Iconic media empires

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is one of the most successful, influential and respected media empires in the world.

Whether on television, radio, the internet or various platforms, the BBC is a window to the world.

News, information, entertainment and education are the core elements of the BBC.

Indeed, the BBC is one of the world's most successful and trusted sources for news, information and entertainment.

Electric and Musical Industries (EMI) is also one of the multinational companies based in the UK.

From its 1930's inception to its 2010's end, EMI has been particularly involved with music, as well as television, film and leisure.

General Electric (GE) and the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) are also multinational forces.

Both GE and RCA are innovators and leaders in both electronics and telecommunications in the United States for many years.

Virgin Group is also a multinational empire, like EMI, RCA and GE.

For many years, three broadcasters in the United States have also been the largest and most distributed broadcasters in the world, known collectively as the Big Three, doubling as production companies.

Programs which are made and produced especially for the English-language television networks in the United States are the most widely-syndicated overseas.

The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) is also one of the world's most successful, influential and respected media empires in the world, like the BBC.

Having been the oldest Big Three broadcaster in the United States, NBC is a pioneer as well.

Whether on television, radio, the internet or other ways, NBC is one of the most successful and trusted media sources in the world for news, information and entertainment.

Ever since its 1926 inception, NBC has been an innovator in the broadcasting business.

Some of the innovations that NBC pioneered include colour television, early-morning television and late-night television.

Paramount Pictures is one of the Big Five film studios in the US, but also a multinational empire.

Film Booking Offices of America (FBO), Metro Pictures Corporation, the Orpheum Circuit and 20th Century Pictures, Inc. are precursors of the Big Five film studios in the United States.

RKO Radio Pictures, besides Paramount and others, is one of the Big Five film studios in the United States, which RCA partly owned.

American Multi Cinema (AMC), Regal Cinemas (also Regal Entertainment Group) and Cinemark are the three largest movie theatre chains in the United States.

National Amusements is an American privately-owned movie theatre operator.

The American Broadcasting Company (ABC), a spin-off of the NBC Blue Network, is regarded as the youngest of the US-based Big Three broadcasters.

Plus, ABC is an iconic and world-famous broadcaster, much like the BBC and NBC.

Like both the BBC and NBC, either on television, radio, the internet or others, ABC is also one of the most successful and trusted media sources for news, information and entertainment.

United Independent Broadcasters, besides NBC and ABC, is one of the traditional US-based Big Three broadcasters.

The Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) is the current name for United Independent Broadcasters.

Like the BBC, NBC and ABC networks, CBS has been an iconic and world-famous broadcaster.

Plus, whether on television, radio, online or others, CBS is a successful and a trusted media source for news, information and entertainment, like the BBC, NBC and ABC.

William S. Paley, David Sarnoff and Leonard Goldenson are the three notable masterminds of the Big Three broadcasters

United Paramount Theatres (UPT) is a former independent American theatre chain that was formed in 1949 as a spin-off of the movie theatre operations of Paramount Pictures.

Merging with UPT in 1953, ABC has become a broadcast innovator.

Some innovations that ABC pioneered since its merger with UPT include cinematic Hollywood-style television programming, such as made-for-television films and miniseries.

Plus, since its merger with UPT, ABC has made enhancements in its news and sports coverage.

WNBC, WCBS, WABC, WNYW, WWOR and WPIX are broadcast trailblazers.

KNBC, KCBS, KTLA, WMAQ, WBBM, WLS and WGN are some other local broadcast outlets in the United States influencing broadcast presentation.

New York City and Los Angeles are the primary locations for the Big Three broadcasters in the United States, but also endure many historic radio and television firsts.

Chicago is a crucial location for the Midwest operations of the Big Three networks, also making many historic radio and television innovations.

KYW, WCAU, WPVI, WNAC, WXPO and KDKA are also broadcast trailblazers.

Philadelphia, Boston and the Steel City, besides New York, Los Angeles and Chicago, are the other locations enduring other broadcast innovations.

Both KYW and KDKA are some broadcast stations east of the Mississippi River using K calls.

WFAA, WSVN, WKYC, WEWS, WJW, WLW, WCPO, WKRC, WTBS and WTHR are some other broadcast trailblazers.

Dallas-Fort Worth, Miami-Fort Lauderdale, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Atlanta and Indianapolis are also notable locations for broadcast innovations.

KOWH, WHB and WTIX are crucial stations in developing and establishing top forty/CHR radio.

Omaha, Kansas City and New Orleans are crucial locations for KOWH, WHB and WTIX, which are prototypes of the top forty radio concept.

WINS, KYW and KFWB are crucial stations in developing and establishing all-news radio.

New York, Philadelphia and Los Angeles are crucial locations for WINS, KYW and KFWB, which are prototypes of the all-news radio format on a permanent basis.

WSMV, WTVF, WKRN and WSAZ are also local US broadcast stations which influence television presentation.

Nashville and Huntington-Charleston are crucial locations for WSMV, WTVF, WKRN and WSAZ.

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates broadcast and media assets in the US.

Independent Television (ITV) is the BBC's main television competitor.

Unlike the BBC's national television services, all of which have no advertising revenues, ITV utilizes commercials.

BBC One and BBC Two are the BBC's main domestic television services.

Just like the iconic broadcasters from core Anglophone countries, BBC One, BBC Two and ITV have always been television services known for innovation, quality and value.

London is a major hub for both British and international television services.

Nippon Hoso Kyokai (NHK), similar and related to the BBC, is Japan's public broadcaster.

As do other broadcasters in core Anglophone countries, NHK is a broadcaster known for innovation, quality and value.

Associated-Rediffusion (later known as Rediffusion London), Associated Television (ATV), Granada Television and ABC Weekend Television are the Big Four ITV franchises until the 1960's.

Thames Television, London Weekend Television (LWT), ATV, Granada and Yorkshire Television are franchises of the ITV network making up the Big Five from the late-1960's to the early-1980's.

Central Independent Television joins Thames, LWT, Granada and Yorkshire in ITV's Big Five group from the early-1980's to the early-1990's.

Scottish Television, Television Wales and West (TWW), Southern Television, Anglia Television and Tyne Tees Television are ITV's other franchises.

Harlech Television (HTV) and Television South (TVS) join Scottish, Anglia and Tyne Tees in ITV's franchise group.

Ulster Television (UTV), Grampian Television, Westward Television, Border Television and Channel Television (CTV) are the smallest ITV franchises.

Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ) is Ireland's national public broadcaster.

Like the famous broadcasters from core Anglophone nations, RTÉ has been a media empire known for innovation, quality and value.

The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) is a Crown corporation doubling as the national public broadcaster in Canada, officially related to the worldwide BBC system.

Ever since 1936, the CBC has been a source for news, information, entertainment and education.

The CTV Television Network and the Global Television Network are the CBC's television rivals.

Just like the broadcasters which come from core Anglophone nations, both CTV and Global are media empires renowned for innovation, quality and value.

CBLT, CFTO, CHUM, CHCH, CHAN, CIII, CKND, CITY, CJOH, CFCN, CFRN and CITV are some broadcast stations in Canada influencing broadcast presentation.

Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Winnipeg, Edmonton and Calgary are some Canadian media hubs.

Most of the radio and television stations in Canada have four-letter call signs; three-letter calls are for either radio stations or commercial stations earning three-letter calls before rules are adopted.

Five-letter calls are for CBC transmitters, either rebroadcasters or assets being owned-and-operated by Télévision de Radio-Canada outside Quebec.

Call signs for stations held by the CBC use the letters CB, including television, where the CB-(-)T call letters are used.

In addition, the television stations of both the CBC and CTV networks have current and former studios being located in a city's downtown core.

The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) regulates all broadcast outlets in Canada.

British Columbia Television (BCTV) is the official former brand for CHAN-TV from 1973 to 2001.

Canwest is one of the former major multinational privately-owned media empires in Canada.

Western International Communications (WIC) is likewise a media empire in Canada.

Raidió Telilifís Éireann (RTÉ) is Ireland's national public broadcaster

Fuji Television (Fuji TV), Nippon Television (NTV), TV Asahi, TV Tokyo and Tokyo Broadcasting System (TBS) are commercial television networks in Japan.

The Korean Broadcasting System (KBS) and Munwha Broadcasting Corporation (MBC) are major broadcasters in South Korea.

For many years, three of the metropolitan-based and advertiser-supported television broadcasters in Australia, known collectively as the Big Three, have dominated this landscape.

Channel 9, Channel 7 and Channel 10 are the Big Three television broadcasters in Australia.

The National Nine Network, the Nine Network, the Seven Network and Network Ten are some of the other names for Channel 9, Channel 7 and Channel 10.

Plus, the former names for Channel 9, Channel 7 and Channel 10 include:

• Nine = National Television Network
• Seven = Australian Television Network
• Ten = Independent Television Service

TCN, GTV, QTQ, NWS and TVW are the Nine Network's flagship stations based in Australia's major metropolitan cities.

ATN, HSV, BTQ, SAS and TVW are the Seven Network's flagship stations based in Australia's major metropolitan cities.

TEN, ATV, TVQ, ADS and NEW are Ten's flagship stations in Australia's major metropolitan cities.

Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth serve as the main bases for Australia's Big Three advertiser-supported and metropolitan television services.

WIN, CBN, CWN, RVN, AMV, NEN, BCV, STV, GLV, BTV, GMV, TVT, TNT and NBN are some regional commercial television stations in Australia.

Prime Television and Southern Cross are regional television networks in Australia, aside from WIN Television, whose name is derived from its first (and flagship) station.

The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), officially similar and related to the worldwide BBC system, is the national public broadcaster in Australia.

Ever since its inception in the 1930's, the ABC has had an influence on Australian culture.

Television New Zealand (TVNZ), often related to the BBC, is New Zealand's main public television broadcaster.

Radio New Zealand (RNZ) is the radio answer to Television New Zealand (TVNZ).

ABN, ABV, ABQ, ABS and ABW are the flagship television stations of the ABC in Australia's major metropolitan cities.

Until the 1980's, the ABC was known as the Australian Broadcasting Commission.

Like the famous broadcasters from core Anglophone nations, Australia's ABC has been a media empire renowned for innovation, quality and value.

Many calls for Australia's commercial television stations begin with the first two letters chosen by the licensee, while the third one often indicates the state or territory in which the station is located.

The Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) is a public broadcaster in Australia, whose goal is to provide programming in multilingual and multicultural aspects to this nation.

Distinct from (yet similar) to the ABC, SBS is one of the two public broadcasters in Australia.

Aggregation is a process in Australia where television viewers in regional areas could offer the same choice as their metropolitan counterparts.

In Australian television, this aggregation process enables regional commercial television channels to expand their signals into neighbouring areas.

Prior to aggregation, small, separate areas have one single independent television station.

But with the aggregation process, large regional markets in Australia have three commercial television channels, plus the ABC and SBS.

Whereas it is beneficial for viewers, aggregation in the Australian television industry led to concerns involving regional television.

Regional television stations in Australia frequently offered local news, sports and community events before aggregation.

Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen (ZDF) is the television rival of ARD, yet friendly with collaboration.

Unlike ARD, which is a group of distinct and separate regional broadcasters and has its roots in radio, ZDF is a centrally-organized broadcaster devoted solely to television

Televisa is the world's largest media company offering Spanish-language content.

Caracol and RCN are two of the main privately-owned media companies in Colombia.

Panamericana Television, America Television,

Alto Broadcasting System (ABS) and Chronicle Broadcasting Network (CBN) are two of the Filipino broadcasters that merged to form ABS-CBN in the late-1960's.

Having been the dominant media empire in the Philippines, ABS-CBN also spans the globe.

Global Media Arts (GMA Network or GMA), Radio Philippines Network (RPN) and the Associated Broadcasting Company (ABC) are ABS-CBN's most frequent competitors.

Television Broadcasts Limited (TVB) and Asia Television (ATV) are Hong Kong's two main television broadcasters.

Rediffusion Television (RTV) was the first television station in Hong Kong, but also the first television station in the Chinese-language world.

Launched in 1957, RTV had a monopoly on Hong Kong television until TVB in the late-1960's.

Having been the first ever television station in Hong Kong to broadcast in a free-to-air model, TVB's success paved the way for the conversion of RTV to free-to-air in June 1973.

Taiwan Television (TTV), China Television (CTV) and the Chinese Television System (CTS) are the primary television broadcasters in Taiwan.

MediaCorp is Singapore's main broadcaster.

Radio Television Singapore (RTS), the Singapore Broadcasting Corporation (SBC) and Singapore International Media (SIM) are MediaCorp's precusors.

Channel 5 is the primary English-language television channel in Singapore, while Channel 8 is its primary Chinese-language television channel

Television Corporation of Singapore (TCS) and Singapore Television 12 are two television divisions making up the Singapore International Media empire.

NBC News, CBS News and ABC News are the news divisions of the Big Three broadcasters.

Eyewitness News, Action News and NewsCentre are the most popular television news formats in the United States and the world, doubling as newscast titles.

NewsWatch and NewsChannel, besides Eyewitness News, Action News and NewsCentre, are the other television newscast titles.

Independent Television News (ITN) is ITV's news service, doubling as one of the world's major news agencies.

The CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News and World News Tonight are the flagship television news programs.

60 Minutes, 20/20 and Dateline NBC are the main weekly newsmagazines on television.

Today and Good Morning America are two of the three main American morning news programs.

Meet The Press, Face The Nation and This Week are the flagship weekly news/discussion programs on American television.

11 PM is the traditional time for late-night local newscasts in the Eastern and Pacific time zones of the United States; late-night local news airs at 10 PM in America's middle time zones.

Film at 11 is a phrase being utilized in the American television news business to indicate the late-night newscast that is typically aired at 11 p.m.

The Film at 11 phrase means keeping viewers informed with the day's top stories and breaking news.

Home Box Office (HBO) is a trailblazer in cable television since its debut in 1972.

Blending theatrically-released motion pictures with sports and specials, HBO is the oldest subscription television service in the United States.

Plus, HBO is the first television service to send its programming to cable systems across the nation via satellite, rather than microwave, paving the way for others adopting satellite transmission.

MTV: Music Television is the world's first 24-hour single-genre television channel with music as its primary theme.

The MTV style is a visual form that emerged during the music video boom.

A cinematic style which features fast-paced, non-linear editing, dynamic camera angles and a visually slick, flashy and glossy look, the MTV style is also used in films, television and commercials.

Having started its operations in 1981, MTV has had a significant impact in popular culture around the world, influencing music, fashion and youth trends.

SuperStation WTBS is the national version of WTBS, launching basic cable television.

Cable News Network (CNN) is the first television service in the world to present live and uninterrupted news coverage, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, but also a sister channel to SuperStation WTBS.

The CNN effect is a theory of television news.

For the CNN effect, television networks, utilizing their ability to provide live 24-hour television news coverage from around the world, play a role in deciding the actions and outcomes of events.

Headline News is CNN's spin-off channel.

While CNN blends newscasts with specialized topical and feature programs, Headline News formerly strictly focused on rolling news coverage, featuring half-hour newscasts 24 hours a day.

On television or online, CNN is one of the world's most successful and trusted media sources for news and information.

The CBN Satellite Service is the first basic cable channel to be carried via satellite from its launch and also the first to have original programming, not just a feed of a local broadcast station.

USA Network (or USA) is one of the first national satellite-delivered basic cable television services to heavily focus on advertising income, other than subscriber fees like other early cable networks.

ESPN is the world's first ever 24-hour single-genre television service with sports as its main theme.

The Weather Channel is the world's first ever 24-hour solo-genre television service with weather as its main theme.

Cartoon Network is the world's first 24-hour single-genre television service with cartoons as its main theme, but also a sister channel to both SuperStation WTBS and CNN.

Food Network is a cable television service with food as its main theme.

Provincial Cinematograph Theatres is one of the first national cinema chains in the United Kingdom.

The United Nations (UN), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the European Union (EU) and the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance are intergovermental organizations.

The Associated Press (AP) and United Press International (UPI) are some news agencies.

Broadcast stations in the US utilize calls that begin with a W and a K; W limited to stations east of the Mississippi River and K to stations west of the river; calls have either three or four letters.

In addition, some stations with W call letters are in a section of the US now being issued K calls.

Local stations of the Big Three networks in the United States, such as both NBC and CBS, have their current and former studios in the downtown core of a US city.

National Telefilm Associates (NTA) is a former distribution company used to syndicate American film libraries to television.

WYAH-TV is the former flagship station of the Christian Broadcasting Network.

Metromedia, Capital Cities Communications, Tribune Broadcasting and Paramount Stations Group are some former media empires.

Combined Communications Corporation and Multimedia, Inc. are likewise former media empires.

Silver King Broadcasting, Media General, Nationwide Communications and Freedom Newspapers are also former media empires.

National Educational Television (NET) is a rival of the Big Three networks in the United States.

The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is the present name for NET.

WNET, WETA, WGBH, WTTW, WPBT, KQED, WQED, WQEX, KUHT and KTCA are some of the influential member stations of both NET and PBS.

The National Football League (NFL) is one of the five major sports leagues in North America.

Having been America's most popular sports league, the NFL is also the world's wealthiest professional sports league by revenue, and the league with the most vaulable teams.

Plus, the NFL has the highest average attendance of any pro sports league in the world.

Sundays are when most NFL games are being played, with a Monday night game usually held once a week at least, and Thursday night games on most weeks as well.

The Super Bowl is the NFL's annual league championship game, and since 1966, it has been the final game of each and every NFL season.

Frequently known as the Big Game or other generic terms, the Super Bowl is one of the world's most popular annual sporting events ever.

Plus, the Super Bowl is held on a Sunday, also known as Super Bowl Sunday or Super Sunday.

Commercial airtime for the Super Bowl is the most expensive of the year due to the high viewership, leading to companies regularly developing their most expensive ads for the broadcast.

As a matter of fact, commercial viewership is an integral part of the Super Bowl.

Ever since its inception, the Super Bowl has been not just a game, but a national holiday.

Super Bowl Sunday is a uniquely American holiday tradition bringing people together, like friends, to bond over their love of gridiron football, laugh at commercials and sing along at halftime.

NFL Films is the film and television division of the NFL, known for its distinctive cinematic style.

Specifically-produced programs for the Anglo-Canadian television networks are also some of the most widely-syndicated overseas.

News at Ten, produced by ITN, is the flagship news program on the ITV network, plus one of the most successful and influential television news programs in both the United Kingdom and the world.

The Nine O'Clock News is the BBC's former answer to ITN's News at Ten.

Sky Channel is Europe's first cable and satellite television service

Initially known as Satellite Television, Sky Channel offers programs from the United States, including action series, soap operas and children's programs.

Premiere is the first pay television channel to focus on films in Britain, launched in 1984.

Music Box is the European counterpart of MTV, because the US-based MTV channel did not launch a European version until the late-1980's.

Sky Television is Sky Channel's multi-channel version, offering a broader range of channels.

British Satellite Broadcasting (BSB) is a former satellite television consortium initially run by five companies, including Granada Television, Anglia Television and Virgin.

Not long after its March 1990 launch, BSB merged with Sky Television in December 1990 to form British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB), the largest premium television company in Britain.

Eurosport is a pan-European sports television channel, initially co-run by Sky and the EBU.

Sky News is the first 24-hour television news channel in the United Kingdom, doubling as the British answer to CNN.

Specifically-produced programs for television services coming down under are also some of the most widely-syndicated overseas like the United States, the British Isles and Canada.

La Organización de Telecomunicaciones de Iberoamérica (OTI) is the Ibero-American response to the EBU/UER.

Office de Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française (ORTF) and Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française (RTF) served as France's former national public broadcasters.

Télévision Française 1 (TF1) and France Télévisions are France's main television broadcasters.

Antenne 2 (A2) and France Régions 3 (FR3) are French television broadcasters that started in January 1975, and merged in the early-1990's or before 1993 to form France Télévisions.

The Institut National de L'Audiovisuel (INA) is an organization whose goal is to preserve all the many archives of television and radio in France.

Radio Television Luxembourg (RTL) is one of the oldest privately-run television stations in Europe.

Compagnie Luxembourgeoise de Télédiffusion (CLT) is the company running RTL.

Télé-Liban is the main public broadcaster in Lebanon.

Compagnie Libanaise de Télévision (CLT) and Télé-Orient are the former private television stations in Lebanon which merged in 1977 to form Télé-Liban.

Future Television, the Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation International (LBCI), Al Jadeed TV and the National Broadcasting Network (NBN) are some private television stations in Lebanon.

Where the News Comes First is one of the popular slogans for local newscasts.

Coverage You Can Count On and Live, Local, Late Breaking are some other popular slogans for local newscasts, besides Where the News Comes First.

The iconic "Where the News Comes First" slogan serves as an indication of the commitment of a local station to being the first to cover breaking news.

Meanwhile, the equally-famous "Coverage You Can Count On" slogan serves as a reminder to viewers watching at home that the news is reliable and trustworthy.

By the same token, the "Live, Local, Late Breaking" slogan is proof of the immediacy, local focus and latest, up-to-the minute nature of the news coverage.

Your 24-Hour News Source is a testament to the station's dedication to non-stop news coverage.

Made à la CNN, the 24-Hour News Source concept includes news updates at the top of the hour, which would last 30 seconds, plus short weather updates every half-hour during local commercial breaks.

This 24-Hour News Source concept, which was made à la CNN, provides news headlines to viewers at home outside regularly-scheduled and long-form newscasts.

On Your Side is another popular slogan for local newscasts, which is proof of the news organization's commitment to serving the community's interests.

30 Rockefeller Plaza, which is the main tenant of the Rockefeller Centre complex based in New York's Midtown Manhattan portion, has been an iconic structure since its opening in 1933.

Designed in Art Deco by Raymond Hood, 30 Rockefeller Plaza is sometimes called 30 Rock 

Having been the world headquarters of its main tenant RCA, then General Electric (GE), and currently Comcast, 30 Rock is also the world headquarters of NBC, doubling as its East Coast headquarters.

Just before 30 Rockefeller Plaza, NBC's former headquarters was based in a Beaux Arts-style building designed by Floyd Brown, located at 5th Avenue, also in New York's Midtown Manhattan portion.

NBC Studios is the name for NBC's famous New York television headquarters based at the historic 30 Rockefeller Plaza.

Also known as the RCA Building, the GE Building and the Comcast Building, 30 Rockefeller Plaza is regarded as a world-famous broadcasting structure.

For the whole Rockefeller Centre complex, it is nicknamed Radio City, making reference to RCA.

Radio City Music Hall, which is also based in the Rockefeller Centre complex in New York's Midtown Manhattan portion, is the world's largest indoor theatre, but also a famous structure.

Opened in the early-1930's or before 1933, Radio City Music Hall hosts concerts and events.

Edward Durell Stone and Donald Deskey co-designed Radio City Music Hall, also in Art Deco.

The location for Radio City Music Hall is 1260 Avenue of the Americas.

NBC Colour City Studios is NBC's former West Coast headquarters from the 1950's to 2014.

The NBC Tower, designed in Art Deco by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, serves as NBC's Chicago headquarters.

Based in downtown Chicago, the NBC Tower is similar to 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York.

Until the 1989 relocation to the NBC Tower, the Merchandise Mart, likewise an Art Deco structure in downtown Chicago, served as NBC's former Chicago studios.

60 Washington Avenue, located in downtown Schenectady, is the former location for the first building exclusively built for television, a state-of-the-art studio used by WRGB until 1957.

NBC's Washington headquarters, located on Nebraska Avenue, serves as NBC's Washington studios, doubling as NBC News' former Washington base from the 1950's to 2020.

The CBS Broadcast Centre is the primary East Coast production headquarters for CBS.

Located at West 57th Street on the West Side of Midtown Manhattan in New York, the CBS Broadcast Centre was once the most modern and efficient broadcast facility of its kind in the world.

Before moving to West 57th, the main East Coast production hub for CBS was based at Grand Central Terminal, also based in New York's Midtown Manhattan portion.

CBS Television City, or simply Television City, is based at 7800 Beverly Boulevard in Hollywood.

The Progressive Club, which is a former Jewish country club located at Techwood Drive in midtown Atlanta, serves as Turner Broadcasting System's headquarters.

In addition, the Progressive Club served as CNN's former headquarters during its first 7 years.

Still in Atlanta, the Omni International Complex, located in its downtown core, served as CNN's main headquarters, known as CNN Centre, from the 1980's or after 1986 to the 2020's or after 2022.

Propaganda Films and Palomar Pictures are pioneers in bringing the MTV style to films and television commercials.

Dragnet, Star Trek and Miami Vice are some non-news franchises on television.

American Bandstand and Top of the Pops are music programs that featured the week's top hits.

NBC Saturday Night at the Movies is television's first anthology series to air relatively recent motion pictures coming from major Hollywood studios in colour.

The ABC Movie of the Week popularized the concept of made-for-television movies.

Westwood Village Memorial Park is the final resting place for many famous Hollywood stars.

Telstar, Syncom and the International Television Satellite Organization (Intelsat) are some of the first communications satellites in the world.

Magnetophon is a reel-to-reel recorded that enables pre-recorded playback by AEG.

WPP, Publicis, Omnicon and IPG are the world-famous Big Four agency companies.

RCA Records, Capitol Records, Columbia Records, Atlantic Records, Zomba, Arista, Jive and Fable Music are some iconic music labels.

Commodore and Compagnie Générale de la Télégraphie Sans Fil (CSF) are industrial forces.

The Olympic Games and the FIFA World Cup are the world's leading international sporting events.

Revived in 1896 after a long absence of the ancient Olympics, the modern Olympics have summer and winter sports competitions; they foster international cooperation and cultural exchange.

Hosting the Olympics can also bring significant economic benefits and issues to the host city, affecting infrastructure, tourism and local communities.

Every two years, the Olympics and its media exposure offers athletes their chance to earn national and international fame.

Plus, the Olympics provide an opportunity for the host city and country to showcase themselves to the world.

Meanwhile, the FIFA World Cup has been the most prestigous association football competition in the world, but also the world's most widely watched and followed sporting event.

Since 1930, the FIFA World Cup has generated economic growth and investment in a nation, but also positive social change.

The Eurovision Song Contest (ESC) is the flagship event of the EBU/UER.

Having been an annual television tradition since the 1950's, the Eurovision Song Contest is one of the world's most popular non-sporting events ever, attracting more viewers than the Super Bowl.

Prime Computer and Apolo Computer are former computer technology companies.

FruityLoops (FL Studio) is one of the digital audio workstations

NTSC, PAL and SECAM are colour television standards.

Both PAL and SECAM have 625 lines, a hundred lines more than NTSC; PAL has 50 frame rates per second, while NTSC has 60.

Some of the test cards include the SMPTE colour bars (NTSC), the circle pattern (PAL/SECAM), the Telefunken PuBK (PAL) and the EBU colour bars.

Industrial Light and Magic (ILM) is one of the best visual effects companies in the world.

NBC Films, CBS Enterprises and ABC Films are syndicated divisions of the Big Three networks.

Video & Audio Communications (Viacom) and Worldvision Enterprises are companies involved with television syndication.

Pacific Data Images (PDI) and Pixar Animation Studios are some of the iconic 3D computer graphics firms in the world.

The New York Institute of Technology (NYIT) is one of the educational institutions.

The Prime Time Access Rule is an American broadcast regulation that the FCC imposed.

What the Prime Time Access Rule means is that the television networks would return early-evening programming half an hour to local stations.

Many effects of the Prime Time Access Rule, some of which have been felt still, have an impact on television:

• The Big Three networks alter the start time for prime time programming, both on weekdays and Saturdays, from 7:30pm to 8:00pm, adopted by later entrants.

• In addition, the Prime Time Access Rule is also a factor in the cancellation of various television programs being geared towards older and rural audiences.

• By cancelling programs being geared towards older and rural audiences, the networks make the decision to target younger urban audiences more profitable to advertisers.

The Financial Interest and Syndication Rules (fin-syn) are a series of regulations being imposed by the Federal Communications Commission on television.

With these fin-syn rules, the FCC kept the Big Three broadcasters from monopolizing the broadcasting landscape by not owning any of the programming in their primetime line-up.

Plus, these fin-syn regulations prevented the networks from airing syndicated programming they had a financial stake in, but also led them to spin off their syndicated divisions.

For example, with the FCC's fin-syn rules, NBC Films was sold to NTA, whilst CBS Enterprises was spun-off into Viacom and ABC Films was sold to Worldvision.

The National Screen Service (NSS) is a company producing film trailers before the 1960's.

NSS' work used important scenes and big text, plus music sourced from the studio music archives and narration in a stentorian voice to accompany the text and moving images.

Cascom, Digital Juice and Envato are stock content houses.

PAMS, JAM Creative Productions, TM Studios, Score Productions, Tuesday Productions, Telesound, HLC/Killer Music and Gari Music Group are some jingle houses.

KPM, Sonoton and Network Music are some of the innovators in the production music industry.

Associated Production Music (APM), Universal Production Music, 5 Alarm Music, Current Music and Nichion are some stock music distributors.

Promusic, TRF Music, Audio Action and MusiCues Corporation are defunct stock music distributors.

Sound Ideas is a Canadian company specializing in sound effects, but also royalty-free music.

Creative Support Services (CSS), Westar Music, Freeplay Music, The Music Bakery, River City Sound Productions, Fresh Music and SmartSound are the other royalty-free music labels.

The EBU/UER believes in unity, solidarity and collaboration.

During the Cold War, the EBU/UER simply comprised broadcasters from Western Europe, such as the BBC, ORTF, Antenne 2, FR3, RAI, ARD, ZDF, SRG SSR, ORF, NOS, BRT, RTBF and JRT.

Yugoslavia was the sole socialist nation among the founding members of the EBU/UER.

Organisation Internationale de Radiodiffusion et de Télévision (OIRT) positioned itself as the Eastern Bloc's response to the EBU/UER during most of the Cold War period.

January 1, 1993 was when this OIRT group merged with the EBU/UER and all of the OIRT members across Eastern Europe were being transferred to the EBU/UER.

Intervision, the television network of this OIRT group, was the Eastern Bloc's response to Eurovision during the Cold War.

The BBC World Service is the international service of the BBC.

Having been the world's largest external broadcaster in terms of reception area, language selection and audience reach, the BBC World Service reports the news from a pro-British perspective.

CNN International is CNN's worldwide version.

With CNN being one of the largest news organizations in the world, CNN International is the leading international news channel in viewership.

Reporting the news from a pro-American perspective, CNN International is seen around the world.

Deutsche Welle (DW) is a state-owned international broadcaster from Germany.

Funded by federal law, Deutsche Welle has always maintained its editorial independence.

Euronews is a television channel, reporting the news from a pro-European perspective.

The Filipino Channel (TFC) is the global television service of ABS-CBN, aimed to provide Filipinos around the world with a wide range of programs sourced from this broadcaster.

GMA Pinoy TV is the global television service of GMA Network, similar to TFC from ABS-CBN.

Channel NewsAsia is an English-language television news channel from MediaCorp and an Asian alternative to Western-based international media.

The American Forces Network (AFN) and the American Forces Radio and Television Service (AFRTS) serve as systems offering radio and television to US military personnel overseas.

Due to its presence in many countries all around the world, including locations where English is not the primary language, AFRTS is a cultural ambassador for the United States.

Newscasts via AFRTS are compiled from American networks, wired services and other sources.

For years, Americans who live overseas have tuned in to AFN as an alternative to the national public broadcasters since American pop culture was rare in the early stages of the post-WWII era.

The British Forces Broadcasting Service (BFBS) is AFN's British answer.

Like AFN, BFBS offers programs to British military personnel worldwide.

Due to its presence in numerous locations all across the world, including areas where English is not the primary language, BFBS is a cultural ambassador for the UK.

Abbey Road, United Western, Cheiron are world-famous and innovative recording studios.

Central European Media Enterprises (CME) is a media company known for introducing Western-style media principles to the Eastern Bloc after communism ended.

Evening sign-offs and morning sign-ons have been landmarks of the television industry for years.

Many television stations begin and end their activities with either the program line-up, a station ID, a prayer, scenic views, news/weather, a clock ID, technical information or an anthem.

During sign-offs, people at home on TV who were not being able to go to bed are invited to tune in to alternate services hosted by their sisters/affiliates for music, news or chat through the night.

The International Television Federation (Intertel) is a former television production agency comprising public broadcasters from the English-speaking world.

Founded in 1960, Intertel was a breakthrough in using ideas

CityTV began its operations in September 1972 with a commitment and a vision to provide Canadian teenagers and young adults with many unconventional programs.

Six years after its 1972 launch, in 1978, CHUM Limited purchased a minority stake in CityTV.

MuchMusic is CityTV's sister service, doubling as the national cable television service and Canada's answer to MTV.

Like MTV, MuchMusic features music videos, interviews and on-screen video jockeys.

Deviating itself from MTV's polished and predictable image, MuchMusic used its live, unscripted and spontaneous approach.

Having started its operations in 1984, 12 years after CityTV's debut in 1972, MuchMusic has played a significant role in Canadian pop culture, influencing music, fashion and youth trends.

In September 1972, CityTV began its operations from 99 Queen Street East in downtown Toronto.

Staying true to their downtown roots, both CityTV and MuchMusic, plus CHUM Limited's television division, moved their operations to 299 Queen Street West in the late-1980's or after 1986.

CityTV's 1978 acquisition by CHUM, which, in 1981, acquired CityTV's majority interest, led to 299 Queen Street West being acquired in 1985 or between 1984 and 1986.

Helping to revitalize 299 Queen Street West as the television headquarters for CHUM Limited and its various outlets like CityTV and MuchMusic was Quadrangle.

While the exterior of 299 Queen Street West has been restored and remains intact, the interior of 299 Queen Street West has been modernized into an innovative media complex.

Designed to have no TV studios, the entire 299 Queen Street West was rigged for video and audio.

Many television productions made by various CHUM assets like CityTV and MuchMusic, all of which emanated from 299 Queen Street West, were presented live on the ground floor or a street level.

Street-level studios are where people in each city's downtown core may look through glass windows to watch either radio or television programs.

CityPulse (now CityNews) is CityTV's highly-acclaimed and award-winning news operation.

Until the late-1980's move to 299, the news anchors on CityPulse sat behind the anchor desk in a dark studio with a television set behind them.

With the move to 299, the anchors on CityPulse started to stand up in (and walk around) the desk-less newsroom studio set featuring various positions.

Amongst the various positions of the innovative desk-less CityPulse newsroom, while at 299, were the unique glass-etched map of the city, the assignment desk and monitor banks.

Plus, the weather forecast on CityPulse during the 299 era was held in an exterior place.

Guglielmo Marconi (d. 1937), Reginald Fessenden (1866-1930's), Philo T. Farnsworth (b. 1906), John Logie Baird and Vladimir K. Zworykin (d. 1980's) are radio and television inventors.

The Thomson-Houston Electric Company merged in the early-1890's with the Edison General Electric Company to form GE, which also formed its worldwide division Thomson Houston International.

During 1893, Compagnie Française Thomson-Houston (CFTH) was established as GE's partner.

Hotchkiss-Brandt merged with CFTH in 1966 to form Thomson-Houston-Hotchkiss-Brandt, renamed Thomson-Brandt.

Just two years after this 1966 merger transaction, in the late-1960's or before 1969, Thomson-Brandt's electronic business merged with CSF to form Thomson-CSF.

RCA was co-founded prior to the 1920's by GE, the Westinghouse Electric Corporation, the American Telephone & Telegraph Company and the United Fruit Company.

Suffering complaints that cross-licensing agreements between RCA, GE and Westinghouse have made illegal monopolies, antitrust charges were brought against them in 1930.

Both GE and Westinghouse divested their ownership of RCA in the early-1930's or before 1933.

With both GE and Westinghouse divesting their ownership in the early-1930's or before 1933, RCA declared its independence.

From its 1926 launch to its 1986 sale, NBC was owned by RCA.

William Wadsworth Hodkinson formed Paramount in 1914, whereas Adolph Zukor formed Famous Players in 1912, and Jesse L. Lasky formed his eponymous studio in 1913.

Just before 1917, Paramount, Famous Players and the Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Company joined together in forming Famous Players-Lasky Corporation.

Paramount Famous Lasky Corporation is the name used in the late-1920's

Darryl Zanuck and Joseph Schenck left United Artists to form 20th Century Pictures in 1933.

Not long after, 20th Century Pictures merged with William Fox's eponymous film studio to form 20th Century-Fox in the mid-1930's or before 1936.

Jack L. Warner and his sons established Warner Bros. Pictures in the mid-1920's or before 1924.

In 1924, Metro Pictures joined forces with the likes of Samuel Goldwyn and Louis B. Mayer to form Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM); this transaction was orchestrated by Marcus Loew.

The Orpheum Circuit was owned by Martin Beck and merged with the holdings of Benjamin Franklin Keith and Edward Franklin Albee II in the late-1920's to form Keith-Albee-Orpheum (KAO).

Film Booking Offices of America (FBO), which was run by Joseph P. Kennedy, joined forces with the Keith-Albee-Orpheum circuit by arrangement with RCA to form Radio-Keith-Orpheum (RKO).

Radio-Keith-Orpheum (RKO), also known as RKO Radio Pictures or RKO Pictures, is one of the Big Five studios, joining Paramount, Warner Bros., MGM and 20th Century-Fox Film Corporation.

DuMont Laboratories (1930's-1960), run partly by Paramount, was likewise a media pioneer.

Balaban and Katz, which is named after A.J. Balaban and Sam Katz, was a division of the Paramount empire since 1926, and later UPT since 1949.

WNBT, WCBW and WPTZ all entered commercial operations in 1941.

Not long after WNBT, WCBW and WPTZ entered commercial operations in 1941, WRGB likewise entered commercial operations in 1942.

David Sarnoff was an influential and instrumental figure in developing both the RCA and NBC media empires, the latter whom he especially founded, led and shaped.

Arthur Judson founded United Independent Broadcasters in the late-1920's or after 1926.

Not long after its launch in the 1920's or after 1926, Columbia Records invested in United Independent Broadcasters, becoming the eponymous Columbia Phonographic Broadcasting System (CPBS).

Issac and Leon Levy took CPBS from Arthur Judson and Columbia in the late-1920's or before 1929.

William S. Paley, who was an in-law of the Levy brothers, turned the CPBS network into the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), and became its majority owner.

Paramount took 49% of the CBS network in 1929, but the Great Depression forced the studio to sell its shares back to the network in the early-1930's or before 1933.

The DuMont Television Network began its regular operations a year after World War II ended.

WABD, WTTG and WDTV are the flagship television stations of the DuMont Television Network.

Unlike the Big Three networks, all of which have their roots in radio, DuMont is a former broadcaster devoted solely to television, with programming that is innovative and creative.

In 1949, WDTV began its operations as the first television station in Pennsylvania's iconic and famous Steel City and this Commonwealth's first network-owned-and-operated television station.

Plus, WDTV started live network programming between multiple US regions by activating the coaxial cable connection from the American Telephone & Telegraph Company.

Just before WDTV began, networks relied on separate regional networks for live programming in both the East and Midwest; the West Coast got live programming from kinescope.

Nicknamed the Golden Spike, the coaxial cable connection from the American Telephone & Telegraph Company linked 13 stations, including WDTV, from the East to the Midwest.

Two years after WDTV's connection, in the early-1950's, the West Coast began to carry live television programming from the East (and the East starting to carry the same from the West).

But the WDTV cable connection, which began upon the station's 1949 launch, marked the launch of a nationally-interconnected television network in the modern era.

In addition to pioneering a modern national television network via the WDTV, DuMont also broke the one-sponsor model and minority programming for minority viewers.

KTLA, the first ever commercial television station located west of the Mississippi River, was initially owned by Paramount's television division called Television Productions, Inc.

Edward J. Noble took control of the NBC Blue Network after 1942, after a decree from the FCC stating that RCA divested itself of one of its networks, and changed its name to ABC.

Under Edward J. Noble, ABC tried to be an innovative and competitive broadcaster, but financial issues and the pressure to compete against longer-established NBC and CBS hampered the network.

Leonard Goldenson's UPT theatre chain merged with ABC in 1953.

Upon its merger with UPT, ABC received financial resources and strategic leadership, revitalizing this network; it also marked a turning point for the DuMont Television Network.

DuMont faced financial problems, partly due to its reliance on UHF channels; it also proposed a merger with UPT-ABC, but Paramount, a major DuMont investor, rejected the deal.

After network service formally ended, DuMont Labs spun off two of its remaining owned-and-operated television stations, WABD and WTTG, to shareholders as the DuMont Broadcasting Corporation.

In 1957, in order to distance itself from the DuMont branding, which was seen as a failure, the DuMont Broadcasting Corporation became the Metropolitan Broadcasting Corporation.

Metropolitan Broadcasting's shares was purchased by John Kluge from Paramount in the late-1950's or after 1957, becoming Metromedia in 1961 or the early-1960's or after 1960.

Under John Kluge, Metromedia diversified its interests.

Rupert Murdoch, who previously acquired 20th Century Fox, also acquired the independent television stations owned by John Kluge's Metromedia empire.

All of the former independent television stations held by John Kluge's Metromedia empire formed the nucleus of the Fox Broadcasting Company.

Plus, the UPT-ABC merger forced Balaban and Katz to sell WBKB to CBS, which also owned WBBM radio; this resulted in the change to WBBM-TV.

Still in Chicago, WGN-TV became an exclusive DuMont affiliate until the mid-1950's or before 1957.

With the format demise of the DuMont network, WGN-TV began using a general entertainment format typical of the other indpendent television stations in the United States and Canada.

Blending sitcoms, dramas, cartoons, films and religious programs with locally-produced newscasts and others, WGN-TV became an alternative to Chicago's network-owned stations.

In addition, WGN-TV became the leading independent station in Chicago for nearly 4 decades.

The UPT/ABC merger also prompted DuMont Labs to sell WDTV to the locally-based Westinghouse Electric Corporation and change its calls to KDKA-TV, after radio station KDKA, in 1954.

With its 1954 sale, KDKA-TV became the flagship television asset of the Westinghouse Broadcasting Company, also known as Group W.

ABC, having merged with UPT, was the first to lure Hollywood studios to television production.

While both NBC and CBS used programming presented live, ABC, particularly after its merger with UPT, used a Hollywood-style approach, focusing on filmed programs.

During his long tenure, Leonard Goldenson developed a unique strategy for ABC, which focused on niche audiences, especially the youth, which both NBC and CBS overlooked.

Barry Diller, whose mentor is Leonard Goldenson, pioneered the made-for television movies and the television miniseries while at ABC.

Leonard Goldberg worked as ABC's programming head from 1966 to 1969.

Fred Silverman spearheaded the rural purge while working at CBS, but he also shifted the network's programming focus towards more urban and younger demographics, keeping its dominance.

Due to his success at CBS, Fred Silverman moved to its rival ABC, where his programming choices likewise caused its turnaround, surging from third place in the ratings to first place.

Just before Fred Silverman, ABC lagged in the ratings behind both NBC and CBS.

Using the combined strategies of both Leonard Goldenson and Fred Silverman, ABC became a major television service, breaking the dominance held by both NBC and CBS.

In addition, Fred Silverman's success, while working at ABC, also prompted local outlets which were affiliated with both NBC and CBS in several markets to switch to ABC.

Charles Dolan and Ted Turner are trailblazers in the cable television business.

A Cleveland native, Charles Dolan began his television career, marketing and distributing sports and industrial films for television syndication before moving to New York.

While living in New York, Charles Dolan came to the realization that, because tall buildings stopped television broadcast signals in the air, Manhattan needed cable.

Teleguide, transmitted via closed-circuit television, offered tourist information, news, interviews and feature interstitials to hotels, and later, apartment and office buildings in the New York area.

Sterling Manhattan Cable was the first cable television system in America to earn cable lines located underground in urban areas, rather than via microwave antennas or on telephone poles. 

With the financial backing made by Time-Life, Inc., which serves as Time's book publishing division, Sterling Manhattan Cable was one of the company's first cable outlets.

Despite investments, Sterling Manhattan suffered a loss of money.

In 1969, Sterling Communications took a 49% stake in Sterling Manhattan held by Time-Life, which, concurrently, increased its share in Sterling Communications.

Later, Charles Dolan began proposing a cable television service that would provide unedited theatrical movies from the major Hollywood studios and live sports, all without commercial interruptions.

HBO began its operations on November 8, 1972 under Charles Dolan's own Sterling Communications empire, spun off in February 1973 and sold to Time, Inc. on September 18, 1973.

On September 30, 1975, HBO uplinked its feed via satellite across the nation.

Prior to HBO's satellite uplink, cable television services use microwave antennas to carry its signal.

But HBO's satellite uplink made it the first cable television service to carry its signal across the entire nation via satellite.

Jack M. Rice Jr., who owned locally-based pay television companies in Atlanta, launched a television station with the call letters named in his honour.

Initially running on a shoestring budget, WJRJ-TV suffered technical issues.

Turner Communications Corporation, a media empire run by the eponymous Ted Turner, who was an Atlanta entrepreneur, announced an agreement to merge with Rice Broadcasting in July 1969.

Upon the FCC's approval in December 1969, the calls WTCG were chosen to replace WJRJ-TV.

When his media empire agreed to merge with Rice Broadcasting in July 1969, Ted Turner had run the billboard advertising business founded by his deceased father, plus a few radio stations.

However, for Ted Turner himself, WTCG was the first television property.

The WTCG call letters reportedly stood for "Watch This Channel Grow," although the TCG in its calls officially stood for Turner Communications Group.

A year after HBO's satellite uplink, Ted Turner's local television station did the same.

For Ted Turner's own local television outlet, its national uplink via satellite was the launchpad for basic cable television, just as HBO's was the launchpad for the entire satellite-delivered cable business.

Dave Garroway, a radio disc jockey at WMAQ-AM, moved to television with the eponymous program known as Garroway at Large, which began in 1949.

Garroway at Large, which aired every week at 10pm from the WMAQ-TV studios in Chicago, notably introduced an innovative presentation and staging to television through Dave Garroway.

Saturday is when Garroway at Large Dave Garroway, aired, and later, Sundays and Fridays.

When television first began in New York City, programs seen on the medium used/adopted the frequent theatrical proscenium concept, separating the stage from the audience area.

After World War II, several programs originated from Chicago, where Dave Garroway was a radio disc jockey on WMAQ-AM.

Through his own innovative Garroway at Large television program, Dave Garroway circumvented the conventions for a more casual approach in which the reality of the studio was acknowledged.

Followed by a single camera, Dave Garroway, in his own Garroway at Large program, walked around large studios and simple abstract sets as he directly talked to guests and television viewers.

Known as the Chicago Style, this live staging technique, made for Dave Garroway's own Garroway at Large program, was developed further through his other innovative program called Today.

During its initial years, NBC's Today program emanated from the RCA Exhibition Hall.

In the first ever studio used for NBC's Today program from the RCA Exhibition Hall was an open-plan working area with teletypes, wall clocks and workstations all visible (and audible) on the air.

Many people all around the United States described this open-plan working area in the first studio ever utilized for NBC's Today program from the RCA Exhibition Hall as television's command centre.

Plus, this open-plan working area in the first studio ever used for NBC's Today program from the RCA Exhibition Hall was described by Dave Garroway as "the nerve centre of the world."

Based at Rockefeller Plaza and West 49th Street in New York's Midtown Manhattan portion, the RCA Exhibition Hall was down the block from the current studio used for NBC's Today program.

Over the years, this working area in the first studio for NBC's Today program emanating from the RCA Exhibition Hall has become working newsrooms, though not as immersive as its original space.

Instead, working television newsrooms are usually placed directly behind the news anchor desk, with a physical or a imaginary divider between the studio and newsroom area.

Layouts for working television newsrooms include glass separating them from the broadcast area.

However, designs placing news anchors in the middle of the newsroom have been used by numerous programs over the years - in varying degrees.

Plus, television stations feature camera positions placed more inside newsroom areas; often called flash cams, they are used for live reports/updates, as well as prerecorded teases and promos.

Newsrooms are used by TV stations for temporary sets, whereas primary studios are being renovated or updated with a new set or equipment.

A similar idea is also often used for working weather centres in modern television studio sets.

When NBC's Today program started in the 1950's, weather centres did not utilize chroma key, since it requires, by definition, colour cameras.

Upon its debut in early-1950's, NBC's Today program utilized panels, with printed maps, handwritten notations and movable cutout pieces to symbolize weather conditions.

On many local news studio sets, the weather team works in the studio from built-in workstations and video panels, while usually starting/ending their weather reports from in front of a working area.

Many weather centres use a desk or pod allowing weather forecasters to appear on screen, facing the camera, while also viewing computer monitors and manipulating graphics/maps in realtime.

Street-level and windowed studios, meanwhile, are still used from now on.

Technically, all Big Three networks have their morning newscasts from street-level studio sets.

Local US television stations also have street-level and windowed studios, though they often serve as secondary sets or double as a satellite operation for the station's main newsroom.

In many ways, however, these street-level and windowed studios serve more as a highly visual public showcase for the local station rather than using the view as a primary backdrop.

Many of these street-level and windowed studios feature sets, built inside of a traditional windowless studio and having looked much indifferent for all intents and purposes.

The news ticker being used when NBC's Today program first began was an actual piece of paper with typewritten headlines superimposed on the lower third of the screen.

Between the 1960's and the 1980's, the structure and graphics of television news changed.

For newscasts, a presentation style in which scrolling graphics or video consuming the solo screen has evoled into smaller text-to-picture composite graphics positioned alongside the anchor.

During the 1980's, television news presentation changed again (mainly due to advances in production technology and increased competition).

Many of the news studio sets have incorporated elements resembling a command centre, in particular since the 1980's, including video monitors and displays.

J. Fred Muggs, a chimpanzee, is a mascot of NBC's Today program from 1953 to 1957.

Although his tenure as a mascot of NBC's Today program was a short-lived one, J. Fred Muggs was popular among children.

During its first 48 years from the early-1950's or before 1953 to before 2001, NBC's Today program lasted two hours from 7 a.m. to 9 a.m. Eastern Time.

In the mid-1990's or after 1993, Today moved to a street-level location at Rockefeller Plaza, which is known as the Window on the World, recalling the program's early-1950's origins.

Some television programs in which Dave Garroway was involved, including Garroway at Large and Today, influenced modern broadcast design, like CNN and CityTV/MuchMusic.

MCA's Revue Studios was the largest independent television production company in the US.

Desilu, the eponymous television company from Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz, was the second-biggest independent television company in the US behind MCA's Revue Studios.

With Universal's 1962 sale to MCA and Revue's transformation into Universal's television arm, Desilu became and remained the largest independent television production company in the United States.

Gulf+Western (then Paramount's parent company) took Desilu and transformed itself into Paramount's television production arm, rebranding the company as the original Paramount Television.

John Reith, the BBC's first Director-General, developed the eponymous policy called Reithianism.

Reithianism means that, at a time when local radio outlets in the US, Canada and Australia drew large people cheering for their local team, the BBC emphasized service for a national audience.

The BBC Television Service started its regular operations in 1936, just before a wartime closure in the late-1930's or after 1938, only to return a year after WWII's 1945 end.

Alexandra Palace is the base for the first regular television service in the world from the BBC.

During his short-lived, but successful run as the BBC's second post-war television controller, Norman Collins made the first steps for television into becoming a truly mass medium.

Major steps made under Norman Collins as the BBC's television controller were increasing television license numbers and the expansion beyond London into other major cities.

Plus, under Norman Collins, the BBC became one of the first members of the EBU/UER.

The BBC opened its second television transmitter at Sutton Coldfield in 1949.

With the 1949 opening of the Sutton Coldfield transmitter, for the first time, BBC Television became available to viewers outside London and the South East.

Plus, the BBC opened its third television transmitter at Holme Moss after Sutton Coldfield.

By opening the Holme Moss transmitter, BBC Television became available for the first time to viewers across the North.

Subsequently, the BBC opened their television transmitters in Kirk O'Shotts, Wenvoe and Divis, which made it available for the first time to Scotland, Wales, the West and Northern Ireland.

EBU/UER membership was for broadcasters, other than governments; early delegates said that these meetings were cordial and professional and very different from the abrupt tone of its precursors.

August 1950 was when the BBC Television Service aired the first ever outside broadcast all over the English Channel to mark the centenary of the first cross-channel telegraph message.

On June 2, 1953, the BBC covered the Queen's coronation on television, the first fully witnessed.

Coverage of the June 2, 1953 coronation of the Queen from BBC Television was carried all around the United Kingdom, including, for the first time, regions beyond London and the South East.

In addition, the BBC's coverage of the June 2, 1953 coronation of the Queen was seen all over Western Europe via a network of relay stations.

Footage of the Queen's coronation was in Canada, the United States and Australia for later broadcasts.

Plus, the BBC's television coverage of the Queen's coronation led to the 1954 debut of the Eurovision network from the European Broadcasting Union.

Jaunty commercials interrupted the US television coverage of the British coronation; one of them was a commercial starring NBC's J. Fred Muggs, sparking criticism, especially from the British public.

For the British public, featuring J. Fred Muggs in one of the jaunty commercials that interrupted the US television coverage of the coronation led to debate about the prospect of an alternative to the BBC.

Ultimately, ITV arose from the debate made in response to the tactic made by J. Fred Muggs, who was featured in one of the jaunty commercials interrupting the coronation coverage in America.

An alternative to the BBC's public service model, ITV aired programs from the American networks.

The 1960 presidential debates pitted the young John F. Kennedy against the elite Richard Nixon.

Before the 1960 presidential debates, television was synonymous with entertainment, but these debates proved that television was also a source for serious news and information.

On July 10, 1962, Telstar 1 was launched as the first communications satellite in the world.

Some of the innovations for Telstar 1 include the first television pictures, telephone calls and telegraph images being relayed through space, plus the first live transatlantic television broadcast.

Whereas Telstar 1 was an innovative satellite for transmitting live television signals across the Atlantic Ocean, Syncom 2 and Syncom 3 were the first in both geosynchronous and geostationary orbits.

Intelsat 1 (Early Bird) was the world's first commercial geosynchronous communications satellite.

Using Telstar 1 and its successors, including Syncom 2/3 and Intelsat 1, live television news coverage from around the world became a reality, from elections to wars to sporting events.

Roger Ailes started his television career at Group W/Westinghouse Broadcasting in both Cleveland and Philadelphia, the two cities in which The Mike Douglas Show was produced.

One of the most notable guests on The Mike Douglas Show was Richard Nixon, for whom Roger Ailes became the media consultant during his successful second presidential election campaign.

Having been a pioneer in framing campaign issues, Roger Ailes' efforts in Richard Nixon's successful presidential campaign marked his first venture into politics.

An anti-telegenic presence, Richard Nixon had assembled media experts like Roger Ailes to help him master television's visuals.

For Richard Nixon, this successful political comeback in his second presidential campaign was 8 years after his 1960 presidential election loss, and 6 years after his 1962 gubernatorial election loss.

Some major factors for Richard Nixon's 1960 presidential election loss are cited, one of them being his poor performance being suffered in the first of the 1960 presidential debates.

The successful second presidential election campaign for Richard Nixon was the first foray into media with a conservative slant for Roger Ailes.

Plus, Roger Ailes briefly worked for Television News Inc. in 1975.

Joseph Coors, who held the Coors Brewing Company, held a majority stake in Television News Inc., a conservative alternative to the Big Three networks, whose news output was liberal.

The origins of ZDF dates back to the late-1950's period, when Konrad Adenauer began preparing for a second national West German television service to rival ARD.

Freies Fernsehen Gesellschaft (FFG) is the name of a proposed West German television service, which was founded in July 1960.

Opponents consider FFG to be Adenauer-Fernsehen (Adenauer's television).

When FFG was founded in July 1960 after preparations started, Konrad Adenauer believed that ARD's news coverage was perceived to be too critical of his government.

DPA and NWDR - two companies responsible for ARD's news reporting - were also critical of Konrad Adenauer and his government.

In February 1961, this plan for FFG was blocked, but in March, the states decided to begin a nonprofit public television service free of Konrad Adenauer's effort.

June 6, 1961 was when the state premiers signed an interstate agreement to establish ZDF.

Two years after the agreement, in the mid-1960's or after 1962, ZDF officially began its operations.

FFG would have aired an morning program at 6 a.m. and would have been consulted by the American broadcaster CBS on programming conception and production.

Plus, FFG would have had an evening newscast at 7:30 p.m. and again at 10 p.m.

Despite being blocked, FFG's plans, which include a morning program at 6 p.m. and using American broadcasters as consultants, are innovative trends.

Vzglyad is an innovative and progressive television program in the Soviet Union during the reformist tenure of Mikhail Gorbachev through glasnost and perestroika.

Some of the people masterminding Vzglyad include Vladislav Listyev and Alexander Lyubimov.

By blending the journalistic rigor of 60 Minutes with the modern style of MTV, Vzglyad is a television trailblazer in the Eastern Bloc.

In other words, Vzglyad influenced other Eastern Bloc media outlets to adopt a more open and modern approach.

This Vzglyad program tackles previously forbidden topics, including social issues; its concept is more informal and engaging than traditional Soviet television, appealing to a younger audience.

Due to Vzglyad's popularity and its influence, public opinion in the Eastern Bloc, including the Soviet Union, has been reshaped, and further reforms came up.

7 Days started in 1989 as a separate, different program from the traditional Soviet television newscast Vremya.

2x2 is the first ever television channel in both the Soviet Union and Russia to be funded by advertising revenue from its launch, but also the first to have programming content not controlled by the state.

Launched in November 1989, 2x2 showed music videos, together with repeated program blocks, in an unusual format called background television.

Although founded by state order, 2x2 operated as a non-state-controlled channel in the Soviet Union.

Kinescope is the process used to film the television screen, but it is cumbersome and expensive; both quadruplex and the Ampex VRX-1000 are solutions to these limitations.

With both quadruplex and the Ampex VRX-1000, television quality improved.

For Type C videotape, it is smaller, easier to operate and provides slightly higher video quality than quadruplex.

Plus, Type C performs functions that quadruplex has not, like still and slow-motion playback.

Trinitron is the brand name for Sony's system of television sets.

Some of the notable innovations for Sony's Trinitron system of television sets include vertical bars, one electron gun, an aperture grille and a flatter screen surface in design.

With these innovations, Trinition is an advancement in colour television technology.

Before Sony's Trinitron system, early television sets featured dots, three electron guns, a curved screen surface in design and a shadow mask; these resulted in a dimmed and grainy picture quality.

However, with Sony's Trinitron system, television sets have found solutions to these issues.

FD Trinitron/WEGA is Sony's flat incarnation of this Trinitron system, which featured a flatter screen surface and further improvements to the electron gun, the aperture grille and the deflection yoke.

The Texaco Star Theatre, I Love Lucy, the coronation of the Queen, the 1960 debates, Telstar, Syncom and Intelsat are key moments that solidified television's place in pop culture.

Gary Bautell is one of the former AFN disc jockeys, having worked at AFN Europe since 1962.

Upon Gary Bautell's arrival at AFN in November 1962, European radio played staid and stale music.

Initially limited to American military personnel, both Gary Bautell and AFN Europe brought American music, like jazz and swing, to European audiences, some of which were previously banned.

Having worked in Germany for over 50 years, Gary Bautell had been involved in promoting relations between Germany and the United States.

Plus, Gary Bautell, once known as "the voice of the U.S. military in Europe," influenced German pop culture, especially introducing elements in American pop culture.

Chris Noel is also a former AFN disc jockey, having worked at the American Forces Vietnam Network during the 1960's, but also sometimes called "the next Marilyn Monroe."

From 1966 or the mid-1960's to before 1972, Chris Noel hosted her own radio program on AFVN.

Tom Lewis scraped personnel and equipment to begin AFRTS via his wife Loretta Young.

For Marilyn Monroe, her beauty and premature death contribute to her status as an iconic figure.

In nostalgia, smoking cigarettes are icons of youth, rebellion, elegance, sexuality and style, especially when associated with people like Marilyn Monroe and James Dean.

Whilst cultural icons like Marilyn Monroe, James Dean, Elvis Presley, Michael Jackson and Whitney Houston are not eternally youthful in physical sense, their deaths have preserve their youth.

Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley, Michael Jackson, Madonna, Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey, Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera are cultural icons for teens and young adults.

Since the 1990's, pop/rock songs have used instrumental intros featuring soulful vocal riffs, runs and melisma before the main melody, inspired by Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey and Celine Dion.

For the last chorus of a pop song since the 1990's, the backup singers have harmonized with the lead singer doing soulful vocals, inspired by Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey and Celine Dion.

Riffs, runs and melisma, described as soulful vocal techniques, are accompanied by vocalizations.