Television news

NBC News, CBS News and ABC News are the news divisions of the Big Three broadcasters.

Eyewitness News, Action News and NewsCentre are respectively the most successful television news formats in both the United States and the world, doubling as newscast titles.

11 PM is the frequent time for late-night local television news in both the Eastern and the Pacific time zones of the United States; late-night local news airs at 10 PM in America's middle time zones.

Film at 11 is a phrase being utilized in the American television news business to indicate the late-night newscast that is typically aired at 11 p.m.

The Film at 11 phrase means keeping viewers informed with the day's top stories and breaking news.

Non-Big Three television stations in the United States, including many independent stations, have a primetime local newscast at 10 p.m. in the Eastern and Pacific time zones.

In America's middle time zones, a primetime local newscast on non-Big Three stations is at 9 p.m.

Some of the famous newscast titles for a primetime local newscast at 10 p.m. in both the Eastern and Pacific time zones of the United States are The Ten O'Clock News and News at Ten.

Plus, in America's middle time zones, newscast titles are The Nine O'Clock News and News at Nine.

Reuters, the Associated Press (AP) and United Press International (UPI) are some of the world's major news agencies.

Independent Television News (ITN) is ITV's news service, doubling as one of the world's major news agencies.

For years until the 1990's, ITN was jointly owned by all ITV franchises.

Associated-Rediffusion and ATV are some of the Big Four ITV contractors forging a consortium that founded ITN in the mid-1950's.

Joining Associated-Rediffusion and ATV in a consortium that founded ITN are Granada and ABC.

Lowell Thomas was the regular narrator of the Movietone News series from 20th Century-Fox Film Corporation from the 1930's to the 1950's.

In addition, Lowell Thomas was also the radio newscaster from 1930 to between 1975 and 1977.

Not confined to being a radio newscaster, Lowell Thomas also offered the first newscast ever aired on television, doubling as the first regularly-scheduled television news program.

On television, Lowell Thomas' own regular newscast was a camera simulcast of his radio program.

The War As It Happens, begun before the end of the Second World War, started as a local program, but later on, was being fed to Philadelphia and the Capital District via the NBC network.

With The War As It Happens, it became the first news program being distributed to mutiple cities.

Your Esso Reporter was a syndicated radio news program sponsored by Esso.

The NBC Television Newsreel was the new name for The War As It Happens in 1945.

CBS News decided to put Douglas Edwards in front of the camera in May 1948; this launched the first regularly-scheduled television news program featuring an on-camera anchor on a network level.

Before Douglas Edwards, television news was done on a local basis, simply using film footage or stills laden with voice narration, or anchors reading scripts with sporadic on-camera appearances.

Whereas the NBC Television Newsreel was simply film footage with voice narration, CBS Television News featured an on-camera anchor.

December 1948 was when NBC acquired an 11-story building at the Pathé complex based near Park Avenue, becoming NBC's Uptown Studios.

NBC had immediate access to filmed news stories from around the world through Pathé.

John Cameron Swayze made his first on-camera appearance in February 1949, following in Douglas Edwards' footsteps, and the Camel Newsreel Theatre underwent its expansion.

The Camel News Caravan is an expanded version of the Camel Newsreel Theatre.

With the Camel News Caravan, NBC filmed news stories on its own, instead of having newsreels from movie theatres.

In 1950, CBS Television News was renamed Douglas Edwards with the News, which was also the first television news program to be simulcast on both the East and West Coasts a year later.

A new coaxial cable connection was the reason for Douglas Edwards with the News marking a historic moment for television.

From 1948 to 1973, John Facenda was the lead news anchor for WCAU-TV; his newscasts were the highest-rated in Philadelphia and the Delaware Valley for over 2 decades.

John Facenda pioneered the format for the local newscasts: news, weather, sports and sign-off.

Launched in 1949, WSAZ has covered the Huntington-Charleston area.

Based in Huntington and Charleston, WSAZ pioneered the two-city news concept, utilized by many other television stations across the US and around the world, in the mid-1950's or before 1957.

The CBS World News Roundup is the longest-running radio news program in the United States.

Having assembled a group of journalists called the Murrow Boys, Edward R. Murrow set standards for modern broadcast journalism.

William L. Shirer is the first of the original Murrow Boys.

Howard K. Smith, Charles Collingwood, Eric Sevareid, Bill Downs and Richard C. Hottelet are some other Murrow Boys.

Daniel Schorr, Alexander Kendrick, George Polk and Marvin Kalb are some members of the second generation Murrow Boys.

For its first edition in March 1938 as a one-time special in response to growing tensions in Europe, the CBS World News Roundup presented, for the first time, Edward R. Murrow's voice to the world.

I Can Hear It Now 1933-1945 (1948) is the first documentary record to become widely popular, which Edward R. Murrow narrated (and co-produced with Fred W. Friendly).

With the huge success of this first I Can Hear It Now record and two follow-ups in 1949 and 1950, the Edward R. Murrow and Fred W. Friendly pair parlayed them into a weekly program for CBS.

Hear It Now, which used a magazine format, was originally known as Report to the Nation, but had its name changed to capitalize on the high popularity of the albums from Edward R. Murrow.

See It Now, which is the television answer to Hear It Now, is one of the earliest documentary series on television, but also the program setting standards in broadcast journalism via Edward R. Murrow.

Unlike other news programs using newsreel companies to record events, See It Now utilized its own camera crews to coordinate filming on location.

Plus, See It Now had no rehearsed interviews, plus no background music to accompany the visuals.

Although See It Now relied on news correspondents from around the world, the first autonomous news unit was organized by Edward R. Murrow and Fred W. Friendly.

Don Hewitt, Joseph Wershba and Palmer Williams were involved in the first autonomous news unit for See It Now, which Edward R. Murrow and Fred W. Friendly organized.

Person to Person, which Edward R. Murrow hosted, uses celebrities in their homes from a comfortable chair in his New York studio, pioneering the celebrity interview concept.

One of the most notable guests on the original Person to Person version was Marilyn Monroe.

60 Minutes blends the elements made by the two television projects in which Edward R. Murrow was involved: See It Now and Person to Person.

Chet Huntley and David Brinkley teamed up for the national political conventions in the mid-1950's or before 1957, leading to NBC's eponymous flagship newscast called The Huntley-Brinkley Report.

Using the two-city news format that WSAZ pioneered with the opening of its Charleston branch, miles away from Huntington, The Huntley-Brinkley Report had become a cultural landmark.

Reuven Frank was the driving force behind The Huntley-Brinkley Report's huge success.

Chet Huntley offers national and international news on The Huntley-Brinkley Report from NBC's 30 Rockefeller Plaza studios in New York; David Brinkley focuses on Washington reports.

For The Huntley-Brinkley Report, Chet Huntley was portrayed as a straightforward newsman; David Brinkley had a lighter, more compressed and more whimsical approach.

Initially earning medicore ratings, The Huntley-Brinkley Report on NBC eventually gained popularity over Douglas Edwards' news program on CBS.

Due to the huge success of The Huntley-Brinkley Report, Douglas Edwards was succeeded by Walter Cronkite on CBS' flagship newscast in April 1962.

In Walter Cronkite's first year, the CBS news program was simply known as Walter Cronkite with the News.

Just one year later, in the mid-1960's or after 1962, the newscast, which was renamed the CBS Evening News, expanded its running time from the usual quarter-hour to 30 minutes or a half-hour.

With the mid-1960's expansion of its running time from a quarter-hour to a half-hour, the CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite became network television's first daily half-hour newscast.

NBC followed in the footsteps of the half-hour CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite a week later.

This expansion from the usual quarter-hour to a half-hour through the CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite revolutionized journalism, allowing for more in-depth reporting and analysis.

From 1962 to 1981, the CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite had become a cultural landmark; his successor Dan Rather anchored the CBS Evening News for 24 years from 1981 to 2005.

Edward R. Murrow's signature sign-off is "Good night, and good luck" or its variation.

Walter Cronkite's famous and iconic sign-off on the CBS Evening News is "And that's the way it is," followed by the date of the broadcast.

Meanwhile, the signature sign-off on The Huntley-Brinkley Report is "Good night, Chet. Good night, David. And good night, for NBC News."

Having begun at KYW-TV in Cleveland, the Eyewitness News name was also used by Westinghouse's other television stations for their local newscasts during the 1960's.

After the KYW-TV calls, management and some staffers moved to Philadelphia from Cleveland in the mid-1960's or before 1966, its then-news director Al Primo created the Eyewitness News format.

For Al Primo's Eyewitness News format, a two-person news team taking turns to bring flexibility and personality to the news desk and on-the-scene reporters were institutionized.

These elements being made in Al Primo's Eyewitness News format provided a stylistic contrast to the notion that a solo anchor could simply read the news on camera.

Plus, Al Primo's Eyewitness News concept promoted a casual tone, but also diverse reporters.

With Al Primo's Eyewitness News format, KYW-TV became the ratings leader at the time, displacing longtime leader WCAU-TV.

The huge success of the Eyewitness News format, made by Al Primo for KYW-TV, also spurred rival news executive Mel Kampmann to create Action News for WFIL-TV (now WPVI-TV).

Al Primo then took the Eyewitness News concept with him to WABC-TV in New York City, where he perfected/refined the one that he had created while at KYW-TV in Philadelphia.

By perfecting/refining the Eyewitness News format that Al Primo had created, WABC-TV became the ratings leader for the first time in its history, displacing longtime leader WCBS-TV.

Though KYW-TV pioneered the Eyewitness News format via Al Primo, WABC-TV cemented it with happy talk, a conversation between on-air anchors, plus diverse reporters.

Back in Cleveland, WJW-TV pioneered a concept of having a news team comprising two people who would take turns to bring flexibility and personality to the news desk.

While WJW-TV pioneered the two-person news team, KYW-TV cemented it through Al Primo's own Eyewitness News format.

The KTLA Telecopter was the first ever television news helicopter in the world, which first went into operation in the late-1950's or after 1957 and was invented by John D. Silva.

Still in Los Angeles, KNXT pioneered a concept in television news: The Big News.

Departing from the shorter network-focused news programs, The Big News on KNXT was one of the first news programs in a major US market to last 60 minutes or an hour.

Lasting 45 minutes, The Big News on KNXT covered local news, separate from weather and sports.

Sam Zelman was the driving force behind The Big News on KNXT.

In the late-1960's, WCCO-TV pioneered a unique television news format called The Scene Tonight, on which the two-person news team, the weather forecaster and sportscaster sat in one desk.

For the innovative concept used by The Scene Tonight on WCCO, on-air news anchors rotate, with the weather forecaster and sportscaster appearing after the newscaster and sharing the space.

This innovative concept used by The Scene Tonight on WCCO allowed for longer, more detailed news stories being in-depth, creating a more integrated newscast.

Meanwhile, WFAA-TV had innovations in local news, like being the first US station to use worldwide satellite capacity and videotaped field reports.

WXPO-TV is one of the pioneers in having non-stop news coverage with updates on the hour.

Even when the Eyewitness News format began, Vince Leonard was the main evening news anchor for KYW-TV with his traditional approach.

But Tom Snyder was harder-hitting and more urgent on KYW-TV's Eyewitness News at Noon.

Marciarose Shestack, Malcolm Poindexter and Trudy Haynes are also personalities adding diversity to KYW-TV's Eyewitness News under Al Primo.

For Action News, when it began, WFIL-TV was connected to a radio station that had used a top forty radio format geared towards youth since September 18, 1966.

Incidentally, the WFIL stations also endured a strong historical connection to rock music, through the successes made by both American Bandstand and Dick Clark.

Action News attracted the young radio audience with music, pop culture references and casual on-air personalities.

WKBW-TV, which, like WPVI-TV, was connected to another radio station embracing a top forty radio format geared towards youth, has its own version of Eyewitness News.

Irv Weinstein, who was a radio newscaster at WKBW, developed his own format called Rock and Roll Radio News (modified for television), blended with the Action News elements.

Larry Kane, who, in his radio years, was the only American reporter to travel with The Beatles in their American tour, was the first anchor for Action News on WFIL/WPVI.

Jim O'Brien, who was a radio DJ at WFIL, was the main weatherman for Action News.

From 1972 to 1977, the news team of Mort Crim, Vince Leonard and Jessica Savitch helped KYW gain ratings success through Eyewitness News.

In 1977, after being neck and neck with KYW-TV for first place, WPVI-TV became the ratings leader.

Jim Gardner, who joined WPVI-TV in America's bicentennial year, replaced Larry Kane as the primary Action News anchor a year later in 1977.

Dave Roberts joined WPVI-TV in 1978.

Both Jim Gardner and Dave Roberts, along with Jeff Kaye, joined WPVI-TV from WKBW radio and television.

Just before 1985, Capital Cities Communications owned ABC affiliates WPVI and WKBW.

The WPVI-TV news team of Jim Gardner, Don Tollefson, Jim O'Brien, Dave Roberts and Gary Papa have contributed to (and established) the success and legacy of the Action News format.

Some reasons for WPVI's dominance over KYW starting in 1977 include the latter station's declining ratings and the loss of some of its key news team, like Mort Crim and Jessica Savitch.

From 1972 until the dawn of the 21st century, Eyewitness News on WKBW-TV had been the ratings leader in Buffalo and the Niagara Frontier, led by Irv Weinstein, Rick Azar and Tom Jolls.

WTVT has its own renowned news department, with a unique name being Pulse.

Many of the local and national television newscasts conclude with the weather forecast, others with a recap of the stories.

Local newscasts in North America end with sports, others with a humorous last story.

Al Primo and Frank Magid are known as key figures in popularizing and spreading the formats of both Eyewitness News and Action News, both across the nation and around the world.

Having been with ABC Sports since 1960, Roone Arledge also took over ABC News in 1977.

Roone Arledge, who took control of ABC News in 1977, revitalized this organization by improving its financial standing and revolutionizing its presentation.

Some of the workers for Roone Arledge include Don Ohlmeyer, Dick Ebersol, Chet Simmons, Chuck Howard, Chet Forte,

Both ABC World News Tonight and 20/20 started their long and successful tenures in 1978; Nightline likewise started its long and successful run in 1980.

The JFK assassination is a pivotal moment that cemented television's dominance for news.

Earlier on, 81 days before his death, John F. Kennedy was interviewed by Walter Cronkite for the first broadcast of the CBS Evening News, the first daily half-hour newscast on network television.

When the half-hour television newscasts began (and when JFK's death occurred), the print and radio industries dominated the news business, as did newsreels; television was in secondary status.

But with JFK's death (along with the half-hour newscasts), television's dominance in journalism was cemented.

America's Big Three television networks preempted regular programming for 4 days to offer live and uninterrupted coverage of the JFK assassination and his funeral.

JFK's death and the half-hour newscasts proved that television is the dominant source for news.

Besides JFK's death, some moments, such as the space race and the Vietnam War, played key roles in putting both Walter Cronkite and the CBS Evening News atop the ratings crown.

During World News Tonight's early years, Frank Reynolds reports from Washington, Max Robinson covers national news from Chicago and Peter Jennings covers world news from London.

This three-city format used during World News Tonight's first years was based on the two-city news format of The Huntley-Brinkley Report, which, in turn, was based on WSAZ.

For Independence Day, Peter Jennings permanently left London in the United Kingdom to co-anchor World News Tonight from Washington D.C. to fill in for the ailing Frank Reynolds.

Max Robinson continued to co-anchor World News Tonight from Chicago.

Eventually, after Frank Reynolds' death, this anchor setup for ABC World News Tonight was revised, with Peter Jennings anchoring himself from New York, its new base of operations.

As for Max Robinson, his role as World News Tonight anchor was demoted to weekend anchor.

Due to the ABC News turnaround being made by Roone Arledge, World News Tonight served as the catalyst for other networks to adapt.

North of the border, Global has had its news operation since its launch in 1974.

BCTV has its iconic and famous supper-hour news program known as the News Hour; Tony Parsons served as its anchorman from 1975 to December 2009.

For years, BCTV has always been the ratings leader in Vancouver and British Columbia, even facing competition from its rivals after 2001.

Jack Webster was the host of an eponymous current affairs program for BCTV called Webster!

Upon its October 1978 launch, Webster! was seen on BCTV every weekday mornings at 9 a.m. for 90 minutes.

For its last season, starting in 1986, Webster! was seen at 5 p.m., leading to the News Hour with Tony Parsons on BCTV.

Still in Canada, the Pulse name, already used by WTVT, is used by CFCF in Montreal until 2001.

Multiple Access, which held CFCF, also partly held CityTV in Toronto, under which it started using a variant of the Pulse name called CityPulse.

World News Tonight with Peter Jennings was the program's name from 1984 to 2005.

From 1989 to 1996, World News Tonight with Peter Jennings had been the ratings leader in American television news.

In Sacramento, both KOVR and KCRA featured Dave Walker and Lois Hart; outside Sacramento, they served as the first news anchors for CNN.

WSVN, upon its 1989 affiliation switch, pioneered a tabloid news concept being inspired by MTV and Miami Vice and being geared for teens and young adults.

Joel Cheatwood was the mastermind of the MTV-style tabloid news concept for WSVN.

Since the nascent Fox network offered limited programming, both Sunbeam and WSVN decided to do different ways: to offer a schdule filled with news.

Before WSVN, non-Big Three stations focused on sitcom reruns and films.

However, WSVN's news expansion as a non-Big Three station persuaded many others to do the same.

Putting aside initial doubts, WSVN's strategy paid off under Joel Cheatwood, turning it into a ratings success, with its "if it bleeds, it leads" journalistic approach.

ITN, the BBC's television news offering was simply film with voice narrration

Launched in the late-1960's, News at Ten (ITV) is the United Kingdom's first daily half-hour television newscast on a permanent basis, but also the ratings leader in British television news in its first run.

Despite a trial run lasting 13 weeks, News at Ten (ITV) quickly became a huge success.

Before News at Ten (ITV), short newscasts, with a man-on-camera format, lasted a quarter-hour.

With News at Ten (ITV), half-hour newscasts became a fixture in British television news; a two-person news team taking turns to bring flexibility and personality to the news desk became firm as well.

Some of the innovations that made News at Ten (ITV) successful include a more in-depth and detailed outlook on hard news, populist stories and issues and on-the-scene reports.

The "...And Finally" story is an often humorous end piece to send the viewing audience to bed after 30 minutes of dramatic news at the end of each and every News at Ten (ITV) broadcast.

Just before the "...And Finally" story on News at Ten (ITV), the anchor recaps the day's headlines.

At the end of the "...And Finally" story on News at Ten (ITV), the anchor signs off with the catchy and simple farewell: "And that's the news tonight. Good night."

The anchor who was mostly associated with this half-hour News at Ten (ITV) also served as the main political anchorman for ITV.

Many of the other ITN personalities, besides the anchor who was mostly associated with News at Ten (ITV), became well-known.

Panorama, which is the longest-running television current affairs program in the world, began its long tenure in 1953.

Initially, Panorama (BBC) used a magazine format.

But with Richard Dimbleby being installed as its primary anchor, Panorama (BBC) changed its format from a magazine to a hard-hitting investigative documentary.

Karl Heinz-Koepcke, known as Mr. Tagesschau for his longevity, had set standards for television news presentation in Germany, Switzerland and Austria.

Gerhard Klarner, known as Mr. Heute, loves American culture, especialy jazz, city life and literature.

Upon its 1984 launch, 7 Vor 7/RTL Aktuell was an unconventional news program on RTL Plus, which offered a stylistic contrast to both Tagesschau (ARD) and Heute (ZDF) on a national basis.

Hans Meiser was the main face of the 7 Vor 7/RTL Aktuell program for 8 years since its 1984 launch.

24 Horas (TVN) has been the ratings leader in Chilean television news since the mid-1990's.

Bernardo de la Maza and Cecilia Serrano were the first faces of 24 Horas (TVN), which started at the dawn of the democratic era for Chile in October 1990.

Teletrece is the former ratings leader in Chilean television news during the military era.

Milton Jerrold Shapp moved to Philadelphia after WWII, and in 1948, founded Jerrold Electronics, a pioneer in the cable television scene.

American Cable Systems is a former corporate spin-off of Jerrold Electronics, sold in the mid-1960's period to businessman Ralph J. Roberts and his partners Daniel Aron and Julian A. Brodsky.

Incorporated in 1969, Comcast is, like Jerrold Electronics, a pioneer in the cable television scene.

Charles Dolan and Ted Turner are notable pioneers in cable television; both were born in years of the Tiger zodiac and in major cities based in Ohio starting the letter C: Cleveland and Cincinnati.

A Cleveland native, Charles Dolan began his television career, marketing and distributing sports and industrial films for television syndication before moving to New York.

While living in New York, Charles Dolan came to the realization that, because tall buildings stopped television broadcast signals in the air, Manhattan needed cable.

Teleguide, transmitted via closed-circuit television, offered tourist information, news, interviews and feature interstitials to hotels, and later, apartment and office buildings in the New York area.

Sterling Manhattan Cable was the first cable television system in America to earn cable lines located underground in urban areas, rather than via microwave antennas or on telephone poles. 

With the financial backing made by Time-Life Inc., which serves as Time's book publishing division, Sterling Manhattan Cable was one of the company's first cable outlets.

Despite investments, Sterling Manhattan suffered a loss of money.

In 1969, Sterling Communications took a 49% stake in Sterling Manhattan held by Time-Life, which, concurrently, increased its share in Sterling Communications.

Later, Charles Dolan began proposing a cable television service that would provide unedited theatrical movies from the major Hollywood studios and live sports, all without commercial interruptions.

HBO started its operations on November 8, 1972 under Charles Dolan's own Sterling Communications empire as a regional service via its microwave network across the Eastern United States.

Not long after its debut on November 8, 1972, HBO and its associated outlets were spun off into a new subsidiary called Home Box Office Inc. by Sterling Communications in February 1973.

Warner Communications acquired Time's stake in Sterling in May 1973, but failed in June 1973.

July 1973 was when Time agreed to acquire Sterling Communications (and also to assume its financial liabilities), completed on September 18, 1973.

Having completed the 1973 transaction, HBO and Sterling Manhattan were transferred into Time-Life.

Developing microwave and telephone towers all across the US was cost-prohibitive for Time/HBO; its microwave network was also expansive and difficult to maintain, especially in winter.

Geographical limits also caused difficulties for HBO's microwave network.

In the fall of 1974, executives from Time Inc. and the HBO unit started conceptualizing ideas to make Home Box Office (HBO) go national.

Using a communications satellite to directly carry HBO to cable systems all across the US within and outside its microwave network was chosen by Time Inc.

Scientific Atlanta joined RCA Americom Communications to provide equipment for HBO's satellite transmission plan, which Gerald Levin and Time Inc. unveiled in April 1975.

On September 30, 1975, HBO began to carry its feed via satellite across the nation.

Prior to HBO's satellite uplink, cable television services use microwave antennas to carry its signal.

However, HBO's satellite uplink turned it into the first cable television service to deliver its signal all across the entire country via satellite.

Jack M. Rice Jr., who owned locally-based pay television companies in Atlanta, launched a television station with the call letters named in his honour.

Initially running on a shoestring budget, WJRJ-TV suffered technical issues.

Turner Communications Corporation, a media empire run by the eponymous Ted Turner, who was an Atlanta entrepreneur, announced an agreement to merge with Rice Broadcasting in July 1969.

Upon the FCC's approval in December 1969, the calls WTCG were chosen to replace WJRJ-TV.

When his media empire agreed to merge with Rice Broadcasting in July 1969, Ted Turner had run the billboard advertising business founded by his deceased father, plus a few radio stations.

However, for Ted Turner himself, WTCG was the first television property.

The WTCG call letters reportedly stood for "Watch This Channel Grow," although the TCG in its calls officially stood for Turner Communications Group.

In addition, Ted Turner purchased WCTU-TV, which was North Carolina's first independent television station, around the same time he bought WTCG.

Under Ted Turner, WCTU-TV became WRET-TV, using the initials of his full real name.

Inspired by HBO's 1975 nationwide satellite uplink, Turner planned to do the same for one of its two television stations.

Although WTCG was the preferred choice for distribution to cable providers, WRET was a backup.

The heavily favoured WTCG was chosen over WRET for satellite distribution to cable providers via satellite across America.

For Ted Turner's local Atlanta television outlet, its nationwide uplink via satellite was the launchpad for basic cable, like HBO's national uplink was for the satellite-delivered cable business as a whole.

With its national satellite uplink, Ted Turner's local Atlanta television station became a superstation.

Southern Satellite Systems (SSS), which Ted Turner founded, was the national distributor for his local Atlanta television station; Ed Taylor, who was associated with Ted Turner, headed SSS.

Not long after its satellite uplink, Ted Turner's superstation changed its call letters to WTBS (or Turner Broadcasting System), the name its parent company adopted in accordance with the call change.

As for WRET-TV, having lost the satellite distribution proposal, it assumed the NBC affiliation from its longtime affiliate WSOC-TV, which was Charlotte's new ABC station.

With Turner's ownership and its NBC affiliation, WRET-TV was the solo television station affilaited with a major netowrk and run by Turner.

In October 1996, Turner Broadcasting System merged with Time Warner, who held 20% of the earlier's stake in the past.

With Time Warner's 1996 merger with Turner, HBO and TBS became sister networks.

For both HBO and TBS, they are pioneers in satellite-delivered cable television.

Charles Dolan was to urban cable infrastructure and commercial-free pay TV what Ted Turner was to superstations and 24-hour news channels.

On July 13, 1948, United Press announced an agreement with 20th Century-Fox's Movietone News to shoot newsfilm for local television stations across the United States.

United Press Movietone (UPMT) introduced crucial innovations and procedures in the newsgathering business for television.

With the BBC as its first European client, UPMT was the first television news agency to operate on a truly international level.

In the mid-1960's, UPI ended its partnership with Fox-Movietone, the latter remaining in the newsreel business, also resulting in the loss of its contract with the BBC.

Meanwhile, UPI set up a new entity of its own called United Press International Newsfilm (UPIN).

The BBC's rival Independent Television News (ITN) joined United Press International to form United Press International Television News (UPITN) in the late-1960's era.

Along with other broadcasters in the British Commonwealth, the BBC also formed Visnews in 1957 to compete against United Press International Television News.

From 1957 to 1993 (36 years total), Visnews was a television news agency based in London.

UPI suffered financial difficulties, and in the early-1980's, sold its stake in UPITN, whcih was renamed Worldwide Television News (WTN) in 1985.

Stakes in WTN, which ITN partly owned, were by ABC (America) and the Nine Network (Australia).

Television News Inc. (TVN) is a short-lived syndicated news service, offering daily newsfilm feeds to independent television stations in the United States and Canada from 1973 to 1975.

Joseph Coors, a Colorado businessman with conservative views, owned a majority stake in Television News Inc., a conservative alternative to the Big Three networks, whose news output was liberal.

Visnews, a UPITN rival formed by the BBC and others, held a minority stake in Television News Inc.

Robert Pauley, a former ABC Radio executive, was the chief executive for Television News Inc.

In January 1975, Television News Inc. disclosed plans to shift newsfilm distribution from long lines to satellite delivery.

Having suffered financial difficulties and having not executed a proposed satellite distribution plan that would have made it a pioneer, TVN closed in 1975 after Coors withdrew its financial support.

Earlier, Television News Inc., which Visnews partly owned, acquired the American business of its rival UPITN in 1974.

After TVN's closure, Reese Schonfeld founded the Independent Television News Association (ITNA), successfully using satellite technology that TVN failed to materialize.

WIth ITNA's satellite plan, Reese Schonfeld joined Ted Turner to start Cable News Network (CNN).

Distancing itself from the humorous (and low-cost) 17 Update program on Ted Turner's local television station, CNN is a separate service with a tone that was anything but comedic.

Ted Turner sold WRET-TV, which had the NBC affiliation, to Group W/Westinghouse Broadcasting, to raise the capital needed for his new venture in CNN; under Group W, it was renamed WPCQ-TV.

CNN's faster-paced service CNN2, later known as CNN Headline News, started operations 18 months after its June 1, 1980 launch.

The Satellite News Channel (SNC) was a joint venture between ABC Video Enterprises and Group W Satellite Communications, doubling as the first rival to CNN.

Just over one year after its launch, SNC, together with its transponders, was bought and shut down by Turner Broadcasting System.

With Turner's purchase of SNC, many cabel providers carrying SNC would carry either CNN or, more frequently, CNN Headline News.

Under Tom Johnson as its third president, CNN won unprecedented success with the First Gulf War.

SSS launched the Satellite Program Network (SPN), which became Tempo Television.

Tempo Television's transponder space was sold by SSS to NBC in the late-1980's, and NBC used it to launch the Consumer News and Business Channel (CNBC) in 1989.

Roger Ailes started his television career at Group W/Westinghouse Broadcasting in both Cleveland and Philadelphia, the two cities in which The Mike Douglas Show was produced.

One of the most notable guests on The Mike Douglas Show was Richard Nixon, for whom Roger Ailes became the media consultant during his successful second presidential election campaign.

Having been a pioneer in framing campaign issues, Roger Ailes' efforts in Richard Nixon's successful presidential campaign marked his first venture into politics.

An anti-telegenic presence, Richard Nixon had assembled media experts like Roger Ailes to help him master television's visuals.

For Richard Nixon, this successful political comeback in his second presidential campaign was 8 years after his 1960 presidential election loss, and 6 years after his 1962 gubernatorial election loss.

Some major factors for Richard Nixon's 1960 presidential election loss are cited, one of them being his poor performance being suffered in the first of the 1960 presidential debates.

The successful second presidential election campaign for Richard Nixon was the first foray into media with a conservative slant for Roger Ailes.

Roger Ailes was hired by NBC in August 1993 to be the President of CNBC, tasked by NBC CEO Bob Wright to turnaround this then-ailing channel.

During Roger Ailes' short reign as its president, CNBC made its turnaround; its spin-off channel called America's Talking, which Roger Ailes created, had low-budget discussion programs.

In January 1996, NBC announced plans to partner with Microsoft to begin MSNBC, both on cable and online, with the satellite transponder that America's Talking used, ending the latter network's life.

Having disagreed over NBC's decision to partner with Microsoft to start MSNBC, Roger Ailes left and moved from NBC to Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation empire to launch Fox News Channel.

Both MSNBC and Fox News Channel were the first rivals to CNN since SNC folded.

Incidentally, Roger Ailes was involved in MSNBC's precursor America's Talking, as well as Fox News Channel.

Plus, Roger Ailes briefly worked at Television News Inc, an indicator for Fox News Channel.

Dave Garroway, a radio disc jockey at WMAQ-AM, moved to television with the eponymous program known as Garroway at Large, which began in 1949.

Garroway at Large, which aired every week at 10pm from the WMAQ-TV studios in Chicago, notably introduced an innovative presentation and staging to television through Dave Garroway.

Saturday is the usual day on which Garroway at Large, which Dave Garroway hosted, was seen on the NBC television network (and later, on Sundays and Fridays).

Ernie Kovacs presented a program on WPTZ called Three to Get Ready, which began in 1950.

Three to Get Ready, which aired in the early mornings with a format mixing news, weather, music and humour, was Ernie Kovacs' innovative television project.

In addition, Ernie Kovacs' Three to Get Ready program, produced specifically for WPTZ, was the first television program to be aired in the early mornings in a major US market.

Some notable innovations for Ernie Kovacs' Three to Get Ready program on WPTZ included his zany manner with comedy sketches, impromptu gags and audience participation.

When television first began in New York City, programs seen on the medium used/adopted the frequent theatrical proscenium concept, separating the stage from the audience area.

After World War II, several programs originated from Chicago, where Dave Garroway was a radio disc jockey on WMAQ-AM.

Through his own innovative Garroway at Large television program, Dave Garroway circumvented the conventions for a more casual approach in which the reality of the studio was acknowledged.

Followed by a single camera, Dave Garroway, in his own Garroway at Large program, walked around large studios and simple abstract sets as he directly talked to guests and television viewers.

Known as the Chicago Style, this live staging technique, made for Dave Garroway's own Garroway at Large program, was developed further through his other innovative program called Today (NBC).

During its initial years, Today (NBC) emanated from the RCA Exhibition Hall.

In the first studio used for Today (NBC) from the RCA Exhibition Hall was an ultramodern open-plan working area with teletypes, wall clocks and workstations all visible (and audible) on the air.

The official name of this open area in this first studio used for Today (NBC) from the RCA Exhibition Hall was the World Communications Centre.

Many people all around the United States described this open-plan working area in the first studio ever utilized for Today (NBC) from the RCA Exhibition Hall as television's command centre.

Plus, this open-plan working area in the first studio ever used for NBC's Today program from the RCA Exhibition Hall was described by Dave Garroway as "the nerve centre of the world."

Based at Rockefeller Plaza and West 49th Street in New York's Midtown Manhattan portion, the RCA Exhibition Hall was down the block from the current studio used for Today (NBC).

Over the years, this working area in the first studio for NBC's Today program emanating from the RCA Exhibition Hall has become working newsrooms, though not as immersive as its original space.

Instead, working television newsrooms are usually placed directly behind the news anchor desk, with a physical or a imaginary divider between the studio and newsroom area.

Layouts for working television newsrooms include glass separating them from the broadcast area.

However, designs placing news anchors in the middle of the newsroom have been used by numerous programs over the years - in varying degrees.

In addition, numerous other news studios include smaller, scaled down work areas seen on camera.

Plus, television stations feature camera positions placed more inside newsroom areas; often called flash cams, they are used for live reports/updates, as well as prerecorded teases and promos.

Newsrooms are used by TV stations for temporary sets, whereas primary studios are being renovated or updated with a new set or equipment.

A similar idea is also often used for working weather centres in modern television studio sets.

When NBC's Today program started in the 1950's, weather centres did not utilize chroma key, since it requires, by definition, colour cameras.

Upon its debut in early-1950's, NBC's Today program utilized panels, with printed maps, handwritten notations and movable cutout pieces to symbolize weather conditions.

On many local news studio sets, the weather team works in the studio from built-in workstations and video panels, while usually starting/ending their weather reports from in front of a working area.

Many weather centres use a desk or pod allowing weather forecasters to appear on screen, facing the camera, while also viewing computer monitors and manipulating graphics/maps in realtime.

Street-level and windowed studios, meanwhile, are still used from now on.

Technically, all Big Three networks have their morning newscasts from street-level studio sets.

Local US television stations also have street-level and windowed studios, though they often serve as secondary sets or double as a satellite operation for the station's main newsroom.

In many ways, however, these street-level and windowed studios serve more as a highly visual public showcase for the local station rather than using the view as a primary backdrop.

Many of these street-level and windowed studios feature sets, built inside of a traditional windowless studio and having looked much indifferent for all intents and purposes.

Plus, modern and efficient news tickers were not created or launched until 1993, nor fully popularized until September 2001.

The news ticker being used when Today (NBC) began was an actual piece of paper with typewritten headlines superimposed on the lower third of the screen.

During its first 48 years, Today (NBC) lasted two hours from 7 a.m. to 9 a.m. Eastern Time.

After 48 years, Today (NBC) began having an additional hour, ending at 10 a.m. Eastern Time.

Seven years after its extension to an additional hour, Today (NBC) also extended to another additional hour, ending at 11 a.m. Eastern Time.

In the mid-1990's or after 1993, Today moved to a street-level location at Rockefeller Plaza, which is known as the Window on the World, recalling the program's early-1950's origins.

J. Fred Muggs, a chimpanzee, is a mascot for Today (NBC) from 1953 to 1957.

Although his tenure as a mascot of NBC's Today program was short-lived, J. Fred Muggs was deemed popular amongst its viewers, especially children.

Having revived the initially struggling ratings (and poor viewership) of NBC's Today program, J. Fred Muggs was often paired with Lee Meriwether.

In spite of his on-air success on Today (NBC), J. Fred Muggs also endured his difficult and sometimes aggressive approach.

Both Garroway at Large and Today are notably innovative and groundbreaking television programs in which Dave Garroway was involved, but also influence modern broadcast design.

Plus, Garroway at Large (produced in Chicago with its host Dave Garroway), along with Three to Get Ready (produced in Philadelphia with its host Ernie Kovacs), led to Today (NBC).

The Morning Exchange is a former locally-produced morning program for WEWS.

Created in 1972 by Donald L. Perris and William F. Baker for WEWS, The Morning Exchange is a pioneer in the early-morning television landscape.

Innovative and groundbreaking features for The Morning Exchange WEWS include a studio set that resembles a living room and news and weather updates at the top and bottom of the hour.

During its first 26 years, The Morning Exchange on WEWS lasted two hours from 7 a.m. to 9 a.m.

Upon its launch in January 1972, WEWS' The Morning Exchange used a news desk set, but in August 1972, it was replaced by a set resembling a living room.

Alan Douglas is the first ever host of The Morning Exchange, which, under him, was called The Alan Douglas Morning Exchange, on WEWS.

Joel Rose was also on The Morning Exchange on WEWS from 1972 to 1984, and again from 1986 to 1990; in his first stint, he served as the news anchor.

Liz Richards replaced Don Webster as co-host of The Morning Exchange on WEWS in March 1972.

July 1972 was when Alan Douglas left WEWS' The Morning Exchange, and Fred Griffith assumed his place.

WCVB-TV, meanwhile, is a pioneer in early-morning television as well through its locally-produced morning program called Good Day!

Having begun its run on September 24, 1973 as Good Morning!, and utilizing a similar format to The Morning Exchange on WEWS, WCVB's Good Day! used a living room with a kitchen.

For WCVB's Good Day!, it focused more on arts and entertainment than news and weather.

Good Day! on WCVB also broke ground by taking its production on the road and broadcasting from different places outside Boston and around the world.

In addition, WBRC-TV is likewise a pioneer in early-morning television through its locally-produced morning program called The Morning Show.

From its 1957 inception to its 1989 end, Tom York hosted The Morning Show on WBRC-TV.

The Morning Show on WBRC-TV is Birmingham's former answer to Today (NBC).

AM Los Angeles is KABC-TV's former locally-produced morning program.

Ralph Story and Stephanie Edwards hosted AM Los Angeles on KABC-TV, which was the basis for its national version called AM America.

Having been ABC's first ever early-morning program on a national level, AM America failed to find an audience against Today (NBC) and the combo of the CBS Morning News and Captain Kangaroo.

Plus, AM America on ABC earned harsh reviews from critics who saw it as a news-heavy program.

Some ABC stations opted not to carry AM America, including WEWS (The Morning Exchange) and WBRC-TV (The Morning Show).

The Morning Exchange on WEWS, Good Day! on WCVB and The Morning Show on WBRC serve as models for Good Morning America on ABC.

In fact, when GMA began in 1975, WCVB station manager Bob Bennett accused ABC entertainment president Fred Silverman of stealing the Good Morning! title being used by WCVB-TV.

With GMA's 1975 debut, WCVB's morning program became Good Day! to avoid confusion.

Having blended the concepts of both WEWS' The Morning Exchange and WCVB's Good Day!, Good Morning America successfully broke the long-standing dominance held by Today (NBC).

Before Roone Arledge turned around the ailing ABC News, both NBC and CBS have maintained more traditional formats in their news presentation, while not entirely plain.

Under Roone Arledge, ABC News distinguished itself from its own rivals with its own cinematic style, comprising dramatic music, bold graphics and the newsroom as a backdrop of the studio.

Plus, under Roone Arledge, ABC News focused on journalists being known as star celebrities, but also closed the gap between news and entertainment.

Having brought his innovative approach from ABC Sports to ABC News, Roone Arledge extended his influence beyond ABC.

20/20 started its long run on June 6, 1978, with its first anchors being Esquire magazine editor Harold Hayes and Australian-born art critic Robert Hughes.

Nevertheless, the first broadcast of 20/20 had earned harsh criticism.

According to Roone Arledge, in his autobiography, the most embarassing part of the first ever 20/20 broadcast was the Claymation segments.

Hugh Downs, previously a semi-retired television personality, took over from both Harold Hayes and Robert Hughes as the solo anchor on the second 20/20 edition.

On its second edition, but also Hugh Downs' first one as anchor, 20/20 changed its format into a more traditional yet unique newsmagazine.

Joining Hugh Downs on 20/20 was Barbara Walters, who began as a correspondent on this program.

In 1984, Barbara Walters moved to the anchor desk on 20/20 to join Hugh Downs, reuniting a duo who previously worked together on Today (NBC).

The duo of Hugh Downs and Barbara Walters helped to maintain the success and popularity of 20/20.

WBBM-TV is one of the first local television stations in the United States and the world to broadcast newscasts from an open-plan working newsroom on a regular basis, starting in 1973.

This WBBM-TV newsroom studio concept was based on the open-plan working area used in the first studio ever for Today (NBC) from the RCA Exhibition Hall.

Not confined to the WBBM-TV newsroom studio set, Chicago also originated Dave Garroway's own Garroway at Large program, with the Chicago Style, also used by Today (NBC).

Meanwhile, in Los Angeles, KNXT (now KCBS-TV) likewise used the newsroom studio concept from 1973 to 1986, like WBBM-TV, and in turn, based on the open area for Today (NBC).

From the mid-1960's to 1986, the CBS Evening News emanated from Studio 33 at the CBS Broadcast Centre in New York.

During its 22 years at Studio 33, the CBS Evening News used a fishbowl-like desk being held by both Walter Cronkite and Dan Rather, with the newsroom, filled with teletypes, being included.

In its first year at Studio 33, the CBS Evening News used a newsroom set, modeled after the previous newsroom studio at the Graybar Building with the famous fishbowl-like desk.

Plus, from the late-1960's until 1977, the CBS Evening News used a plain chroma key backdrop.

The newsroom set being utilized by the CBS Evening News, during its years at Studio 33 at the CBS Broadcast Centre, made famous by Walter Cronkite, was also used by some CBS stations.

ABC News used studio sets with newsrooms as backdrops under Roone Arledge, in turn, based on the open area being used for Today (NBC) from the RCA Exhibition Hall.

Upon its 1974 launch, Global used its own version of the newsroom studio concept based on the CBS Evening News set from Studio 33, including a fishbowl-like desk.

Still in Canada, BCTV used an open working newsroom studio until 2010.

The influential news studio set for BCTV, with the newsroom as a backdrop, was based upon the open working area being used in the first studio for Today (NBC) from the RCA Exhibition Hall.

During its first 30 years or 3 decades, CNN had used the newsroom as the backdrop from its two main Atlanta headquarters.

What served as an unlikely inspiration for this newsroom studio set being used by CNN upon its 1980 launch was the BCTV newsroom.

For CNN's co-founders, including Ted Turner, they thought that the BCTV newsroom studio was the closest to what they wanted to have; it was the basis for CNN's.

CNN's sister network CNN2 (later CNN Headline News or Headline News) used a studio set, which featured a control room backdrop from its early-1980's launch to the late-1990's.

In South Florida, WSVN used two news sets, built a few months before its 1989 affiliation switch, one with a control room backdrop, the other featuring the newsroom.

But in the mid-1990's, WSVN began building the Newsplex project, bringing two sets together.

Having taken cues from the newsroom studio used by CNN, based on BCTV, the WSVN Newsplex is characterized by its fast-paced approach, bold graphics, techno music and on-screen visuals.

The use of the newsroom as a studio backdrop was pioneered by Today (NBC), which Dave Garroway hosted in its first 9 years until 1961, and popularized and cemented by CNN.

In turn, CNN's newsroom studio was based on BCTV.

Before CNN, network television news broadcasts were short half-hour segments that featured a single anchor seated at a desk; sets were isolated, with a logo or simple backdrop behind the host.

With CNN, the busy newsroom was a solver to the simple talking head format.

In May 2010, the newsroom studio used by CNN was gone, moving to Studio 7 at CNN Centre; this continued until 2014, when its own daytime programming and personnel moved to New York.

CNN Headline News took over Studio 7 in 2014.

Upon its relocation to 299 Queen Street West, CityPulse transformed its presentation from an isolated studio into an open-plan working newsroom without an anchor desk.

This desk-less CityPulse newsroom was based on the open-plan area for Today (NBC) from the RCA Exhibition Hall, in turn, the basis for CHUM-City's entire 299 Queen Street West headquarters.

For Sky News, the newsroom as a studio backdrop lasted from its 1989 debut to the late-2010's.

During its initial years, ITN was based at Television House at Kingsway in London, which also housed Associated-Rediffusion's administrative headquarters and transmission facilities.

In 1969, ITN relocated to its new headquarters at 48 Wells Street in London's West End.

As for Associated-Rediffusion's successor Thames, it moved to its purpose-built studios and offices at Euston Road.

Upon its move to its new hub at 200 Grays Inn Road designed by Norman Foster, ITN used a working newsroom for its newscasts on ITV until the mid-1990's.

Whereas some news programs from ITN emanated from 200 Grays Inn Road, others like News at Ten (ITV) still emanated from ITN House, based at 48 Wells Street, for a period after its move.

Meanwhile, with the March 2013 completion of the relocation of its news operations from Television Centre to Broadcasting House, the BBC began using a newsroom studio combo.

Both Tagesschau (ARD) and Heute (ZDF) have a traditional format.

RTL Aktuell utilized an unconventional format, comprising a team of three news anchors, a dynamic presentation style and a more colourful and modern studio design.

In 1984, Zeit Im Bild (ORF) adopted a newsroom-like studio, lasting until 1986.

Likewise, Tagesschau (SRF) adopted a newsroom-like studio in 1985, lasting until 1990.

Meanwhile, with Chile entering a new democratic era, during its first 12 years, from 1990 to 2002, 24 Horas (TVN) used a small studio featuring the newsroom as its backdrop.

Canal 13's news operations moved to a 

For 25 years, from the 1990's to 2017, Uruguay's Canal 4 used a newsroom studio combo called the Centro Monte Carlo de Noticias, translated into English as the Monte Carlo News Centre.

The Centro Monte Carlo De Noticias was inspired by CNN, in turn, inspired by BCTV.

During its first years, Vesti on RTR/Russia-1 came from the Ostankino Technical Centre, featuring an enclosed and isolated studio set comprising of a world map backdrop.

However, during the 1993 events, the Ostankino Technical Centre suffered damage, which meant that Vesti on RTR/Russia-1 emanated from a makeshift studio with a plain backdrop.

Even after the 1993 events (and even with a new look featuring its high-end opening sequence and its different duratran), Vesti on RTR/Russia-1 srtill came from the Ostankino Technical Centre.

With its move to its own studio based at Yamskoye Pole, Vesti on RTR/Russia-1 became Russia's first newscast on television to use a newsroom studio set.

This Vesti newsroom studio was based on CNN's, in turn, based on BCTV.

In December 2017, Vietnam Multimedia Corporation (VTC) introduced a physical studio featuring the newsroom as its backdrop, inspired by the BBC.

Many Vietnamese television broadcasters, like VTV, utilize traditional news studios, either physical or virtual, but VTC distinguished itself by using a real studio set with a real newsroom backdrop.

Until the 1980's, the intro sequences for Eyewitness News had a simple wide shot of the studio as the news team walked onto the studio set.

Ever since its inception, Action News has used its fast-paced cinematic intro montage, which includes quick cuts, bold graphics and driving music.

The fast-paced intro sequence for Action News differs from the static intro for Eyewitness News.

Some stations that use the Eyewitness News format have their intro sequences made in the style of an Action News intro to reflect a more fast-paced and modern presentation.

Between the 1960's and the 1980's, the structure and graphics of television news changed.

For newscasts, a presentation style in which scrolling graphics or video consuming the solo screen has evoled into smaller text-to-picture composite graphics positioned alongside the anchor.

During the 1980's, television news presentation changed again (mainly due to advances in production technology and increased competition).

Many of the news studio sets have incorporated elements resembling a command centre, in particular since the 1980's, including video monitors and displays.

Television by Design (TVbD) is an innovative and influential broadcast design firm founded/owned by graphic designers from WTBS (or Superstation WTBS).

What makes TVbD innovative is its sleek, modern aesthetic in television graphics.

During most of the 1980's, TVbD used Ampex ADO, the Quantel Paintbox and Abekas A-62 for their early and influential work.

In the 1990's, TVbD shifted to 3D computer graphics, employing SGI and Wavefront technologies.

Novocom/GRFX, which was later rebranded as Via Worldwide, is also a broadcast design firm, notably working with Paramount and various worldwide television services.

Like TVbD, Novocom/GRFX is known for its sleek, modern aesthetic in television graphics.

During most of the 1980's, Novocom/GRFX used the Quantel Paintbox, the Cubicomp Vertigo and the Oxberry film stand.

In the 1990's, Novocom/GRFX used the Quantel Henry and HAL systems, but also employed SGI and Alias|Wavefront technologies.

Balls and Walls is a generic news graphics package made by Television by Design (TVbD).

For the Balls and Walls news graphics package, the city and county name circling in orbit around the geosphere depends on a local area.

Pittard Sullivan is also a defunct broadcast design firm, recognized for pioneering the network brand methodology and often employing cinematic live-action sequences.

Lambie-Nairn is a broadcast design firm, having been founded by the eponymous designer who moved from literal graphics towards concepts and witty imagery to define and reinforce brands.

Television stations in the Western Bloc utilize a modern and contemporary look/feel, with a loose and energetic presentation, modern graphics and modern production techniques.

Furthermore, television stations in some neutral nations use the same values as the Western Bloc.

Incidentally, many of the television properties in the Western Bloc have high production values, as do many others in neutral nations.

Global television stations have been influenced for years by public and private television broadcasters hailing from core Anglosphere nations, Latin America and mainland Europe.

In 1969, ABC commissioned Harry Marks to design an opening title sequence for its own Movie of the Week series, with Douglas Trumbull doing the animation using the slit-scan process.

What makes this opening title sequence for ABC's Movie of the Week series, done by Harry Marks and Douglas Trumbull, an innovative one is the use of the slit-scan technique.

Upon the change of its calls, a few years after its nationwide satellite uplink, Superstation WTBS had a futuristic and high-tech on-air presentation, partly influenced by the Star Wars franchise.

This on-air graphics package for WTBS was designed by jcbD in an effort to take full advantage of the advanced capabilities of the Quantel Paintbox system.

Just before its call change, Ted Turner's local Atlanta television outlet looked like being stranded in the past, with Chyrons and slides.

With the change of its calls, WTBS overhauled its presentation through jcbD.

In contrast to the homegrown and amateur visual style of the WTCG era, Superstation WTBS had high production values and a polished on-air presentation.

Balls and Walls is a generic news graphics package made by Television by Design (TVbD).

For the Balls and Walls news graphics package, the city and county name circling in orbit around the geosphere depends on a local area.

For the Big Three television networks in Australia, particularly since colour, they have often adopted a presentation style similar to their American counterparts.

Until aggregation, Australia's regional television stations lagged behind its metropolitan-based assets in presentation (logos, on-screen graphics, and so forth).

After the aggregation process which began in 1989, Australia's regional television assets began to align their presentation with their metro counterparts.

During the Cold War, television stations in the Eastern Bloc looked like being stranded in the past, with Chyrons and slides, often with stark, minimalist designs.

With Mikhail Gorbachev's policies (glasnost/perestroika), television stations in this Eastern Bloc began having modern graphics by being exposed to global media and Western technologies.

Plus, the high-end 3D computer graphics formula for television stations in the Eastern Bloc came after the 1989 revolutions caused by Mikhail Gorbachev's glasnost and perestroika reforms.

With the 1989 revolutions caused by Mikhail Gorbachev's reformist policies, television stations in the Eastern Bloc spiffed up their presentation to be on par with their Western counterparts.

Using modern graphics in the Eastern Bloc after the revolutions sparked by Mikhail Gorbachev could remind someone of the regional television industry in Australia after the 1989 aggregation.

Massive changes for television in the Eastern Bloc during the post-Cold War era have made production values become more in line with Western broadcasters and more appealing to younger viewers.

Since Mikhail Gorbachev's policies, using modern graphics has not simply been cosmetic, but has also resulted in broader changes in the content and style of television in the Eastern Bloc.

Meanwhile, during the Cold War, television outlets across Yugoslavia looked like being stranded in the past, with Chyrons and slides invading the screens.

Following the Yugoslav Wars, television assets in Yugoslavia began using a more contemporary feel as opposed to the autocratic style used before.

Yugoslav television has younger and sexier personalities who use modern and casual clothes, more modern graphics and a looser, more energetic presentation in an era after the Yugoslav Wars.

Some other elements for Yugoslav television in this period after the Yugoslav Wars include modern production techniques eventually used and more field reports with visible anchors/staff.

Plus, the influx of the high-end 3D computer graphics formula for Yugoslav television was after the Yugoslav Wars period.

Many of the Yugoslav television broadcasters in the period after the Yugoslav Wars spiffed up their presentation to be on par with their Western counterparts.

Spiffing up television presentation around the former Yugoslavia in the era after the Yugoslav Wars period reminds people of Australia's regional television industry in the post-1989 era.

Huge changes/improvements for Yugoslav television after the Yugoslav Wars made production values become more in line with Western broadcasters and more appealing to younger viewers.

Whereas Ireland, South Africa, Taiwan and Singapore have later starts for television than some other countries, their programming and presentation are on par with others in the First World.

Filipino television broadcasters in the post-EDSA era use younger and sexier personalities donning modern and casual clothes, more modern graphics and a looser, more energetic presentation.

Some of the other elements for many Filipino television broadcasters in the post-EDSA era include modern production techniques and more field reports with visible anchors/staff.

Many Filipino television outlets in the post-EDSA period spiffed up their presentation to be on par with their First World counterparts.

Spiffing up Filipino television presentation in the post-EDSA era reminds people of Australia's regional television industry in the post-1989 era.

Huge changes for Filipino television in the post-EDSA period made production values become more in line with Western broadcasters and more appealing to younger viewers.

In mainland China, under Mao Zedong, television stations looked like being stranded in the past.

But under Deng Xiaoping as its paramount leader, television stations in mainland China started having modern graphics by being exposed to global media and Western technologies.

Since Deng Xiaoping, using modern graphics has been a cosmetic task, but it has also brought broader changes in the content and style of television programming in mainland China.

On the other hand, in Vietnam, during the first years after the 1975 reunification as a fully-communist country, many television stations looked like being stranded in the past.

But with Doi Moi, television stations in Vietnam started to have modern graphics by being exposed to global media and Western technologies.

Using modern graphics since Doi Moi is not only cosmetic, but it also brought broader changes in the content and style of television programming in Vietnam.

For Singaporean television, ever since colour made its arrival, television graphics have improved and evolved.

In the Arabic-speaking countries of the Middle East, just before CNN's coverage of the first Gulf War period, television stations looked like being stranded in the past.

However, partly due to CNN's Gulf War coverage, television stations in Arab countries started having modern graphics by getting exposed to global media and Western technologies.

CNN's Gulf War coverage led to broader changes in the content and style of television programming in Arab media, but also spurred cosmetic modern graphics.

During the Cold War, India's television presentation was staid, since Doordarshan held a monopoly.

Upon the economic reforms made by P.V. Narasimha Rao and Manmohan Singh, the Indian television landscape began shaking up.

Since TRT had held a monopoly before 1990, Turkey's television presentation was staid.

Ever since Star TV began in 1990, television stations in Turkey have begun utilizing modern high-end graphics.

BS Graphics is a pioneering motion graphics studio during Russia's early post-Soviet era.

Having used high production values at a time when other motion graphic studios in post-Soviet Russia used none, BS Graphics used the Quantel HAL system, plus SGI and Softimage technologies.

Sergey Bazhenov founded BS Graphics in 1993.

Founded in the 1990's era, BS Graphics modernized Russia's motion graphics and broadcast design by bringing Western production standards to post-Soviet Russia.

An exception to the other nations in the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War is Hungary.

During the Cold War, MTV, while operating under a communist regime, used a more innovative and progressive presentation than the other Eastern Bloc broadcasters.

The BBC won the Queen's Award on numerous occasions for its worldwide achievements.

Large foreign sales by ITC during the 1960's and beyond led to ACC winning the Queen's Award for Export on numerous occasions.

Quantel won the Queen's Award on numerous occasions for its innovative software being utilized on motion pictures and television.

EMI won the Queen's Award on numerous occasions for its work in the music industry.

News music features the rhythm of a teletype machine or Morse code, together with two of the loudest instrumental groups in the Western orchestra: brass and percussion.

During the 20th century, teletypes and Morse code are major methods being used to transmit news and information, especially in newsrooms before computers and telephones become widespread.

Eyewitness News creator Al Primo started using film music as news themes.

Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence by Lalo Schifrin is also used through newscasts.

For Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence, what makes it a fitting music cue for newscasts, in particular television news, is a staccato rhythm resembling the teletype.

Despite not being used in its original form, Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence has been influential in news music.

Having been utilized in television news programs worldwide, Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence has established a certain style and sonic landscape for news music.

The cinematic quality being heard in Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence, which combines its driving rhythm with instrumentation, is adopted and adapted in news themes.

From the late-1960's to the early-1990's, Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence had been the Eyewitness News theme tune, mainly used in its edited form by ABC-owned stations and affiliates.

Increased licensing fees forced local television stations, in particular those using the Eyewitness News concept, to drop Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence in the 1990's.

New York's ABC station WABC-TV was the first to exploit Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence as the Eyewitness News theme when Al Primo arrived in the late-1960's or before 1969.

Adding to Eyewitness News on WABC-TV under Al Primo was happy talk.

The Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence cue was also used outside the United States, notably in both Canada and Australia.

For Canadians, Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence is the famous theme tune for Pulse on CFCF; for Australians, it is the famous theme tune for National Nine News.

Just before Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence was adopted for the WABC-TV version of Eyewitness News, television newscasts used a neutral, traditional sound of the past.

Plus, the teletype and Morse code were simple news sounders with no music to play in.

With Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence, television news themes have a modern cinematic sound.

Television stations have either used The Tar Sequence or created their own news themes mirroring its modern cinematic sound, especially since the WABC-TV version of Eyewitness News.

007 and 007 Takes The Lektor, two of the music pieces being composed by John Barry for the 1960's James Bond film called From Russia With Love, are also notably used through newscasts.

Like Lalo Schifrin's Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence, what makes From Russia With Love: 007 a suitable music cue for newscasts is a staccato rhythm resembling the teletype.

News executive Al Primo pioneered the use of music being sourced from movies as news themes, all resulting in a more modern and cinematic news music sound than the neutral one of the past.

Aujourd'hui C'est Toi from A Man and a Woman by Francis Lai (in its instrumental iteration) is also utilized through newscasts and current affairs.

In the UK, the BBC's Panorama, which is the longest-running television current affairs program in the world, uses an adaptation of Francis Lai's Aujourd'hui C'est Toi as its theme tune.

For Francis Lai's Aujourd'hui C'est Toi piece, what makes it a fitting one for both television news and current affairs is its timpani drums, its strings and its French flavour.

The use of timpani drums in Francis Lai's Aujourd'hui C'est Toi piece can convey drama, urgency and importance, all being suited qualities for a news and current affairs program.

Strings in Francis Lai's Aujourd'hui C'est Toi piece convey gravity and significance.

Move Closer to Your World is an iconic and famous television news music package that is based on a jingle and still used by WPVI-TV and WNEP-TV.

Before MCTYW, The Action News Theme was the first theme used for the Action News format.

Tom Sellers, who was a student of Temple University, which likewise has his fellow classmates and students Daryl Hall and John Oates (Hall and Oates), wrote The Action News Theme.

Al Ham, who was a session musician in pop music, wrote Move Closer to Your World.

Similarly, both Tom Sellers' The Action News Theme and Al Ham's Move Closer to Your World are centered around a trumpet lead and a timpani-driven finish; they also play in the same key.

Plus, both The Action News Theme and Move Closer to Your World have a soul-pop sound.

The first station to use Move Closer to Your World is WNAC-TV, which is one of the first television stations in the United States to use a jingle-based news music package as well.

For years, WPVI-TV and WNEP-TV, two of the ABC television stations based in Pennsylvania, have utilized Move Closer to Your World, doubling as the only US stations to use this music package.

Aside from both WPVI-TV and WNEP-TV, WJET-TV is another ABC station in Pennsylvania which utilizes Move Closer to Your World.

WPXI, though not an ABC station, is another Pennsylvania station using Move Closer to Your World.

Outside Pennsylvania, WKBW-TV, a former sister station of WPVI-TV, notably used Move Closer to Your World, as did other Capital Cities/ABC stations like WTVD, WTNH, KTRK and KFSN.

Fast Action, composed for the De Wolfe label and performed by the Laurence Stephen Orchestra, is a stock music cue notably being used for television news.

What makes Fast Action, composed for De Wolfe Music, a fitting music cue for television news is its dynamic and urgent sound, punctuated by brass and strings.

The Awakening, written for the KPM label in the late-1960's by Johnny Pearson and performed by the Group 50 Orchestra, is a stock music cue notably used for television news.

News at Ten (ITV) notably used Johnny Pearson's The Awakening piece for KPM.

By employing a brass and string section, snare durms and orchestral percussion, Johnny Pearson's The Awakening piece for KPM creates a powerful and serious mood for newscasts.

The Big Ben chimes is heard through the headline sequence for News at Ten (ITV).

Non-Stop, a music composition by Malcolm Batt (John Malcolm), is the first news theme for ITN.

Initially made as a piano piece as a teenager, John Malcolm's Non-Stop composition was accepted by Francis, Day and Hunter and made in an orchestral arrangement by Ivor Slaney.

With Ivor Slaney's orchestral arrangement being conducted by Georges Devereaux, and performed by L'Orchestre Devereaux, John Malcolm's Non-Stop was by ITN from the 1950's to the 1980's.

Belgium and Switzerland are nations where John Malcolm's Non-Stop cue was reportedly recorded.

For ITN, the Non-Stop music piece by John Malcolm uses a cheery and upbeat sound, which offers a stylistic contrast to the more serious tone of the BBC's news music sound.

In the late-1960's, Johnny Pearson's more dramatic The Awakening cue meant that Non-Stop by John Malcolm was limited to shorter and weekend newscasts for ITN.

However, the Falklands War led to John Malcolm's Non-Stop being unused as a main ITN theme.

Removing Non-Stop, in the wake of the Falklands War, meant that many ITN news themes use a more serious sound, though Non-Stop was used occassionally.

Score Productions, based in New York and founded by Bob Israel, has been responsible for the music packages being made for both ABC News and ABC Sports under Roone Arledge.

Edd Kalehoff, who is a freelancer at Score Productions, is the go-to man for ABC music.

VideoHelper, a music company co-led by former ABC News promo producer Stewart Winter, likewise creates music for ABC News.

Joseph Saba, who was a major label artist, usually works with Stewart Winter at VideoHelper.

DreamArtists Studios, founded by Matthew Kajcienski, is also responsible for the ABC News music.

From its July 10, 1978 debut to March 1980, World News Tonight had a teletype theme tune, made for ABC News by Score Productions, innovative for Moog synthesizers on network television.

Later, an orchestral incarnation of the Moog-based teletype theme tune, made for ABC News by Score Productions, was used for World News Tonight until 1990.

A remixed incarnation of the orchestral version of the Moog-based teletype theme tune, made for ABC News by Score Productions, was used from 1990 to 1996.

Edd Kalehoff created his own World News Tonight theme tune in 1996, and revived the 1978 theme in January 1998, at the turn of the 21st century until the early-2010's and in 2020 in three remixes.

The 4-note fanfare, created for World News Tonight by Score Productions, has been rearranged and reintroduced, becoming a sonic signature for ABC News.

VideoHelper and DreamArtists Music also created other themes for ABC News.

Score Productions also did music for the Satellite News Channel, a joint venture between ABC Video Enterprises and Group W Satellite Communications.

Classical Gas by Mason Williams is one of the pop music tunes also being used through newscasts.

For Classical Gas, what makes it a fitting music piece for newscasts, in particular television news, is a distinctive and unique classical and pop combination, its driving rhythm and its upbeat feel.

Like Move Closer to Your World, Classical Gas is being used for Action News.

Fool's Overture by Supertramp is one of the pop music tunes also being used through current affairs programs.

CTV's W5 notably used a synth-heavy instrumental portion of Fool's Overture by Supertramp.

Dancing in the Stars by Mannheim Steamroller is likewise a pop music piece also being used through newscasts.

What makes Mannheim Steamroller's Dancing in the Stars a fitting music cue for television news is a combination of pop and orchestral elements.

The Mission is an orchestral suite, composed by world-famous Hollywood film music composer John Williams as a television news music package for NBC News.

Having consisted of four movements, The Mission altered this news music sound by moving from the conventional fanfare-based themes towards a symphonic and nuanced approach.

During the 1980's, CNN used stock music cues from many labels, including De Wolfe, KPM, Bruton, Sonoton, Killer Tracks, FirstCom, Atmosphere, Match, Parry, Omni, etc.

Plus, during the 1980's, CNN created custom music for its station identifications.

In 1990, its 10th year, and with the imminent Gulf War, CNN contracted Score Productions to create custom music.

For Score Productions, it had already done music for CNN Headline News, since its merger with the defunct Satellite News Channel, for which Score Productions already did music.

The music cues being created for CNN by Score Productions are also utilized in the Turner Broadcast Music Library by Sound Ideas

Besides Turner, Sound Ideas formerly distributed De Wolfe Music and Beatbox Music in Canada.

During the Cold War, television news music themes in the Eastern Bloc sounded neutral.

With Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms (glasnost/perestroika), television news music themes in the Eastern Bloc began adopting a more modern uniform Western-influenced sound.

Meanwhile, in both mainland China and Vietnam, many news music themes utilize a modern Western sound, whereas some others sound traditional.

Some Chinese composers also do television news music in a modern Western sound.

Ever since the late-1920's advent of talkies, many stock music labels have used recorded music from different eras and genres.

For the corporate/industrial genre, especially in news and current affairs, stock music incorporates the sounds of technology like the teletype or Morse code.

Plus, the corporate/industrial genre in stock music uses a modern and cinematic orchestral feel, which combines grand orchestral arrangements with industrial and corporate settings in a modern age.

Many modern news music packages incorporate music techniques frequently found in film scores to enhance the emotional impact and storytelling of the news.

During its first decade, CNN lagged behind the established evening newscasts being aired on network television in the US.

However, the first Gulf War turned CNN into a major force in 24-hour television news coverage.

Between the 1960's and the 1980's, the structure and graphics of television news changed.

For newscasts, a presentation style in which scrolling graphics or video consuming the solo screen has evoled into smaller text-to-picture composite graphics positioned alongside the anchor.

During the 1980's, television news presentation changed again (mainly due to advances in production technology and increased competition).

Many of the news studio sets have incorporated elements resembling a command centre, in particular since the 1980's, including video monitors and displays.

For Marilyn Monroe, her beauty and premature death contribute to her status as an iconic figure.

In nostalgia, smoking cigarettes are icons of youth, rebellion, elegance, sexuality and style, especially when associated with people like Marilyn Monroe and James Dean.

Whilst cultural icons like Marilyn Monroe, James Dean, Elvis Presley, Michael Jackson and Whitney Houston are not eternally youthful in physical sense, their deaths have preserve their youth.

Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley, Michael Jackson, Madonna, Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey, Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera are cultural icons for teens and young adults.

Since the 1990's, pop/rock songs have used instrumental intros featuring soulful vocal riffs, runs and melisma before the main melody, inspired by Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey and Celine Dion.

For the last chorus of a pop song since the 1990's, the backup singers have harmonized with the lead singer doing soulful vocals, inspired by Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey and Celine Dion.

Riffs, runs and melisma, described as soulful vocal techniques, are accompanied by vocalizations.