenes and big text, plus music sourced from the studio music archives and narration in a stentorian voice to accompany the text and moving images.

Cascom, Digital Juice and Envato are stock content houses.

PAMS, JAM Creative Productions, TM Studios, Score Productions, Tuesday Productions, Telesound, HLC/Killer Music and Gari Music Group are some jingle houses.

De Wolfe Music is a pioneer in the stock music industry.

KPM, Sonoton, Network Music, FirstCom and Killer Tracks are some of the other innovators in stock music.

Associated Production Music (APM), Universal Production Music, 5 Alarm Music, Current Music and Nichion are some stock music distributors.

Promusic, TRF Music, Audio Action and MusiCues Corporation are defunct stock music distributors.

Sound Ideas is a Canadian company specializing in sound effects, but also royalty-free music.

Creative Support Services (CSS), Westar Music, Freeplay Music, The Music Bakery, River City Sound Productions, Fresh Music and SmartSound are the other royalty-free music labels.

The EBU/UER believes in unity, solidarity and collaboration.

During the Cold War, the EBU/UER simply comprised broadcasters from Western Europe, such as the BBC, ORTF, Antenne 2, FR3, RAI, ARD, ZDF, SRG SSR, ORF, NOS, BRT, RTBF and JRT.

Yugoslavia was the sole socialist nation among the founding members of the EBU/UER.

Organisation Internationale de Radiodiffusion et de Télévision (OIRT) positioned itself as the Eastern Bloc's response to the EBU/UER during most of the Cold War period.

January 1, 1993 was when this OIRT group merged with the EBU/UER and all of the OIRT members across Eastern Europe were being transferred to the EBU/UER.

Intervision, the television network of this OIRT group, was the Eastern Bloc's response to Eurovision during the Cold War.

The BBC World Service is the international service of the BBC.

Having been the world's largest external broadcaster in terms of reception area, language selection and audience reach, the BBC World Service reports the news from a pro-British perspective.

CNN International is CNN's worldwide version.

With CNN being one of the largest news organizations in the world, CNN International is the leading international news channel in viewership.

Reporting the news from a pro-American perspective, CNN International is seen around the world.

Deutsche Welle (DW) is a state-owned international broadcaster from Germany.

Funded by federal law, Deutsche Welle has always maintained its editorial independence.

Euronews is a television channel, reporting the news from a pro-European perspective.

The Filipino Channel (TFC) is the global television service of ABS-CBN, aimed to provide Filipinos around the world with a wide range of programs sourced from this broadcaster.

GMA Pinoy TV is the global television service of GMA Network, similar to TFC from ABS-CBN.

Channel NewsAsia is an English-language television news channel from MediaCorp and an Asian alternative to Western-based international media.

The American Forces Network (AFN) and the American Forces Radio and Television Service (AFRTS) serve as systems offering radio and television to US military personnel overseas.

Due to its presence in many countries all around the world, including locations where English is not the primary language, AFRTS is a cultural ambassador for the United States.

Newscasts via AFRTS are compiled from American networks, wired services and other sources.

For years, Americans who live overseas have tuned in to AFN as an alternative to the national public broadcasters since American pop culture was rare in the early stages of the post-WWII era.

The British Forces Broadcasting Service (BFBS) is AFN's British answer.

Like AFN, BFBS offers programs to British military personnel worldwide.

Due to its presence in numerous locations all across the world, including areas where English is not the primary language, BFBS is a cultural ambassador for the UK.

Abbey Road and United Western are world-famous and innovative recording studios.

Central European Media Enterprises (CME) is a media company playing a leading role in introducing Western-style (Western European and American) principles to the Eastern Bloc.

Evening sign-offs and morning sign-ons have been landmarks of the television industry for years.

Many television stations begin and end their activities with either the program line-up, a station ID, a prayer, scenic views, news/weather, a clock ID, technical information or an anthem.

During sign-offs, people at home on TV who were not being able to go to bed are invited to tune in to alternate services hosted by their sisters/affiliates for music, news or chat through the night.

The International Television Federation (Intertel) is a former television production agency comprising public broadcasters from the English-speaking world.

Founded in 1960, Intertel was a breakthrough in using ideas.

CityTV began its operations in September 1972 with a commitment and a vision to provide Canadian teenagers and young adults with many unconventional programs.

Six years after its 1972 launch, in 1978, CHUM Limited purchased a minority stake in CityTV.

MuchMusic is CityTV's sister service, doubling as the national cable television service and Canada's answer to MTV.

Like MTV, MuchMusic features music videos, interviews and on-screen video jockeys.

Deviating itself from MTV's polished and predictable image, MuchMusic used its live, unscripted and spontaneous approach.

Having started its operations in 1984, 12 years after CityTV's debut in 1972, MuchMusic has played a significant role in Canadian pop culture, influencing music, fashion and youth trends.

In September 1972, CityTV began its operations from 99 Queen Street East in downtown Toronto.

Staying true to their downtown roots, both CityTV and MuchMusic, plus CHUM Limited's television division, moved their operations to 299 Queen Street West in the late-1980's or after 1986.

CityTV's 1978 acquisition by CHUM, which, in 1981, acquired CityTV's majority interest, led to 299 Queen Street West being acquired in 1985 or between 1984 and 1986.

Helping to revitalize 299 Queen Street West as the television headquarters for CHUM Limited and its various outlets like CityTV and MuchMusic was Quadrangle.

While the exterior of 299 Queen Street West has been restored and remains intact, the interior of 299 Queen Street West has been modernized into an innovative media complex.

Designed to have no TV studios, the entire 299 Queen Street West was rigged for video and audio.

Many television productions made by various CHUM assets like CityTV and MuchMusic, all of which emanated from 299 Queen Street West, were presented live on the ground floor or a street level.

Street-level studios are where people in each city's downtown core may look through glass windows to watch either radio or television programs.

On July 1, 1941, at 1:30 p.m., WNBT (and NBC) entered commercial operations before WCBW (and essentially CBS) did so an hour later.

Both WNBT and WCBW were supposed to sign on simultaneously, but WNBT actually came first.

Two months after the New York stations, on September 1, 1941, WPTZ (now KYW-TV) also entered commercial operations, the third commercial television station in the United States.

However, WRGB has had both an experimental and a commercial license overall since the late-1920's period, one of the oldest television stations in both the US and the world.

Nearly 8 months after other stations entered commercial operations in 1941, WRGB did so in 1942.

Guglielmo Marconi (d. 1937), Reginald Fessenden (1866-1930's), Philo T. Farnsworth (b. 1906), John Logie Baird and Vladimir K. Zworykin (d. 1980's) are radio and television inventors.

David Sarnoff was an influential and instrumental figure in developing both the RCA and NBC media empires, the latter whom he especially founded, led and shaped.

Arthur Judson founded United Independent Broadcasters in the late-1920's or after 1926.

Not long after its launch in the 1920's or after 1926, Columbia Records invested in United Independent Broadcasters, becoming the eponymous Columbia Phonographic Broadcasting System (CPBS).

Issac and Leon Levy took CPBS from Arthur Judson and Columbia in the late-1920's or before 1929.

William S. Paley, who was an in-law of the Levy brothers, turned the CPBS network into the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), and became its majority owner.

Paramount took 49% of the CBS network in 1929, but the Great Depression forced the studio to sell its shares back to the network in the early-1930's or before 1933.

The DuMont Television Network began its regular operations a year after World War II ended.

WABD, WTTG and WDTV are the flagship television stations of the DuMont Television Network.

Unlike the Big Three networks, all of which have their roots in radio, DuMont is a former broadcaster devoted solely to television, with programming that is innovative and creative.

In 1949, WDTV began its operations as the first television station in Pennsylvania's iconic and famous Steel City and this Commonwealth's first network-owned-and-operated television station.

Plus, WDTV started live network programming between multiple US regions by activating the coaxial cable connection from the American Telephone & Telegraph Company.

Just before WDTV began, networks relied on separate regional networks for live programming in both the East and Midwest; the West Coast got live programming from kinescope.

Nicknamed the Golden Spike, the coaxial cable connection from the American Telephone & Telegraph Company linked 13 stations, including WDTV, from the East to the Midwest.

Two years after WDTV's connection, in the early-1950's, the West Coast began to carry live television programming from the East (and the East starting to carry the same from the West).

But the WDTV cable connection, which began upon the station's 1949 launch, marked the launch of a nationally-interconnected television network in the modern era.

In addition to pioneering a modern national television network via the WDTV, DuMont also broke the one-sponsor model and minority programming for minority viewers.

KTLA, the first ever commercial television station located west of the Mississippi River, was initially owned by Paramount's television division called Television Productions, Inc.

Edward J. Noble took control of the NBC Blue Network after 1942, after a decree from the FCC stating that RCA divested itself of one of its networks, and changed its name to ABC.

Under Edward J. Noble, ABC tried to be an innovative and competitive broadcaster, but financial issues and the pressure to compete against longer-established NBC and CBS hampered the network.

Leonard Goldenson's UPT theatre chain merged with ABC in 1953.

Upon its merger with UPT, ABC received financial resources and strategic leadership, revitalizing this network; it also marked a turning point for the DuMont Television Network.

DuMont faced financial problems, partly due to its reliance on UHF channels; it also proposed a merger with UPT-ABC, but Paramount, a major DuMont investor, rejected the deal.

After network service formally ended, DuMont Labs spun off two of its remaining owned-and-operated television stations, WABD and WTTG, to shareholders as the DuMont Broadcasting Corporation.

In 1957, in order to distance itself from the DuMont branding, which was seen as a failure, the DuMont Broadcasting Corporation became the Metropolitan Broadcasting Corporation.

Metropolitan Broadcasting's shares was purchased by John Kluge from Paramount in the late-1950's or after 1957, becoming Metromedia in 1961 or the early-1960's or after 1960.

Under John Kluge, Metromedia diversified its interests.

Rupert Murdoch, who previously acquired 20th Century Fox, also acquired the independent television stations owned by John Kluge's Metromedia empire.

All of the former independent television stations held by John Kluge's Metromedia empire formed the nucleus of the Fox Broadcasting Company.

Plus, the UPT-ABC merger forced Balaban and Katz to sell WBKB to CBS, which also owned WBBM radio; this resulted in the change to WBBM-TV.

Still in Chicago, WGN-TV became an exclusive DuMont affiliate until the mid-1950's or before 1957.

With the format demise of the DuMont network, WGN-TV began using a general entertainment format typical of the other indpendent television stations in the United States and Canada.

Blending sitcoms, dramas, cartoons, films and religious programs with locally-produced newscasts and others, WGN-TV became an alternative to Chicago's network-owned stations.

In addition, WGN-TV became the leading independent station in Chicago for nearly 4 decades.

The UPT/ABC merger also prompted DuMont Labs to sell WDTV to the locally-based Westinghouse Electric Corporation and change its calls to KDKA-TV, after radio station KDKA, in 1954.

With its 1954 sale, KDKA-TV became the flagship television asset of the Westinghouse Broadcasting Company, also known as Group W.

ABC, having merged with UPT, was the first to lure Hollywood studios to television production.

While both NBC and CBS used programming presented live, ABC, particularly after its merger with UPT, used a Hollywood-style approach, focusing on filmed programs.

During his long tenure, Leonard Goldenson developed a unique strategy for ABC, which focused on niche audiences, especially the youth, which both NBC and CBS overlooked.

Barry Diller, mentored by Leonard Goldenson, pioneered the concepts of both the made-for television movies and the television miniseries, while working at ABC.

Michael Eisner, who, like Barry Diller, was mentored by Leonard Goldenson, also worked at ABC.

Plus, both Barry Diller and Michael Eisner worked at Paramount Pictures until 1984, when they left, moving to different paths.

In 1984, Barry Diller took over 20th Century-Fox as its Chairman and CEO, where he was the driving force behind the creation and launch of the Fox Broadcasting Company, which began in 1986.

Also in 1984, Michael Eisner took over the Walt Disney Company as its Chairman and CEO.

During his run as its Chairman and CEO, Michael Eisner led this company toward successes.

Leonard Goldberg worked as ABC's programming head from 1966 to 1969.

Fred Silverman spearheaded the rural purge while working at CBS, but he also shifted the network's programming focus towards more urban and younger demographics, keeping its dominance.

Due to his success at CBS, Fred Silverman moved to its rival ABC, where his programming choices likewise caused its turnaround, surging from third place in the ratings to first place.

Just before Fred Silverman, ABC lagged in the ratings behind both NBC and CBS.

Using the combined strategies of both Leonard Goldenson and Fred Silverman, ABC became a major television service, breaking the dominance held by both NBC and CBS.

In addition, Fred Silverman's success, while working at ABC, also prompted local outlets which were affiliated with both NBC and CBS in several markets to switch to ABC.

Charles Dolan and Ted Turner are trailblazers in the cable television business.

A Cleveland native, Charles Dolan began his television career, marketing and distributing sports and industrial films for television syndication before moving to New York.

While living in New York, Charles Dolan came to the realization that, because tall buildings stopped television broadcast signals in the air, Manhattan needed cable.

Teleguide, transmitted via closed-circuit television, offered tourist information, news, interviews and feature interstitials to hotels, and later, apartment and office buildings in the New York area.

Sterling Manhattan Cable was the first cable television system in America to earn cable lines located underground in urban areas, rather than via microwave antennas or on telephone poles. 

With the financial backing made by Time-Life, Inc., which serves as Time's book publishing division, Sterling Manhattan Cable was one of the company's first cable outlets.

Despite investments, Sterling Manhattan suffered a loss of money.

In 1969, Sterling Communications took a 49% stake in Sterling Manhattan held by Time-Life, which, concurrently, increased its share in Sterling Communications.

Later, Charles Dolan began proposing a cable television service that would provide unedited theatrical movies from the major Hollywood studios and live sports, all without commercial interruptions.

HBO began its operations on November 8, 1972 under Charles Dolan's own Sterling Communications empire, spun off in February 1973 and sold to Time, Inc. on September 18, 1973.

On September 30, 1975, HBO uplinked its feed via satellite across the nation.

Prior to HBO's satellite uplink, cable television services use microwave antennas to carry its signal.

But HBO's satellite uplink made it the first cable television service to carry its signal across the entire nation via satellite.

Jack M. Rice Jr., who owned locally-based pay television companies in Atlanta, launched a television station with the call letters named in his honour.

Initially running on a shoestring budget, WJRJ-TV suffered technical issues.

Turner Communications Corporation, a media empire run by the eponymous Ted Turner, who was an Atlanta entrepreneur, announced an agreement to merge with Rice Broadcasting in July 1969.

Upon the FCC's approval in December 1969, the calls WTCG were chosen to replace WJRJ-TV.

When his media empire agreed to merge with Rice Broadcasting in July 1969, Ted Turner had run the billboard advertising business founded by his deceased father, plus a few radio stations.

However, for Ted Turner himself, WTCG was the first television property.

The WTCG call letters reportedly stood for "Watch This Channel Grow," although the TCG in its calls officially stood for Turner Communications Group.

A year after HBO's satellite uplink, Ted Turner's local television station did the same.

For Ted Turner's own local television outlet, its national uplink via satellite was the launchpad for basic cable television, just as HBO's was the launchpad for the entire satellite-delivered cable business.

The Texaco Star Theatre is a program with Texaco as its title sponsor, first aired on radio from 1938 to 1949, and then on television from 1948 to the mid-1950's or before 1957.

With Milton Berle hosting the Texaco Star Theatre, television's popularity grew.

Being the host of the Texaco Star Theatre, Milton Berle is American television's first major star.

The television version of the Texaco Star Theatre, with Milton Berle, was seen on NBC every Tuesday night.

Emanating from NBC's 30 Rockefeller Plaza headquarters in New York, the television iteration of the Texaco Star Theatre, hosted by Milton Berle, is television's first major hit.

I Love Lucy stars the husband-and-wife combo of Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz, and is television's first blockbuster success.

Before I Love Lucy, television programs were recorded live using low-quality kinescope.

I Love Lucy, however, was shot on thirty-five millimetre film, offering both better preservation and the ability to re-broadcast television programs in syndication.

Plus, I Love Lucy popularized the multi-camera setup being used in sitcoms and other genres.

Seen on CBS every Monday night at 9 p.m.,  I Love Lucy changed television.

Whereas the television version of the Texaco Star Theatre, with Milton Berle, serves as television's first major success, I Love Lucy, with Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz, is its first bonafide hit.

The Lone Ranger is also a media franchise.

Having originated in radio through WXYZ in Detroit, the television version of The Lone Ranger is an early triumph for the nascent ABC television service, with which WXYZ is affiliated.

Dave Garroway, a radio disc jockey at WMAQ-AM, moved to television with the eponymous program known as Garroway at Large, which began in 1949.

Garroway at Large, which aired every week at 10pm from the WMAQ-TV studios in Chicago, notably introduced an innovative presentation and staging to television through Dave Garroway.

Saturday is when Garroway at Large Dave Garroway, aired, and later, Sundays and Fridays.

When television first began in New York City, programs seen on the medium used/adopted the frequent theatrical proscenium concept, separating the stage from the audience area.

After World War II, several programs originated from Chicago, where Dave Garroway was a radio disc jockey on WMAQ-AM.

Through his own innovative Garroway at Large television program, Dave Garroway circumvented the conventions for a more casual approach in which the reality of the studio was acknowledged.

Followed by a single camera, Dave Garroway, in his own Garroway at Large program, walked around large studios and simple abstract sets as he directly talked to guests and television viewers.

Known as the Chicago Style, this live staging technique, made for Dave Garroway's own Garroway at Large program, was developed further through his other innovative program called Today.

During its initial years, NBC's Today program emanated from the RCA Exhibition Hall.

In the first ever studio used for NBC's Today program from the RCA Exhibition Hall was an open-plan working area with teletypes, wall clocks and workstations all visible (and audible) on the air.

Many people all around the United States described this open-plan working area in the first studio ever utilized for NBC's Today program from the RCA Exhibition Hall as television's command centre.

Plus, this open-plan working area in the first studio ever used for NBC's Today program from the RCA Exhibition Hall was described by Dave Garroway as "the nerve centre of the world."

Based at Rockefeller Plaza and West 49th Street in New York's Midtown Manhattan portion, the RCA Exhibition Hall was down the block from the current studio used for NBC's Today program.

Over the years, this working area in the first studio for NBC's Today program emanating from the RCA Exhibition Hall has become working newsrooms, though not as immersive as its original space.

Instead, working television newsrooms are usually placed directly behind the news anchor desk, with a physical or a imaginary divider between the studio and newsroom area.

Layouts for working television newsrooms include glass separating them from the broadcast area.

However, designs placing news anchors in the middle of the newsroom have been used by numerous programs over the years - in varying degrees.

Plus, television stations feature camera positions placed more inside newsroom areas; often called flash cams, they are used for live reports/updates, as well as prerecorded teases and promos.

Newsrooms are used by TV stations for temporary sets, whereas primary studios are being renovated or updated with a new set or equipment.

A similar idea is also often used for working weather centres in modern television studio sets.

When NBC's Today program started in the 1950's, weather centres did not utilize chroma key, since it requires, by definition, colour cameras.

Upon its debut in early-1950's, NBC's Today program utilized panels, with printed maps, handwritten notations and movable cutout pieces to symbolize weather conditions.

On many local news studio sets, the weather team works in the studio from built-in workstations and video panels, while usually starting/ending their weather reports from in front of a working area.

Many weather centres use a desk or pod allowing weather forecasters to appear on screen, facing the camera, while also viewing computer monitors and manipulating graphics/maps in realtime.

Street-level and windowed studios, meanwhile, are still used from now on.

Technically, all Big Three networks have their morning newscasts from street-level studio sets.

Local US television stations also have street-level and windowed studios, though they often serve as secondary sets or double as a satellite operation for the station's main newsroom.

In many ways, however, these street-level and windowed studios serve more as a highly visual public showcase for the local station rather than using the view as a primary backdrop.

Many of these street-level and windowed studios feature sets, built inside of a traditional windowless studio and having looked much indifferent for all intents and purposes.

Plus, modern and efficient news tickers were not created or launched until 1993, nor fully popularized until September 2001.

The news ticker being used when NBC's Today program first began was an actual piece of paper with typewritten headlines superimposed on the lower third of the screen.

Between the 1960's and the 1980's, the structure and graphics of television news changed.

For newscasts, a presentation style in which scrolling graphics or video consuming the solo screen has evoled into smaller text-to-picture composite graphics positioned alongside the anchor.

During the 1980's, television news presentation changed again (mainly due to advances in production technology and increased competition).

Many of the news studio sets have incorporated elements resembling a command centre, in particular since the 1980's, including video monitors and displays.

During its first 48 years, the weekday version of the Today Show lasted two hours from 7 a.m. to 9 a.m. Eastern Time.

After 48 years, the Today Show began having an additional hour, ending at 10 a.m. Eastern Time.

Seven years after its extension to an additional hour, the Today Show started having another additional hour, ending at 11 a.m. Eastern Time.

In the mid-1990's or after 1993, Today moved to a street-level location at Rockefeller Plaza, which is known as the Window on the World, recalling the program's early-1950's origins.

J. Fred Muggs, a chimpanzee, is a mascot of NBC's Today program from 1953 to 1957.

Although his tenure as a mascot of NBC's Today program was short-lived, J. Fred Muggs was deemed popular amongst its viewers, especially children.

Having revived the initially struggling ratings (and poor viewership) of NBC's Today program, J. Fred Muggs was often paired with Lee Meriwether.

Despite his on-screen success, J. Fred Muggs is also known for his difficult and sometimes aggressive approach.

Some television programs in which Dave Garroway was involved, including Garroway at Large and Today, influenced modern broadcast design, like CNN and CityTV/MuchMusic.

Walt Disney is the first major film producer to enter television.

Disneyland is the name for both the television series and the theme park; the success of the Disneyland television series on ABC laid the groundwork for other Disney ventures for this industry.

For Disneyland, it turned the Disney animation studio into a diversified media conglomerate.

The Idol franchise, which Spice Girls manager Simon Fuller had created, is a platform for young and upcoming singers, many doing pop, but also rhythm & blues, soul, rock, etc.

American Idol, one of the best and most successful Idol versions, features a vocal school.

Popstars is the precursor of the Idol franchise, both of which come from the countries of the former British Empire.

New Zealand is where Popstars originated, the UK is where the Idol franchise was born.

Some of the elements from Popstars, including a panel of judges in auditions and audience voting, are being adopted by the Idol franchise.

Mariah Carey's Vision of Love inspires the American Idol vocal school, which features many students being girls/women with soulful rhythm & blues/gospel vocals.

American Bandstand is television's most influential pop music program, paving the way for MTV and both the Popstars and Idol franchises.

Dick Clark is the person most identified with American Bandstand.

Warner Bros. Presents is the name of a program comprising three series for television by this Big Five Hollywood studio.

ABC, owned by film executive Leonard Goldenson, aired the Warner Bros. Presents wheel program.

Cheyenne, one of the three series for the Warner Bros. Presents wheel program, is the first hour-long television series in the Western genre.

Plus, Cheyenne is the first hour-long drama with ongoing characters to remain over just one season.

In addition, Cheyenne is the first television series produced by a major Hollywood film studio, which entirely consisted of content, not derived from theatrical films, but exclusive to television.

Kings Row and Casablanca, two of the three series for the Warner Bros. Presents wheel program, are derived from theatrical films, but Cheyenne is not.

In its early period, William T. Orr and Roy Huggins were masterminds of the television division of the Warner Bros. film studio.

Under both William T. Orr and Roy Huggins, Warner Bros. is the first Big Five Hollywood film studio entirely having content, not derived from theatrical films, but exclusive to television.

Monday Night Football (MNF) is the presentation of televised match-ups from the NFL, aired live each and every Monday night during the regular season.

Hockey Night in Canada (HNIC) is the presentation of televised matches from the NHL, aired live each and every Saturday night during the regular season.

Star Trek, created by Gene Roddenberry, is an American science fiction media franchise, which began with the series of the same name and has since been a pop culture icon.

Enterprise is the name of several spacecraft in the Star Trek franchise; its bridge serves as the starship counterpart of an operations centre or command centre.

The first Star Trek series, which is known by its retronym Star Trek: The Original Series, stars William Shatner as Captain James T. Kirk and Leonard Nimoy as Spock.

Alexander Courage composed the iconic Star Trek theme.

First aired on NBC in 1966, Star Trek: The Original Series had low ratings and ended in 1969.

However, after its initial run (and cancellation), Star Trek: The Original Series won cult status through syndication, helping it develop a broader fan base than its original viewership.

William Shatner's opening monologue for Star Trek: The Original Series is:

Space, the final frontier. These are the voyages of the starship Enterprise. Its five-year mission: to explore strange new worlds, to seek out new life and new civilizations, to boldly go where no man has gone before.

Matt Jefferies worked on the original Star Trek television series, where he designed many of the sets and props, including the original starship Enterprise, and the bridge and sick bay.

Star Trek: The Next Generation is as successful as its original run.

Airing through first-run syndication, Star Trek: The Next Generation features Patrick Stewart playing Captain Jean-Luc Picard and Jonathan Frakes playing William T. Riker.

Patrick Stewart's opening monologue for Star Trek: The Next Generation is:

Space, the final frontier. These are the voyages of the starship Enterprise. Its continuing mission: to explore strange new worlds, to seek out new life and new civilizations, to boldly go where no one has gone before.

Mission: Impossible is an action spy series.

Steven Hill stars as Dan Briggs; Peter Graves as Jim Phelps, both in Mission: Impossible.

Whether on television or on film, Mission: Impossible usually begins with a mission briefing, which is being delivered by an unseen voice.

During this mission briefing in this Mission: Impossible media franchise, the unseen voice delivers the famous words: "Your mission, should you choose to accept it, is..." and then the details.

The iconic and famous Mission: Impossible theme tune, composed by Lalo Schifrin, has the distinctive rhythm in 5/4 metre based on the Morse code for MI, which is two dashes and then two dots.

In addition, the 5/4 metre being used in the famous Mission: Impossible theme tune by Lalo Schifrin is being used in other music works as well, including some news themes.

Film scores using the 5/4 metre, even some news themes, convey a sense of urgency and intrigue.

Both Star Trek and Mission: Impossible were developed and produced for television in 1966 by Desilu Productions, run by Lucille Ball, and later sold to Paramount.

Miami Vice is also a television trailblazer.

Known for its style based on MTV, Miami Vice has forever changed television, but also the eponymous city Miami.

Before both MTV and Miami Vice, television has sometimes been described as staid.

With both MTV and Miami Vice, television has become flashy and dynamic.

Steve McQueen had his breakthrough in Wanted Dead or Alive as bounty hunter Josh Randall.

Due to Wanted Dead or Alive's success, Steve McQueen made the successful transition from the small screen to the big screen, the first TV star to earn similar fame and recognition in films.

The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis is a series that breaks ground by centering a teenager, but also depicts elements of the modern counterculture.

John Reith, the BBC's first Director-General, developed the eponymous policy called Reithianism.

Reithianism means that, at a time when local radio outlets in the US, Canada and Australia drew large people cheering for their local team, the BBC emphasized service for a national audience.

The BBC Television Service started its regular operations in 1936, just before a wartime closure in the late-1930's or after 1938, only to return a year after WWII's 1945 end.

Alexandra Palace is the base for the first regular television service in the world from the BBC.

During his short-lived, but successful run as the BBC's second post-war television controller, Norman Collins made the first steps for television into becoming a truly mass medium.

Major steps made under Norman Collins as the BBC's television controller were increasing television license numbers and the expansion beyond London into other major cities.

Plus, under Norman Collins, the BBC became one of the first members of the EBU/UER.

The BBC opened its second television transmitter at Sutton Coldfield in 1949.

With the 1949 opening of the Sutton Coldfield transmitter, for the first time, BBC Television became available to viewers outside London and the South East.

Plus, the BBC opened its third television transmitter at Holme Moss after Sutton Coldfield.

By opening the Holme Moss transmitter, BBC Television became available for the first time to viewers across the North.

Subsequently, the BBC opened their television transmitters in Kirk O'Shotts, Wenvoe and Divis, which made it available for the first time to Scotland, Wales, the West and Northern Ireland.

EBU/UER membership was for broadcasters, other than governments; early delegates said that these meetings were cordial and professional and very different from the abrupt tone of its precursors.

August 1950 was when the BBC Television Service aired the first ever outside broadcast all over the English Channel to mark the centenary of the first cross-channel telegraph message.

On June 2, 1953, the BBC covered the Queen's coronation on television, the first fully witnessed.

Coverage of the June 2, 1953 coronation of the Queen from BBC Television was carried all around the United Kingdom, including, for the first time, regions beyond London and the South East.

In addition, the BBC's coverage of the June 2, 1953 coronation of the Queen was seen all over Western Europe via a network of relay stations.

Footage of the Queen's coronation was in Canada, the United States and Australia for later broadcasts.

Plus, the BBC's television coverage of the Queen's coronation led to the 1954 debut of the Eurovision network from the European Broadcasting Union.

Jaunty commercials interrupted the US television coverage of the British coronation; one of them was a commercial starring NBC's J. Fred Muggs, sparking criticism, especially from the British public.

For the British public, featuring J. Fred Muggs in one of the jaunty commercials that interrupted the US television coverage of the coronation led to debate about the prospect of an alternative to the BBC.

Ultimately, ITV arose from the debate made in response to the tactic made by J. Fred Muggs, who was featured in one of the jaunty commercials interrupting the coronation coverage in America.

An alternative to the BBC's public service model, ITV aired programs from the American networks.

Entertainment Tonight 

Breakfast Time is the first national early-morning television program in the United Kingdom.

TV-am is a former national television service during the early morning hours on ITV, lasting from the 1980's decade to the 1990's decade.

During tis initial years, the BBC's Breakfast Time was more popular than TV-am among viewers.

Roland Rat, a puppet character, is a mascot of TV-am during the mid-1980's period.

During his TV-am run, Roland Rat was popular among children.

Having revived the initially failing fortunes of TV-am, Roland Rat is generally regarded as its saviour, being "the only rat to save a sinking ship."

Greg Dyke was instrumental in Roland Rat's rise on TV-am, turning this minor character into a star.

Plus, Greg Dyke forged a lightweight, populist approach for TV-am.

Similarly, TV-am's growing popularity with Roland Rat is like the growing popularity of NBC's Today program with J. Fred Muggs.

Both J. Fred Muggs and Roland Rat, though different in appearance and personality, are instant hits.

In other words, both J. Fred Muggs and Roland Rat serve as characters who rescued the early-morning television sources on both sides of the Atlantic from cancellation.

Kerry Packer, who was a businessman from Australia, purchased a minority interest in TV-am in early 1984, and appointed his own friend and fellow Australian businessman Bruce Gyngell.

Under Bruce Gyngell, TV-am became the top source for early-morning television in the UK.

The 1960 presidential debates pitted the young John F. Kennedy against the elite Richard Nixon.

Before the 1960 presidential debates, television was synonymous with entertainment, but these debates proved that television was also a source for serious news and information.

In the first of the 1960 presidential debates, the young and highly-telegenic John F. Kennedy won this debate over the anti-telegenic Richard Nixon, who had a poor performance.

Telstar 1 is the first active communications satellite in the world.

Many of the innovations for Telstar 1 include the first television pictures, telephone calls and telegraph images being relayed through space, plus the first live transatlantic television broadcast.

Syncom 2 and Syncom 3 are the first active communications satellites ever to be placed in two of the world's orbits: geosynchronous and geostationary.

Intelsat 1 (Early Bird) is the world's first commercial geosynchronous communications satellite.

Relay 1 is the first satellite to connect television images from the United States to Japan, expanding the communications satellite network across the Pacific, demonstrating its global reach.

Using Telstar 1 and its successors, like Syncom 2 and Syncom 3, Intelsat 1 and Relay 1, live television news coverage from around the world became realized.

Roger Ailes started his television career at Group W/Westinghouse Broadcasting in both Cleveland and Philadelphia, the two cities in which The Mike Douglas Show was produced.

One of the most notable guests on The Mike Douglas Show was Richard Nixon, for whom Roger Ailes became the media consultant during his successful second presidential election campaign.

Having been a pioneer in framing campaign issues, Roger Ailes' efforts in Richard Nixon's successful presidential campaign marked his first venture into politics.

An anti-telegenic presence, Richard Nixon had assembled media experts like Roger Ailes to help him master television's visuals.

For Richard Nixon, this successful comeback came years after his election losses in 1960 and 1962.

The successful second presidential election campaign for Richard Nixon was the first foray into media with a conservative slant for Roger Ailes.

Plus, Roger Ailes briefly worked for Television News Inc. in 1975.

Joseph Coors, who held the Coors Brewing Company, held a majority stake in Television News Inc., a conservative alternative to the Big Three networks, whose news output was liberal.

In December 1993, the rights to televise games from the NFC were sold by CBS to Fox, which, some months later, began its long run as the NFC broadcaster.

Fox's tenure as the NFC broadcaster turned it into a major television network.

The origins of ZDF dates back to the late-1950's period, when Konrad Adenauer began preparing for a second national West German television service to rival ARD.

Freies Fernsehen Gesellschaft (FFG) is the name of a proposed West German television service, which was founded in July 1960.

Opponents consider FFG to be Adenauer-Fernsehen (Adenauer's television).

When FFG was founded in July 1960 after preparations started, Konrad Adenauer believed that ARD's news coverage was perceived to be too critical of his government.

DPA and NWDR - two companies responsible for ARD's news reporting - were also critical of Konrad Adenauer and his government.

In February 1961, this plan for FFG was blocked, but in March, the states decided to begin a nonprofit public television service free of Konrad Adenauer's effort.

June 6, 1961 was when the state premiers signed an interstate agreement to establish ZDF.

Two years after the agreement, in the mid-1960's or after 1962, ZDF officially began its operations.

FFG would have aired an morning program at 6 a.m. and would have been consulted by the American broadcaster CBS on programming conception and production.

Plus, FFG would have had an evening newscast at 7:30 p.m. and again at 10 p.m.

Despite being blocked, FFG's plans, which include a morning program at 6 p.m. and using American broadcasters as consultants, are innovative trends.

In the Arabic-speaking countries of the Middle East, just before CNN's coverage of the first Gulf War period, media was strictly controlled by governments, as were television stations.

However, partly due to CNN's Gulf War coverage, Arab countries in the Middle East region started to include national television stations being fed by satellite and being run by private corporations.

CNN's Gulf War coverage has partly resulted in broader changes in the content and style of television programming in Arab nations in the Middle East.

The Mickey Mouse Club features its main cast members, known as Mouseketeers.

For its 1990's version, the Mickey Mouse Club launched the careers of many global stars, like Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, Justin Timberlake, Ryan Gosling and Keri Russell.

Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera, two of the famous alumni in the 1990's version of the Mickey Mouse Club, use their soulful singing voices.

Vzglyad is an innovative and progressive television program in the Soviet Union during the reformist tenure of Mikhail Gorbachev through glasnost and perestroika.

Some of the people masterminding Vzglyad include Vladislav Listyev and Alexander Lyubimov.

By blending the journalistic rigor of 60 Minutes with the modern style of MTV, Vzglyad is a television trailblazer in the Eastern Bloc.

In other words, Vzglyad influenced other Eastern Bloc media outlets to adopt a more open and modern approach.

This Vzglyad program tackles previously forbidden topics, including social issues; its concept is more informal and engaging than traditional Soviet television, appealing to a younger audience.

Due to the popularity and the influence created by the Vzglyad program, public opinion in the Eastern Bloc has been reshaped, and further reforms came up.

2x2 is the first ever television channel in both the Soviet Union and Russia to be funded by advertising revenue from its launch, but also the first to have programming content not controlled by the state.

Launched in November 1989, 2x2 showed music videos, together with repeated program blocks, in an unusual format called background television.

Although founded by state order, 2x2 operated as a non-state-controlled channel in the Soviet Union.

Vladislav Listyev and Alexander Lyubimov went on to co-found their own company VID.

Pole Chudes, which VID's founder Vladislav Listyev hosted in its first year, is the Russian answer to Wheel of Fortune, the nation's first Western-style game show.

Adapted from Wheel of Fortune, Pole Chudes also incorporates Russian cultural elements.

Tema, which Vladislav Listyev hosted during its initial years, serves as Russia's first Western-style talk show, the nation's answer to Phil Donahue.

Itogi is a pioneering current affairs program on Russian television in its early post-Soviet era.

Yevgeny Kiselyov, a pioneering television journalist in Russia's post-Soviet stage, is the creator of this successful Itogi program, doubling as its anchor.

NTV, a television company founded in 1993 by Yevgeny Kiselyov and other Itogi personnel under the backing of Vladimir Gusinky and his Most bank, produced this program from 1993 to 2001.

During Russia's early post-Soviet period, the politics on Itogi were described by Yevgeny Kiselyov as being anti-communist, pro-reform and pro-democracy.

Authors' Television (ATV) is the first private television company in the Soviet Union, founded during glasnost and perestroika by some Vzglyad personnel.

Kinescope is the process used to film the television screen, but it is cumbersome and expensive; both quadruplex and the Ampex VRX-1000 are solutions to these limitations.

With both quadruplex and the Ampex VRX-1000, television quality improved.

For Type C videotape, it is smaller, easier to operate and provides slightly higher video quality than quadruplex.

Plus, Type C performs functions that quadruplex has not, like still and slow-motion playback.

Trinitron is the brand name for Sony's system of television sets.

Some of the notable innovations for Sony's Trinitron system of television sets include vertical bars, one electron gun, an aperture grille and a flatter screen surface in design.

With these innovations, Trinition is an advancement in colour television technology.

Before Sony's Trinitron system, early television sets featured dots, three electron guns, a curved screen surface in design and a shadow mask; these resulted in a dimmed and grainy picture quality.

However, with Sony's Trinitron system, television sets have found solutions to these issues.

FD Trinitron/WEGA is Sony's flat incarnation of this Trinitron system, which featured a flatter screen surface and further improvements to the electron gun, the aperture grille and the deflection yoke.

Both Relay 1 and Syncom 3 were used together to broadcast the Tokyo Summer Olympics held in the mid-1960's era, marking the first time two satellites are used for a telecast.

The Texaco Star Theatre, I Love Lucy, the Queen's coronation, Disneyland, Cheyenne and the 1960 debates are key moments solidifying television's place in pop culture.

Gary Bautell is one of the former AFN disc jockeys, having worked at AFN Europe since 1962.

Upon Gary Bautell's arrival at AFN in November 1962, European radio played staid and stale music.

Initially limited to American military personnel, both Gary Bautell and AFN Europe brought American music, like jazz and swing, to European audiences, some of which were previously banned.

Having worked in Germany for over 50 years, Gary Bautell had been involved in promoting relations between Germany and the United States.

Plus, Gary Bautell, once known as "the voice of the U.S. military in Europe," influenced German pop culture, especially introducing elements in American pop culture.

Chris Noel is also a former AFN disc jockey, having worked at the American Forces Vietnam Network during the 1960's, but also sometimes called "the next Marilyn Monroe."

From 1966 or the mid-1960's to before 1972, Chris Noel hosted her own radio program on AFVN.

Tom Lewis scraped personnel and equipment to begin AFRTS via his wife Loretta Young.

For Marilyn Monroe, her beauty and premature death contribute to her status as an iconic figure.

In nostalgia, smoking cigarettes are icons of youth, rebellion, elegance, sexuality and style, especially when associated with people like Marilyn Monroe and James Dean.

Whilst cultural icons like Marilyn Monroe, James Dean, Elvis Presley, Michael Jackson and Whitney Houston are not eternally youthful in physical sense, their deaths have preserve their youth.

Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley, Michael Jackson, Madonna, Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey, Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera are cultural icons for teens and young adults.

Since the 1990's, pop/rock songs have used instrumental intros featuring soulful vocal riffs, runs and melisma before the main melody, inspired by Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey and Celine Dion.

For the last chorus of a pop song since the 1990's, the backup singers have harmonized with the lead singer doing soulful vocals, inspired by Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey and Celine Dion.

Riffs, runs and melisma, described as soulful vocal techniques, are accompanied by vocalizations.