Viktoria Skaper

Viktoria Skaper (b. 1997) is a Canadian publicist.

Hollywood

Louis Lumiere (1860's-1948) and Auguste Lumiere (1862-1954) are film innovators.

D.W. Griffith (d. 1948), Léon Gaumont (b. 1860's) and Charles Pathé (1860's-1957) are likewise film innovators.

Eadweard Muybridge (d. 1900's) and Louis Le Prince (1841-1890/1897) are film innovators as well.

Guglielmo Marconi (d. 1937), Reginald Fessenden (1866-1930's), Philo T. Farnsworth (b. 1906), John Logie Baird and Vladimir K. Zworykin (d. 1980's) are radio and television inventors.

Adolph Zukor, Jesse L. Lasky (d. 1950's) and William Wadsworth Hodkinson are some of the best and most influential media moguls in history.

Barney Balaban, A.J. Balaban (d. 1962) and Sam Katz (1890's-1961) are movie-exhibition pioneers.

William Fox (d. 1950's) and Darryl F. Zanuck (b. 1902) are likewise media moguls.

Jack Warner (1890's-1978) is also one of the most successful media moguls ever, whose other brothers include Sam Warner (d. 1920's), Harry Warner (d. 1950's) and Albert Warner (d. 1960's).

Benjamin Franklin Keith (d. 1914), Edward Franklin Albee II (d. 1930) and Martin Beck (b. 1860's) are likewise film pioneers.

Samuel Goldwyn (d. 1974), Louis B. Mayer (d. 1957) and Marcus Loew are the other media moguls.

Carl Laemmle (d. 1930's), Harry Cohn (1890's-1950's) and J. Arthur Rank (d. 1972) are likewise media moguls.

David O. Selznick (1902-1960's), Cecil B. DeMille (d. 1950's) and Merian C. Cooper (1893-1973) are likewise film pioneers.

Billy Wilder (1906-2002) and Otto Preminger (1905-1986) are Austrian-American film directors.

Michael Curtiz (d. 1962), William Wyler (1902-1981) and John Huston (1906-1980's) are also famous Hollywood directors.

Elia Kazan (b. 1909) and Arthur Miller (d. 2005) are trailblazers in both Broadway and Hollywood.

George Cukor (1890's-1980's), Victor Fleming (d. 1949), Sam Wood (d. 1949) and Fred Zinnemann (1900's-1997) are also Hollywood trailblazers.

Akira Kurosawa (d. 1998), Sergei Eisenstein (1898-1948) and Satyajit Ray (1921-1990's) are likewise influential filmmakers.

John Grierson (1898-1972) and Alexander Korda (1893-1950's) are British film pioneers.

Steven Spielberg, Francis Ford Coppola (b. 1930's) and George Lucas (b. 1942) are Hollywood's most influential visionaries.

Peter Bodganovich (1930's-2022) and William Friedkin (1930's-2020's) are also Hollywood directors.

Rooster

Rooster is one of the 12 Chinese zodiacs, but also the zodiac having the longest word among the 12 in English, because it uses 7 letters.

1897, 1909, 1921, 1933, 1945, 1957, 1969, 1981, 1993, 2005, 2017 and 2029 are some of the notable years of the Rooster.

Chicken and cockerel are both used to refer to the Chinese zodiac Rooster.

Britney Spears, Justin Timberlake, Beyoncé, Kelly Rowland, Jennifer Lopez, Paris Hilton and Ariana Grande are some celebrities born in years of the Chinese zodiac Rooster

Ox

Ox is one of the 12 Chinese zodiac animals, also the shortest word among the 12 in English.

1901, 1913, 1925, 1937, 1949, 1961, 1973, 1985, 1997, 2009 and 2021 are some of the notable years covering the Chinese zodiac Ox.

Water buffalo is one of the 12 Vietnamese zodiac animals, but also the longest word among the 12 in English, different in name from the Chinese zodiac Ox.

Latin American Boom

Mario Vargas Llosa and Gabriel Garcia Marquez are authors in the Latin American Boom, hailing from Colombia and Peru.

Julio Cortazar and Carlos Fuentes are likewise authors in the Latin American Boom, both of whom hail from Mexico and Argentina.

Chile, also in Ibero-America, is also the place for Jose Donoso, also in the Latin American Boom

Lynda Trang Dai

Lynda Trang Dai (b. 1960's) is a popular and an unconventional singer in Vietnamese music.

Having taken cues from Madonna, Lynda Trang Dai is one of the first singers in the Vietnamese music scene not to use the status quo, using crop tops and full-on Western-style makeup.

Marilyn Monroe is a key inspiration for Madonna, and in turn, Madonna is a key inspiration for Lynda Trang Dai.

Since the 1980's, female Vietnamese singers, including those in its diaspora, like Lynda Trang Dai, for esample, have been influenced by Madonna, who, in turn, is inspired by Marilyn Monroe.

Known as the Vietnamese Madonna, Lynda Trang Dai has endured controversy within the Vietnamese community with her on-stage persona, which contrasts with Vietnamese cultural norms.

In her normal life, Lynda Trang Dai maintains a more traditional Vietnamese lifestyle.

Some people within the Vietnamese community, in particular younger generations, regard Lynda Trang Dai for her role in bridging both American and Vietnamese cultures.

American Forces Network

The American Forces Network (AFN) and the American Forces Radio and Television Service (AFRTS) serve as systems offering radio and television to US military personnel overseas.

Due to its presence in many countries all around the world, including locations where English is not the primary language, AFRTS is a cultural ambassador for the United States.

Newscasts via AFRTS are compiled from American networks, wired services and other sources.

For years, Americans who live overseas have tuned in to AFN as an alternative to the national public broadcasters since American pop culture was rare in the early stages of the post-WWII era.

The British Forces Broadcasting Service (BFBS) is AFN's British answer.

Like AFN, BFBS offers programs to British military personnel worldwide.

Due to its presence in numerous locations all across the world, including areas where English is not the primary language, BFBS is a cultural ambassador for the UK.

AFN has been the best and most effective way people all around the world could get American culture since May 26, 1942; in fact, many of the best global celebrities were influenced by AFN.

Famous advertising executive Tom Lewis utilized his Hollywood connections to launch the worldwide AFRTS system on May 26, 1942.

1953 was when AFRTS entered television, with a station at Limestone Air Force Base in Maine.

From 1942 to 1954, AFRTS was called the Armed Forces Radio Service (AFRS).

By adding television to this mission, AFRS became known as the Armed Forces Radio and Television Service (AFRTS) in 1954.

In 1969 or the late-1960's, a small name change for AFRTS resulted in it being known as the American Forces Radio and Television Service; in the early-1980's or after 1981, its name reverted to Armed.

AFRTS reverted its name to American before 2001; in 2017 or the late-2010's, AFRTS became AFN.

The American Forces Network Europe, usually known as AFN Europe, is one of the affiliates of the worldwide AFRTS system.

AFN Munich is one of the AFN Europe stations.

Southern European Broadcasting (SEB) and the Blue Danube Network (BDN) are the other AFRTS outlets based in Europe.

From its 1942 inception, Hollywood was the base for AFRTS.

In 1986, AFRTS relocated its operations to the Sun Valley portion of Los Angeles.

With this relocation of its operations from Hollywood to Sun Valley in 1986, the AFRTS Programming Centre became the AFRTS Broadcast Centre (AFRTS-BC).

Initially, AFN Europe came from London, using equipment and studio facilities from the BBC.

Soon, AFN Europe's operational headquarters moved to Paris, though its administrative headquarters remained in London.

Moving from London to Frankfurt, where it operated from a confiscated house, in August 1945, AFN Europe then moved its headquarters to Frankfurt's medieval Höchst Castle a year later.

Frankfurt's Höchst Castle was/is the first ever proper headquarters for AFN Europe located in post-war Germany, but also the most remembered and well-loved location AFN had ever had.

In 1966, AFN Europe relocated its headquarters from this well-loved Höchst Castle to its new home in Dornbusch, which is north of Frankfurt's downtown core.

Built in a more modern and open design than the famous and well-loved Höchst Castle, AFN Europe's headquarters at Dornbusch in Frankfurt lasted 38 years since its move in 1966.

Just before 2005, after nearly 60 years at its iconic and famous Frankfurt home, AFN Europe made the relocation of its headquarters to Coleman Barracks in Mannheim.

2014 was when (after a decade at Coleman Barracks in Mannheim) AFN Europe made the move of its headquarters to Sembach Kaserne, which is located in Sembach near Kaiserslautern.

Since November 1945, BDN had been popular among American troops and Austrian citizens with its American programming line-up, but ended in the mid-1950's after 1954.

Although famous Hollywood stars have kept US troops entertained through the AFRTS system, it also introduced American citizens to famous faces involved with AFN.

Whitney Houston and Mariah Carey are also pop culture icons.

Some Whitney Houston trademarks are her beautiful smile and her soulful mezzo-soprano vocals.

Through her powerful and soulful singing voice, her charisma and charm, Whitney Houston impresses many people across the world, especially America.

Oversinging is a trend aimed at vocal styles dominating the music they are performed in.

Riffs, runs, melisma and belting are some vocal styles most frequently associated with the oversinging trend, all popularized by Whitney Houston.

In addition, Whitney Houston popularized the big voice, little woman trend, also being used by Aretha Franklin, who is a frend and collaborator of her mother Cissy Houston.

The Voice is one of Whitney Houston's nicknames, along with Nippy and The Prom Queen of Soul.

Known as the "Songbird Supreme," Mariah Carey impresses many people across the world, especially America, with her melismatic singing style and her use of the whistle register.

Marilyn Monroe is one of Mariah Carey's major inspirations.

Both Marilyn Monroe and Mariah Carey utilize moles/beauty marks under their cheekbones; they also have their given names begin with the letters M, A, R and I.

Furthermore, Mariah Carey has Marilyn Monroe's piano, but also has her daughter being named after Marilyn Monroe.

Lambs are Mariah Carey's dedicated fanbase.

For years, both Whitney Houston and Mariah Carey have left their mark on pop culture in the Western world and beyond, inspiring countless artists and shaping music and other pop culture forms.

Plus, the influences involving the likes of both Whitney Houston and Mariah Carey on pop culture are undeniable, like Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley, The Beatles, Michael Jackson and Madonna.

Riffs, runs and melisma are soulful singing trends used by both Whitney Houston and Mariah Carey.

Respect, which was originally performed by Otis Redding, was popularized by Aretha Franklin as her signature tune, doubling as a anthem for girls/women.

Off the Wall, Thriller and Bad are Michael Jackson's Epic albums that achieve critical and commercial successes and earn legendary status, all co-produced by Quincy Jones.

The first of three albums being released for Michael Jackson by CBS' Epic Records label, Off the Wall established him as a pop star, also marking a transition from a child icon to a mature solo artist.

Plus, Off the Wall is a significant departure from Michael Jackson's former work for Motown, but also represents a major breakthrough for him.

Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough is Michael Jackson's first solo tune where he had full creative control.

For his second album released by Epic Records, Thriller significantly cemented Michael Jackson's pop culture status, largely due to the innovative music videos accompanying this album.

Billie Jean, Beat It and Human Nature, aside from the title track, are some tunes for Michael Jackson's Thriller album.

The music video for Michael Jackson's Billie Jean, directed by Steve Barron, is the first ever by a black artist to earn heavy rotation on MTV.

Due to the huge success and popularity of Michael Jackson's Billie Jean music video (plus many others from his Thriller album), MTV's initial focus on white artists was broken down.

At the same time, the music video for Michael Jackson's Beat It, directed by Bob Giraldi and filmed in Los Angeles, established the pop star as an international icon.

Michael Jackson's Thriller music video, directed by famous film director John Landis, sealed MTV's position as a major cultural force and revolutionized music video production.

Praised for its innovative production, its stunning choreography and its cinematic approach, Michael Jackson's Thriller music video inspired countless artists and directors to emulate its style.

Taking responsibility for the choreography in Michael Jackson's innovative and groundbreaking music videos Beat It and Thriller was Michael Peters.

Bad, which is Michael Jackson's third Epic album, represents a shift towards a more mature and edgy image, departing from his boyish persona.

Whitney Houston's rendition of Saving All My Love for You is her first ever number one single on the Billboard Hot 100, but also her worldwide breakthrough.

How Will I Know is Whitney Houston's second chart-topping hit, which is accompanied by a colourful music video, directed by Brian Grant and choreographed by Arlene Phillips.

The music video for How Will I Know was Whitney Houston's first to receive heavy rotation on MTV, which gave her exposure to teenagers and made her the first black woman to do so.

I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me) is a shift for Whitney Houston by reaching a wider audience with a more pop-oriented music sound after hits with ballads on her debut album.

George Merrill, Shannon Rubicam and Narada Michael Walden are the masterminds behind Whitney Houston's upbeat tunes: How Will I Know and I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me).

The soulful rendition of the Dolly Parton song I Will Always Love You serves as Whitney Houston's signature tune, but also a cultural phenomenon.

Vision of Love, which is Mariah Carey's first single, is also the tune popularizing vocal riffs, runs and melisma in mainstream pop music, styles also notably shared with Whitney Houston.

Co-written by Mariah Carey and Ben Margulies, Vision of Love is regarded as the blueprint for future singing girls utilizing her techniques.

Someday (1990) is Mariah Carey's first upbeat single, also for her self-titled debut album.

Emotions is Mariah Carey's sophomore album, which, besides its title track, features others like Can't Let Go, Make It Happen, etc.

Music Box features one of Mariah Carey's most inspirational ballads called Hero.

The music video for Mariah Carey's 1998 cover version of the 1980's tune I Still Believe, for whose original version she sings background vocals, is inspired by Marilyn Monroe's 1954 USO tour.

Years later, Mariah Carey made a surprise appearance in the musical iteration of the 1950's Marilyn Monroe film Some Like It Hot, which she joined in November 2022 as a co-producer.

Plus, Marilyn Monroe's 1954 USO tour, as covered by the American Forces Network, inspires Mariah Carey's music video for I Still Believe.

Gary Bautell is one of the former AFN disc jockeys, having worked at AFN Europe since 1962.

During Gary Bautell's first few decades, German radio played traditional music.

Though broadcasting was limited to American military personnel, both Gary Bautell and AFN Europe introduced American music to German listeners.

Having worked in Germany for over 50 years, Gary Bautell had been involved in promoting relations between Germany and the United States.

Plus, Gary Bautell, once known as "the voice of the U.S. military in Europe," influenced German pop culture, especially introducing elements in American pop culture.

Chris Noel is also a former AFN disc jockey, having worked at the American Forces Vietnam Network during the 1960's, but also sometimes called "the next Marilyn Monroe."

From 1966 or the mid-1960's to before 1972, Chris Noel hosted her own radio program on AFVN.

Advertising history

J. Walter Thompson (d. 1920's) is the namesake of the world-famous advertising agency.

Maurice Saatchi and Charles Saatchi are namesakes of the equally world-famous advertising agency called Saatchi & Saatchi.

Daniel Lord (d. 1930) and Ambrose Thomas are also namesakes of the advertising agency.

Albert Lasker (d. 1950's) is a pioneer of the modern advertising trend.

Maurice Needham (d. 1966), John J. Louis (1890's-1950's) and Melvin Brorby (1890's-1996) are the namesakes of the Chicago-based advertising agency.

Emerson H. Foote (1906-1990's), Fairfax H. Cone (1900's-1977) and Don Belding (1897-1969) are the namesakes of the advertising agency called FCB, which rose from the ashes of Lord & Thomas.

David Ogilvy (d. 1990's) and Edmund Mather are the namesakes of another advertising agency.

William G. Tragos, Claude Bonnange, Uli Wiesendanger and Paolo Ajroldi use the first letter of their surnames for the advertising agency called TBWA.

John Orr Young and Raymond Rubicam (1890's-1978) are also advertising masters.

Michael Manton (1920's-2013), David Kingsley (1929-2014) and Brian Palmer (1929-2014) are also advertising masters.

Marcel Bleustein-Blanchet (1906-1996) and Maurice Levy (b. 1942) are also advertising trailblazers.

Frank Campbell (d. 1950's), Henry Ewald (d. 1953) and Karl Eller (1920's-2010's) are also advertising executives.

Jay Chiat (1930's-2002) is one-half of the eponymous advertising agency.

Chiat/Day developed its own innovative advertising style fused with pop culture.

George Batten (d. 1918), Bruce Barton (d. 1960's), Roy Sarles Durstine (d. 1962) and Alex Faickney Osborn (d. 1966) are namesakes of the advertising agency called BBDO.

Hill Blackett (1890's-1960's) and John Glen Sample (b. 1890's) are also advertising masters.

Frank Hummert (d. 1966), Howard M. Dancer and Clifford Fitzgerald are also involved in an agency being co-run by Hill Blackett and John Glen Sample.

James Doyle (1902-1989), Maxwell Dane (b. 1906) and Bill Bernbach (d. 1980's) are namesakes of an equally world-famous advertising agency called DDB Worldwide.

Alan Morris (b. 1942) and Allan Johnston are namesakes of an advertising agency called Mojo.

Mojo created its own unique cinematic style imitated by other agencies in the advertising business.

The Australian advertising answers to both John Lennon and Paul McCartney from The Beatles, both Alan Morris and Allan Johnston from Mojo changed the advertising world.

John Pearce, Ronnie Dickenson and John Collett are the namesakes of another advertising agency.

Frank Lowe (b. 1941) worked at Collett Dickenson Pearce, before starting the eponymous agency.

Brian Monahan, Lyle Dayman and Phillip Adams (b. 1930's) are namesakes of another agency.

In the late-1980's, Monahan Dayman Adams (MDA) merged with Mojo, which, in turn, merged with Chiat/Day in 1989.

Mojo/MDA was sold by Chiat/Day to FCB in the early-1990's or before 1993, after its 1989 merger.

Another three years after Mojo/MDA's early-1990's sale to FCB, TBWA merged with Chiat/Day in the mid-1990's or before 1996.

John Bartle, Nigel Bogle and John Hegarty are namesakes of the world-famous advertising agency.

Ian Batey (b. 1937) and Michael Ball (1936-2010's) are men who changed advertising in Asia.

William Morris (d. circa 1929) and William Morris Jr. (1890's-1989) are some entertainment agents.

Michael Ovitz, Ronald Meyer, Nat Lefowitz (1905-1980's) and Ted Ashley (1920's-2002) are the other entertainment agents.

The first real television commercial in both the US and the entire world is an advertisement for Bulova watches, lasting 10 seconds and seen on WNBT on its July 1, 1941 launch.

Crossing the pond, television commercials began with an advertisement for Gibbs S.R. on ITV.

In 1969, an advertisement for Birds Eye peas was Britain's first colour television commercial, which featured a young girl and the tagline: We pick 'em younger.

Moving down under, the approach being made by Mojo, which was co-run by Alan Morris and Allan Johnston, eschewed the influences of both the American and the British advertising industries.

During the Cold War period, television commercials seen across the Eastern Bloc have low production values; many of them were shot on video, especially during the 1980's, and some were on film.

But in the post-Cold War era, television commercials seen across the Eastern Bloc started to have high production values; many of them being shot on film in Western quality looked like US ones.

Changes for advertising across the Eastern Bloc in the post-Cold War era have made production values become more in line with television commercials seen across the Western world.

Historic television aspects

The Texaco Star Theatre is a program with Texaco as its title sponsor, first aired on radio from 1938 to 1949, and then on television from 1948 to the mid-1950's or before 1957.

With Milton Berle hosting the Texaco Star Theatre, television's popularity grew.

Being the host of the Texaco Star Theatre, Milton Berle is American television's first major star.

The television version of the Texaco Star Theatre, with Milton Berle, was seen on NBC every Tuesday night.

Presented from NBC's 30 Rockefeller Plaza headquarters in New York, the television iteration of the Texaco Star Theatre, hosted by Milton Berle, is television's first major hit.

I Love Lucy, which stars the husband-and-wife duo of Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz, is television's first scripted program to be shot on thirty-five millimetre film before a live studio audience.

Filming on thirty-five millimetre film, other than the traditional video tape at the time, ensured I Love Lucy's longevity on syndication.

Jess Oppenheimer is I Love Lucy's creator, head writer and producer; some people regard him as the creative force behind I Love Lucy and its success.

Karl Freund, the cinematographer for I Love Lucy, perfected the use for multi-camera sitcoms.

Star Trek, created by Gene Roddenberry, is an American science fiction media franchise, which began with the series of the same name and has since been a pop culture icon.

Enterprise is the name of several spacecraft in the Star Trek franchise; its bridge serves as the starship counterpart of an operations centre or command centre.

The first Star Trek series, which is known by its retronym Star Trek: The Original Series, stars William Shatner as Captain James T. Kirk and Leonard Nimoy as Spock.

Alexander Courage composed the iconic Star Trek theme.

First aired on NBC in 1966, Star Trek: The Original Series had low ratings and ended in 1969.

However, after its initial run (and cancellation), Star Trek: The Original Series won cult status through syndication, helping it develop a broader fan base surpassing its original viewership.

William Shatner's opening monologue for Star Trek: The Original Series is:

Space, the final frontier. These are the voyages of the starship Enterprise. Its five-year mission: to explore strange new worlds, to seek out new life and new civilizations, to boldly go where no man has gone before.

Matt Jefferies worked on the original Star Trek television series, where he designed many of the sets and props, including the original starship Enterprise, and the bridge and sick bay.

Star Trek: The Next Generation is as successful as its original run.

Airing through first-run syndication, Star Trek: The Next Generation features Patrick Stewart playing Captain Jean-Luc Picard and Jonathan Frakes playing William T. Riker.

Patrick Stewart's opening monologue for Star Trek: The Next Generation is:

Space, the final frontier. These are the voyages of the starship Enterprise. Its continuing mission: to explore strange new worlds, to seek out new life and new civilizations, to boldly go where no one has gone before.

John Reith, the BBC's first Director-General, developed the eponymous policy called Reithianism.

Reithianism means that, at a time when local radio outlets in the US, Canada and Australia drew large people cheering for their local team, the BBC emphasized service for a national audience.

The BBC Television Service started its regular operations in 1936, just before a wartime closure in the late-1930's or after 1938, only to return a year after WWII's 1945 end.

Alexandra Palace is the base for the first regular television service in the world from the BBC.

During his short-lived, but successful run as the BBC's second post-war television controller, Norman Collins made the first steps for television into becoming a truly mass medium.

Major steps made under Norman Collins as the BBC's television controller were increasing television license numbers and the expansion beyond London into other major cities.

Plus, under Norman Collins, the BBC became one of the first members of the EBU/UER.

Sutton Coldfield opened its transmitting station in 1949 as the first ever television transmitter outside London and the Home Counties.

With the 1949 opening of the Sutton Coldfield transmitter, for the first time, BBC Television became available to viewers outside the South East.

Holme Moss opened its transmitting station in the early-1950's or after 1950, two years after Sutton Coldfield in 1949, bringing BBC Television for the first time to the North.

Kirk O'Shotts, Wenvoe and Divis repsectively opened their transmitters in the rest of the 1950's, all bringing BBC Television for the first time to Scotland, Wales, the West and Northern Ireland.

EBU/UER membership was for broadcasters, otehr than governments; early delegates said that these meetings were cordial and professional and very different from the abrupt tone of its precursors.

August 1950 was when the BBC Television Service aired the first ever outside broadcast all over the English Channel to mark the centenary of the first cross-channel telegraph message.

On June 2, 1953, the BBC Television Service offered Her Majesty the Queen, the first ever witnessed fully on television.

Plus, the BBC's television coverage of the June 2, 1953 coronation of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II was carried across Europe through relays.

film recordings were flown to Canada, the United States and Australia for later broadcasts.

The June 2, 1953 coronation of Her Majesty the Queen, the Texaco Star Theatre and I Love Lucy are some aspects in putting television on the cultural map

Television news

From 1948 to 1973, John Facenda was the lead news anchor for WCAU-TV; his newscasts were the highest-rated in Philadelphia and the Delaware Valley for over 2 decades.

John Facenda pioneered the format for the local newscasts: news, weather, sports and sign-off.

Launched in 1949, WSAZ has covered the Huntington-Charleston area.

Based in Huntington and Charleston, WSAZ pioneered the two-city news concept, utilized by many other television stations across the US and around the world, in the mid-1950's or before 1957.

KTLA, the first ever commercial television station based west of the Mississippi River, was initially owned by Paramount Pictures' television division called Television Productions, Inc.

In the mid-1960's, Golden West Broadcasters purchased KTLA from Paramount Pictures.

The KTLA Telecopter was the first ever television news helicopter in the world, which first went into operation in the late-1950's or after 1957 and was invented by John D. Silva.

Still in Los Angeles, KNXT (now KCBS-TV) innovated a concept in television news: The Big News.

Departing from the shorter network-focused news programs, The Big News on KNXT was one of the first news programs in a major US market to last 60 minutes or an hour.

Lasting 45 minutes, The Big News covered local news, weather and sports.

Sam Zelman was the driving force behind The Big News on KNXT.

Eyewitness News was a local newscast lasting 90 minutes on KYW-TV in Cleveland, which, like The Big News on KNXT, was the first news program to last 60 minutes or so.

Having begun at KYW-TV in Cleveland, the Eyewitness News name was also used by Westinghouse's other television stations for their local newscasts during the 1960's.

After the KYW-TV calls, management and some staffers moved to Philadelphia from Cleveland in the mid-1960's or before 1966, its then-news director Al Primo created the Eyewitness News format.

With Al Primo's Eyewitness News format, KYW-TV became the ratings leader at the time, displacing longtime leader WCAU-TV.

The huge success of the Eyewitness News format, made by Al Primo for KYW-TV, also spurred rival news executive Mel Kampmann to create Action News for WFIL-TV (now WPVI-TV).

Although Vince Leonard ws still the primary evening news anchor for KYW-TV when the Eyewitness News format began, Tom Snyder was harder-hitting and more urgent on the noon news.

From 1972 to 1977, Mort Crim and Jessica Savitch helped KYW-TV earn success through Eyewitness News.

In 1977, with the Action News concept, WPVI-TV won the ratings battle over KYW-TV, and has been always number one in Philadelphia and the Delaware Valley ever since.

Some reasons for WPVI's dominance over KYW starting in 1977 include the latter station's declining ratings and the loss of some of its key news people, like Mort Crim and Jessica Savitch.

The WPVI news team of Jim Gardner, Don Tollefson, Jim O'Brien, Dave Roberts and Gary Papa have contributed to (and established) the success and legacy of the Action News format.

Al Primo then took the Eyewitness News concept with him to WABC-TV in New York City, where he perfected/refined the one that he had created while at KYW-TV in Philadelphia.

By perfecting/refining the Eyewitness News format that Al Primo had created, WABC-TV became the ratings leader for the first time in its history, displacing longtime leader WCBS-TV.

Meanwhile, in New England, defunct television stations WNAC-TV and WXPO-TV brought some other innovations to local news presentation.

Lowell-based WXPO-TV was the first US television station to air hourly news updates.

WNAC-TV was one of the first television stations in the United States to use a music package based upon a jingle to promote its newscasts.

The KNBC News Service comprised the first 2 1/2 hour early-evening news block on a major-market station in the United States, when combined with The Huntley-Brinkley Report.

The CBS World News Roundup is the longest-running radio news program in the United States.

For its first edition in March 1938 as a one-time special in response to growing tensions in Europe, the CBS World News Roundup presented, for the first time, Edward R. Murrow's voice to the world.

Lowell Thomas was the regular narrator of the Movietone News series from 20th Century-Fox Film Corporation from the 1930's to the 1950's.

In addition, Lowell Thomas was also the radio newscaster from 1930 to between 1975 and 1977.

The newscast anchored by Lowell Thomas was sponsored by Sunoco.

During his run as a famous radio newscaster, Lowell Thomas also offered the first television news broadcast and the first regularly-scheduled television news program.

For his regularly-scheduled television newscasts before 1941, Lowell Thomas' own Sunoco News program aired over WX2BS (now WNBC) as a camera simulcast of his radio program.

Your Esso Reporter was a sydicated radio news program sponsored by Esso.

The War As It Happens, which came before WWII's 1945 end, began as a local program, but was later being fed to Philadelphia and the Capital District on the NBC network on a weekly basis.

I Can Hear It Now 1933-1945 (1948) is the first documentary record to become widely popular, which Edward R. Murrow narrated (and co-produced with Fred W. Friendly).

With the huge success of this first I Can Hear It Now record and two follow-ups in 1949 and 1950, the Edward R. Murrow and Fred W. Friendly pair parlayed them into a weekly program for CBS.

Hear It Now, which used a magazine format, was originally known as Report to the Nation, but had its name changed to capitalize on the high popularity of the albums from Edward R. Murrow.

See It Now, which is the television answer to Hear It Now, is one of the earliest documentary series on television, but also the program setting standards in broadcast journalism via Edward R. Murrow.

Unlike other news programs using newsreel companies to record events, See It Now utilized its own camera crews to coordinate filming on location.

Plus, See It Now had no rehearsed interviews, plus no background music to accompany the visuals.

Although See It Now relied on news correspondents from around the world, the first autonomous news unit was organized by Edward R. Murrow and Fred W. Friendly.

Don Hewitt, Joseph Wershba and Palmer Williams were involved in the first autonomous news unit for See It Now, which Edward R. Murrow and Fred W. Friendly organized.

Person to Person, which Edward R. Murrow hosted, uses celebrities in their homes from a comfortable chair in his New York studio, pioneering the celebrity interview concept.

One of the most notable guests on the original Person to Person version was Marilyn Monroe.

60 Minutes blends the elements made by the two television projects in which Edward R. Murrow was involved: See It Now and Person to Person.

The NBC Television Newsreel was the new name for The War As It Happens in 1945.

Just a year after WWII's 1945 end, the NBC Television Newsreel gained a sponsor in Esso and became known as the Esso Newsreel, rescheduled to two nights a week.

In February 1948, Esso left and Camel Cigarettes entered the NBC Television Newsreel, becoming the Camel Newsreel Theatre, with John Cameron Swayze as its narrator.

CBS News decided to put Douglas Edwards in front of the camera in May 1948; this launched the first regularly-scheduled television news program featuring an on-camera anchor on a network level.

Before Douglas Edwards, WCBS-TV newscasts were local television broadcasts only in New York.

Whereas the NBC Television Newsreel was simply film footage with voice narration, CBS Television News featured an on-camera anchor.

December 1948 was when NBC acquired an 11-story building at the Pathé complex based near Park Avenue, becoming NBC's Uptown Studios.

NBC had immediate access to filmed news stories from around the world through Pathé.

John Cameron Swayze jumped on Douglas Edwards' bandwagon in February 1949, and the Camel Newsreel Theatre underwent its expansion.

The Camel News Caravan is an expanded version of the Camel Newsreel Theatre.

In 1950, CBS Television News was renamed Douglas Edwards with the News, which was also the first television news program to be simulcast on both the East and West Coasts a year later.

A new coaxial cable connection was the reason for Douglas Edwards with the News marking a historic moment for television.

Chet Huntley and David Brinkley teamed up for the national political conventions in the mid-1950's or before 1957, leading to NBC's eponymous flagship newscast called The Huntley-Brinkley Report.

Using the two-city news format that WSAZ pioneered with the opening of its Charleston branch, miles away from Huntington, The Huntley-Brinkley Report had become a cultural landmark.

Reuven Frank was the driving force behind The Huntley-Brinkley Report's huge success.

Chet Huntley offers national and international news on The Huntley-Brinkley Report from NBC's 30 Rockefeller Plaza studios in New York; David Brinkley focuses on Washington reports.

For The Huntley-Brinkley Report, Chet Huntley was portrayed as a straightforward newsman; David Brinkley had a lighter, more compressed and more whimsical approach.

Douglas Edwards was succeeded by Walter Cronkite on CBS' flagship newscast in April 1962.

In his first year, Walter Cronkite anchored what was known as Walter Cronkite with the News.

Just one year later, in the mid-1960's or after 1962, the newscast, which was renamed the CBS Evening News, expanded its running time from the usual quarter-hour to 30 minutes or a half-hour.

With the mid-1960's expansion of its running time from a quarter-hour to a half-hour, the CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite became network television's first daily half-hour weeknight newscast.

CBS' rivals NBC and ABC followed the example of the CBS Evening News' half-hour expansion.

This expansion from the usual quarter-hour to a half-hour through the CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite revolutionized journalism, allowing for more in-depth reporting and analysis.

From 1962 to 1981, the CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite had become a cultural landmark; his successor Dan Rather anchored the CBS Evening News for 24 years from 1981 to 2005.

Edward R. Murrow's signature sign-off is "Good night, and good luck."

Walter Cronkite's famous and iconic sign-off on the CBS Evening News is "And that's the way it is," followed by the date of the broadcast.

Meanwhile, the signature sign-off on The Huntley-Brinkley Report is "Good night, Chet. Good night, David. And good night, for NBC News."

The famous sign-off for the Camel News Caravan, anchored by John Cameron Swayze, is "That's the story, folks...glad we could get together."

Having been with ABC Sports since 1960, Roone Arledge also took over ABC News in 1977.

Roone Arledge, who took control of ABC News in 1977, revitalized this organization by improving its financial standing and revolutionizing its presentation.

Both ABC World News Tonight and 20/20 began their long and successful tenures in 1978; Nightline likewise started its long and successful run in 1980.

During World News Tonight's early years, Frank Reynolds reports from Washington, Max Robinson covers national news from Chicago and Peter Jennings covers world news from London.

This three-city format used during World News Tonight's first years was based on the two-city news format of The Huntley-Brinkley Report, which, in turn, was based on WSAZ.

After Frank Reynolds' death, this three-anchor setup for ABC World News Tonight was revised, with Peter Jennings becoming its solo anchor from New York, its new base of operations.

World News Tonight with Peter Jennings was the program's name from 1984 to 2005.

Back to Cleveland, WJW-TV's first newscast was The Sohio Reporter, delivered by Western Reserve University speech head Warren Guthrie, which was syndicated across Ohio.

Doug Adair joined WJW in September 1957, before moving to news a year later.

City Camera News was a news roundup seen on WJW-TV directly after Warren Guthrie; its name was taken from the use of Polaroid photographs taken from scenes involving news events.

The Sohio Reporter covered national and world news, and City Camera News focused on local news.

Joel Daly replaced Warren Guthrie as Doug Adair's partner in the mid-1960's or after 1962, and City Camera News underwent its expansion into a half-hour 11 p.m. newscast.

WJW-TV was one of the first stations to have two news anchors at the same desk together.

Plus, City Camera News on WJW-TV was the first local newscast to directly bring the news anchors, weather presenters and sportscasters together as a cohesive on-air team.

By eschewing a one-person news format, a two-person news team taking turns to bring flexibility and personality to news presentation was introduced for City Camera News on WJW-TV.

In the late-1960's, WCCO introduced a unique concept in television news called The Scene Tonight, in which the two-person news team, the weather forecaster and sportscaster sat in one desk.

For the innovative concept used by The Scene Tonight on WCCO, on-air news anchors rotate, with the weather forecaster and sportscaster appearing after the newscaster and sharing the space.

Both Eyewitness News and The Big News are unconventional television news formats.

Al Primo and the McHugh & Hoffman consulting firm are key figures in popularizing the Eyewitness News format in both the US and the world.

Frank N. Magid Associates likewise popularized Action News in both the US and the world.

Dave Garroway, a radio disc jockey at WMAQ-AM, moved to television with the eponymous program known as Garroway at Large, which began in 1949.

Garroway at Large, which aired every week at 10pm from the WMAQ-TV studios in Chicago, notably introduced an innovative presentation and staging to television through Dave Garroway.

Saturday is when Garroway at Large Dave Garroway, aired, and later, Sundays and Fridays.

When television first began in New York City, programs seen on the medium used/adopted the frequent theatrical proscenium concept, separating the stage from the audience area.

After World War II, several programs originated from Chicago, where Dave Garroway was a radio disc jockey on WMAQ-AM.

Through his own innovative Garroway at Large television program, Dave Garroway circumvented the conventions for a more casual approach in which the reality of the studio was acknowledged.

Followed by a single camera, Dave Garroway, in his own Garroway at Large program, walked around large studios and simple abstract sets as he directly talked to guests and television viewers.

Known as the Chicago Style, this live staging technique, made for Dave Garroway's own Garroway at Large program, was developed further through his other innovative program called Today.

During its initial years, NBC's Today program emanated from the RCA Exhibition Hall.

In the first ever studio used for NBC's Today program from the RCA Exhibition Hall was an open-plan working area with teletypes, wall clocks and workstations all visible (and audible) on the air.

Many people all around the United States described this open-plan working area in the first studio ever utilized for NBC's Today program from the RCA Exhibition Hall as television's command centre.

Plus, this open-plan working area in the first studio ever used for NBC's Today program from the RCA Exhibition Hall was described by Dave Garroway as "the nerve centre of the world."

Based at Rockefeller Plaza and West 49th Street in New York's Midtown Manhattan portion, the RCA Exhibition Hall was down the block from the current studio used for NBC's Today program.

Over the years, this working area in the first studio for NBC's Today program emanating from the RCA Exhibition Hall has become working newsrooms, though not as immersive as its original space.

Instead, working television newsrooms are usually placed directly behind the news anchor desk, with a physical or a imaginary divider between the studio and newsroom area.

Layouts for working television newsrooms include glass separating them from the broadcast area.

However, designs placing news anchors in the middle of the newsroom have been used by numerous programs over the years - in varying degrees.

Plus, TV stations/networks frequently do camera positions placed more inside newsroom areas; often called flash cams, they are used for live reports/updates, as well as taped teases/promos.

Newsrooms are used by TV stations for temporary sets, while primary studios are being renovated or updated with a new set or equipment.

A similar idea is also often used for working weather centres in modern television studio sets.

When NBC's Today program started in the 1950's, weather centres did not utilize chroma key, since it requires, by definition, colour cameras.

Upon its debut in early-1950's, NBC's Today program utilized panels, with printed maps, handwritten notations and movable cutout pieces to symbolize weather conditions.

On many local news studio sets, the weather team works in the studio from built-in workstations and video panels, while usually starting/ending their weather reports from in front of a working area.

Many weather centres use a desk or pod allowing weather forecasters to appear on screen, facing the camera, while also viewing computer monitors and manipulating graphics/maps in realtime.

Street-level and windowed studios, meanwhile, are still used from now on.

Technically, all Big Three networks have their morning newscasts from street-level studio sets.

Local US television stations also have street-level and windowed studios, though they often serve as secondary sets or double as a satellite operation for the station's main newsroom.

In many ways, however, these street-level and windowed studios serve more as a highly visual public showcase for the local station rather than using the view as a primary backdrop.

Many of these street-level and windowed studios feature sets, built inside of a traditional windowless studio and having looked much indifferent for all intents and purposes.

Plus, modern and efficient news tickers were not created or launched until CNN Headline News' own SportsTicker in 1993, nor fully popularized until September 11, 2001.

The news ticker used when NBC's Today program first began in the early-1950's or before 1953 was an actual piece of paper with typewritten headlines superimposed on the lower third of the screen.

J. Fred Muggs, a chimpanzee, is a mascot of  NBC's Today program from 1953 to 1957.

Although his tenure as a mascot of NBC's Today program was short-lived, J. Fred Muggs was popular among children.

During its first 48 years from the early-1950's or before 1953 to before 2001, NBC's Today program lasted two hours from 7 a.m. to 9 a.m. Eastern Time.

In the mid-1990's or after 1993, Today moved to a street-level location at Rockefeller Plaza, which is known as the Window on the World, recalling the program's early-1950's origins.

Some television programs in which Dave Garroway was involved, including Garroway at Large and Today, influenced modern broadcast design, like CNN and CityTV/MuchMusic.

Plus, Dave Garroway was the first host of NBC's Monitor, a weekend radio program which combined news, music, interviews and features.

One of the first guests on NBC's Monitor program was Marilyn Monroe.

News music uses the teletype, which is used for transmitting news, together with two of the loudest instrumental groups in the Western orchestra: brass and percussion.

In short, news music uses the teletype rhythm, plus the clarion call of lively, piercing tones.

Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence by Lalo Schifrin is also used through newscasts.

What makes Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence a fitting music theme tune for newscasts, including television news, is a staccato rhythm resembling the teletype, used for transmitting news.

Despite the decline in its direct use, the influence (and impact) of The Tar Sequence from Cool Hand Luke by Lalo Schifrin on news music remains strong.

Used in many television newscasts all around the world, The Tar Sequence from Cool Hand Luke by Lalo Schifrin establishes a certain style and sonic landscape for news music.

The cinematic quality being utilized in The Tar Sequence cue from Cool Hand Luke, with its driving rhythm and instrumentation, is adopted and adapted in news themes.

John Barry's 007 cue from the James Bond film From Russia With Love also goes down to the small screen through newscasts, fittingly due to a staccato mimicking the teletype.

In addition, the influence and impact of 007 from the James Bond movie From Russia With Love by John Barry on news music remains strong, despite its decline in its direct usage.

Just like The Tar Sequence from Cool Hand Luke by Lalo Schifrin, 007 from the James Bond movie From Russia With Love by John Barry makes contributions to the modern news music sound.

Some elements of 007 from the James Bond movie From Russia With Love - the powerful brass, the jazzy overtones and driving rhythm - are adopted and adapted in news themes.

When KYW-TV adopted the Eyewitness News format created by Al Primo, an edited version of 007 Takes the Lektor from the James Bond film From Russia With Love by John Barry was used.

Other Group W/Westinghouse Broadcasting stations used an edited iteration of 007 Takes the Lektor from the James Bond film From Russia With Love by John Barry as the Eyewitness News tune.

From the 1960's to the 1990's, an edited iteration of The Tar Sequence from Cool Hand Luke by Lalo Schifrin was the theme tune for Eyewitness News, used by ABC-owned-and-operated stations.

Increased licensing fees have caused local television stations, in particular Eyewitness News, to drop Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence by Lalo Schifrin in the 1990's.

New York's ABC station WABC-TV was the first to use Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence by Lalo Schifrin as the Eyewitness News theme when Al Primo arrived in the late-1960's or before 1969.

The practice of using music sourced from films as news themes was introduced by Eyewitness News creator Al Primo.

John Barry's 007 cue from James Bond's From Russia With Love was used as a news theme by some stations, but not as pervasive as Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence by Lalo Schifrin.

Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence by Lalo Schifrin uses a more cinematic sound in the news music arena than 007 from the James Bond film From Russia With Love by John Barry.

Having been an orchestral cue with a cinematic style for television news, Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence marks a shift in news music, introducing a more cinematic sound to this business.

Before Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence was adopted for Eyewitness News, earlier news themes utilized neutral or assertive themes based on fanfares.

cinematic Hollywood-like orchestral film score sound

Ever since the WABC-TV version of Eyewitness News, television stations have either used The Tar Sequence or created their own news themes mirroring its unique cinematic sound.

Most flagship television newscasts conclude with the weather forecast, while some prefer to conclude with a recap of the day's main stories.

Iconic media empires

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is one of the most successful, influential and respected media empires in the world.

Whether on television, radio, the internet or various platforms, the BBC is a window to the world.

News, information, entertainment and education are the core elements of the BBC.

Indeed, the BBC is one of the world's most successful and trusted sources for news, information and entertainment.

Electric and Musical Industries (EMI) is also one of the multinational companies based in the UK.

From its 1930's inception to its 2010's end, EMI has been particularly involved with music, as well as television, film and leisure.

General Electric (GE) and the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) are also multinational forces.

Both GE and RCA are innovators and leaders in both electronics and telecommunications in the United States for many years.

Virgin Group is also a multinational empire, like EMI, RCA and GE.

For many years, three broadcasters in the United States have also been the largest and most distributed broadcasters in the world, known collectively as the Big Three, doubling as production companies.

Programs which are made and produced especially for the English-language television networks in the United States are the most widely-syndicated overseas.

The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) is also one of the world's most successful, influential and respected media empires in the world, like the BBC.

Having been the oldest Big Three broadcaster in the United States, NBC is a pioneer as well.

Whether on television, radio, the internet or other ways, NBC is one of the most successful and trusted media sources in the world for news, information and entertainment.

Ever since its 1926 inception, NBC has been an innovator in the broadcasting business.

Some of the innovations that NBC pioneered include colour television, early-morning television and late-night television.

Paramount Pictures is one of the Big Five film studios in the US, but also a multinational empire.

Film Booking Offices of America (FBO), Metro Pictures Corporation, the Orpheum Circuit and 20th Century Pictures, Inc. are precursors of the Big Five film studios in the United States.

RKO Radio Pictures, besides Paramount and others, is one of the Big Five film studios in the United States, which RCA partly owned.

American Multi Cinema (AMC), Regal Cinemas (also Regal Entertainment Group) and Cinemark are the three largest movie theatre chains in the United States.

National Amusements is an American privately-owned movie theatre operator.

The American Broadcasting Company (ABC), a spin-off of the NBC Blue Network, is regarded as the youngest of the US-based Big Three broadcasters.

Plus, ABC is an iconic and world-famous broadcaster, much like the BBC and NBC.

Like both the BBC and NBC, either on television, radio, the internet or others, ABC is also one of the most successful and trusted media sources for news, information and entertainment.

United Independent Broadcasters, besides NBC and ABC, is one of the traditional US-based Big Three broadcasters.

The Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) is the current name for United Independent Broadcasters.

Like the BBC, NBC and ABC networks, CBS has been an iconic and world-famous broadcaster.

Plus, whether on television, radio, online or others, CBS is a successful and a trusted media source for news, information and entertainment, like the BBC, NBC and ABC.

WNBC, WCBS, WABC, WNYW, WWOR and WPIX are broadcast trailblazers.

KNBC, KCBS, KTLA, WMAQ, WBBM, WLS and WGN are some other local broadcast outlets in the United States influencing broadcast presentation.

New York City and Los Angeles are the primary locations for the Big Three broadcasters in the United States, but also endure many historic radio and television firsts.

Chicago is a crucial location for the Midwest operations of the Big Three networks, also making many historic radio and television innovations.

KYW, WCAU, WPVI, WNAC, WXPO and KDKA are also broadcast trailblazers.

Philadelphia, Boston and the Steel City, besides New York, Los Angeles and Chicago, are the other locations enduring other broadcast innovations.

Both KYW and KDKA are some broadcast stations east of the Mississippi River using K calls.

WFAA, WSVN, WKYC, WEWS, WJW, WLW, WCPO, WKRC, WTBS and WTHR are some other broadcast trailblazers.

Dallas-Fort Worth, Miami-Fort Lauderdale, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Atlanta and Indianapolis are also notable locations for broadcast innovations.

KOWH, WHB and WTIX are crucial stations in developing and establishing top forty/CHR radio.

Omaha, Kansas City and New Orleans are crucial locations for KOWH, WHB and WTIX, which are prototypes of the top forty radio concept.

WINS, KYW and KFWB are crucial stations in developing and establishing all-news radio.

New York, Philadelphia and Los Angeles are crucial locations for WINS, KYW and KFWB, which are prototypes of the all-news radio format on a permanent basis.

United Paramount Theatres (UPT) is a former independent American theatre chain that was formed in 1949 as a spin-off of the movie theatre operations of Paramount Pictures.

Merging with UPT in 1953, ABC has become a broadcast innovator.

Some innovations that ABC pioneered since its merger with UPT include cinematic Hollywood-style television programming, such as made-for-television films and miniseries.

Plus, since its merger with UPT, ABC has made enhancements in its news and sports coverage.

WSMV, WTVF, WKRN and WSAZ are also local US broadcast stations which influence television presentation.

Nashville and Huntington-Charleston are crucial locations for WSMV, WTVF, WKRN and WSAZ.

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates broadcast and media assets in the US.

Independent Television (ITV) is the BBC's main television competitor.

Unlike the BBC's national television services, all of which have no advertising revenues, ITV utilizes commercials.

BBC One and BBC Two are the BBC's main domestic television services.

Just like the iconic broadcasters from core Anglophone countries, BBC One, BBC Two and ITV have always been television services known for innovation, quality and value.

London is a major hub for both British and international television services.

Nippon Hoso Kyokai (NHK), similar and related to the BBC, is Japan's public broadcaster.

As do other broadcasters in core Anglophone countries, NHK is a broadcaster known for innovation, quality and value.

Associated-Rediffusion (later known as Rediffusion London), Associated Television (ATV), Granada Television and ABC Weekend Television are the Big Four ITV franchises until the 1960's.

Thames Television, London Weekend Television (LWT), ATV, Granada and Yorkshire Television are franchises of the ITV network making up the Big Five from the late-1960's to the early-1980's.

Central Independent Television joins Thames, LWT, Granada and Yorkshire in ITV's Big Five group from the early-1980's to the early-1990's.

Scottish Television, Television Wales and West (TWW), Southern Television, Anglia Television and Tyne Tees Television are ITV's other franchises.

Harlech Television (HTV) and Television South (TVS) join Scottish, Anglia and Tyne Tees in ITV's franchise group.

Ulster Television (UTV), Grampian Television, Westward Television, Border Television and Channel Television (CTV) are the smallest ITV franchises.

Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ) is Ireland's national public broadcaster.

Like the famous broadcasters from core Anglophone nations, RTÉ has been a media empire known for innovation, quality and value.

The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) is a Crown corporation doubling as the national public broadcaster in Canada, officially related to the worldwide BBC system.

Ever since 1936, the CBC has been a source for news, information, entertainment and education.

The CTV Television Network and the Global Television Network are the CBC's television rivals.

Just like the broadcasters which come from core Anglophone nations, both CTV and Global are media empires renowned for innovation, quality and value.

CBLT, CFTO, CHUM, CHCH, CHAN, CIII, CKND, CITY, CJOH, CFCN, CFRN and CITV are some broadcast stations in Canada influencing broadcast presentation.

Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Winnipeg, Edmonton and Calgary are some Canadian media hubs.

Most of the radio and television stations in Canada have four-letter call signs; three-letter calls are for either radio stations or commercial stations earning three-letter calls before rules are adopted.

Five-letter calls are for CBC transmitters, either rebroadcasters or assets being owned-and-operated by Télévision de Radio-Canada outside Quebec.

Call signs for stations held by the CBC use the letters CB, including television, where the CB-(-)T call letters are used.

In addition, the television stations of both the CBC and CTV networks have current and former studios being located in a city's downtown core.

The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) regulates all broadcast outlets in Canada.

British Columbia Television (BCTV) is the official former brand for CHAN-TV from 1973 to 2001.

Canwest is one of the former major multinational privately-owned media empires in Canada.

Western International Communications (WIC) is likewise a media empire in Canada.

Fuji Television (Fuji TV), Nippon Television (NTV), TV Asahi, TV Tokyo and Tokyo Broadcasting System (TBS) are commercial television networks in Japan.

The Korean Broadcasting System (KBS) and Munwha Broadcasting Corporation (MBC) are major broadcasters in South Korea.

For many years, three of the metropolitan-based and advertiser-supported television broadcasters in Australia, known collectively as the Big Three, have dominated this landscape.

Channel 9, Channel 7 and Channel 10 are the Big Three television broadcasters in Australia.

The National Nine Network, the Nine Network, the Seven Network and Network Ten are some of the other names for Channel 9, Channel 7 and Channel 10.

Plus, the former names for Channel 9, Channel 7 and Channel 10 include:

• Nine = National Television Network
• Seven = Australian Television Network
• Ten = Independent Television Service

TCN, GTV, QTQ, NWS and TVW are the Nine Network's flagship stations based in Australia's major metropolitan cities.

ATN, HSV, BTQ, SAS and TVW are the Seven Network's flagship stations based in Australia's major metropolitan cities.

TEN, ATV, TVQ, ADS and NEW are Ten's flagship stations in Australia's major metropolitan cities.

Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth serve as the main bases for Australia's Big Three advertiser-supported and metropolitan television services.

WIN, CBN, CWN, RVN, AMV, NEN, BCV, STV, GLV, BTV, GMV, TVT, TNT and NBN are some regional commercial television stations in Australia.

Prime Television and Southern Cross are regional television networks in Australia, aside from WIN Television, whose name is derived from its first (and flagship) station.

The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), officially similar and related to the worldwide BBC system, is the national public broadcaster in Australia.

Ever since its inception in the 1930's, the ABC has had an influence on Australian culture.

Television New Zealand (TVNZ), often related to the BBC, is New Zealand's main public television broadcaster.

Radio New Zealand (RNZ) is the radio answer to Television New Zealand (TVNZ).

ABN, ABV, ABQ, ABS and ABW are the flagship television stations of the ABC in Australia's major metropolitan cities.

Until the 1980's, the ABC was known as the Australian Broadcasting Commission.

Like the famous broadcasters from core Anglophone nations, Australia's ABC has been a media empire renowned for innovation, quality and value.

Many calls for Australia's commercial television stations begin with the first two letters chosen by the licensee, while the third one often indicates the state or territory in which the station is located.

The Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) is a public broadcaster in Australia, whose goal is to provide programming in multilingual and multicultural aspects to this nation.

Distinct from (yet similar) to the ABC, SBS is one of the two public broadcasters in Australia.

Aggregation is a process in Australia where television viewers in regional areas could offer the same choice as their metropolitan counterparts.

In Australian television, this aggregation process enables regional commercial television channels to expand their signals into neighbouring areas.

Prior to aggregation, small, separate areas have one single independent television station.

But with the aggregation process, large regional markets in Australia have three commercial television channels, plus the ABC and SBS.

Whereas it is beneficial for viewers, aggregation in the Australian television industry led to concerns involving regional television.

Regional television stations in Australia frequently offered local news, sports and community events before aggregation.

Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen (ZDF) is the television rival of ARD, yet friendly with collaboration.

Unlike ARD, which is a group of distinct and separate regional broadcasters and has its roots in radio, ZDF is a centrally-organized broadcaster devoted solely to television

Alto Broadcasting System (ABS) and Chronicle Broadcasting Network (CBN) are two of the Filipino broadcasters that merged to form ABS-CBN in the late-1960's.

Having been the dominant media empire in the Philippines, ABS-CBN also spans the globe.

Global Media Arts (GMA Network or GMA), Radio Philippines Network (RPN) and the Associated Broadcasting Company (ABC) are ABS-CBN's most frequent competitors.

Taiwan Television (TTV), China Television (CTV) and the Chinese Television System (CTS) are the primary television broadcasters in Taiwan.

MediaCorp is Singapore's main broadcaster.

Radio Television Singapore (RTS), the Singapore Broadcasting Corporation (SBC) and Singapore International Media (SIM) are MediaCorp's precusors.

Channel 5 is the primary English-language television channel in Singapore, while Channel 8 is its primary Chinese-language television channel

Television Corporation of Singapore (TCS) and Singapore Television 12 are two of the television divisions that make up the Singapore International Media empire.

For a country having been relatively late to the television scene, the television presentation made by MediaCorp and its precursors have been as advanced as others in the First World.

NBC News, CBS News and ABC News are the news divisions of the Big Three broadcasters.

Eyewitness News, Action News and NewsCentre are the most popular television news formats in the United States and the world, doubling as newscast titles.

NewsWatch and NewsChannel, besides Eyewitness News, Action News and NewsCentre, are the other television newscast titles.

Independent Television News (ITN) is ITV's news service, doubling as one of the world's major news agencies.

The CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News and World News Tonight are the flagship television news programs.

60 Minutes, 20/20 and Dateline NBC are the main weekly newsmagazines on television.

Today and Good Morning America are two of the three main American morning news programs.

Meet The Press, Face The Nation and This Week are the flagship weekly news/discussion programs on American television.

11 PM is the traditional time for late-night local newscasts in the Eastern and Pacific time zones of the United States; late-night local news airs at 10 PM in America's middle time zones.

Film at 11 is a phrase being utilized in the American television news business to indicate the late-night newscast that is typically aired at 11 p.m.

The Film at 11 phrase means keeping viewers informed with the day's top stories and breaking news.

Home Box Office (HBO) is a trailblazer in cable television since its debut in 1972.

Blending theatrically-released motion pictures with sports and specials, HBO is the oldest subscription television service in the United States.

Plus, HBO is the first television service to send its programming to cable systems across the nation via satellite, rather than microwave, paving the way for others adopting satellite transmission.

MTV: Music Television is the world's first 24-hour single-genre television channel with music as its primary theme.

The MTV style is a visual form that emerged during the music video boom.

A cinematic style which features fast-paced, non-linear editing, dynamic camera angles and a visually slick, flashy and glossy look, the MTV style is also used in films, television and commercials.

Having started its operations in 1981, MTV has had a significant impact in popular culture around the world, influencing music, fashion and youth trends.

SuperStation WTBS is the national version of WTBS, launching basic cable television.

Cable News Network (CNN) is the first ever 24-hour single-genre television service in the world with news as its primary theme, but also a sister channel to SuperStation WTBS.

The CNN effect is a theory of television news.

For the CNN effect, television networks, utilizing their ability to provide live 24-hour television news coverage from around the world, play a role in deciding the actions and outcomes of events.

Headline News is CNN's spin-off channel.

While CNN blends newscasts with specialized topical and feature programs, Headline News formerly strictly focused on rolling news coverage, featuring half-hour newscasts 24 hours a day.

On television or online, CNN is one of the world's most successful and trusted media sources for news and information.

The CBN Satellite Service is the first basic cable channel to be carried via satellite from its launch and also the first to have original programming, not just a feed of a local broadcast station.

USA Network (or USA) is one of the first national satellite-delivered basic cable television services to heavily focus on advertising income, other than subscriber fees like other early cable networks.

ESPN is the world's first ever 24-hour single-genre television service with sports as its main theme.

The Weather Channel is the world's first ever 24-hour solo-genre television service with weather as its main theme.

Cartoon Network is the world's first 24-hour single-genre television service with cartoons as its main theme, but also a sister channel to both SuperStation WTBS and CNN.

Food Network is a cable television service with food as its main theme.

Provincial Cinematograph Theatres is one of the first national cinema chains in the United Kingdom.

The United Nations (UN), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the European Union (EU) and the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance are intergovermental organizations.

The Associated Press (AP) and United Press International (UPI) are some news agencies.

Broadcast stations in the US utilize calls that begin with a W and a K; W limited to stations east of the Mississippi River and K to stations west of the river; calls have either three or four letters.

In addition, some stations with W call letters are in a section of the US now being issued K calls.

Local stations of the Big Three networks in the United States, such as both NBC and CBS, have their current and former studios in the downtown core of a US city.

National Telefilm Associates (NTA) is a former distribution company used to syndicate American film libraries to television.

WYAH-TV is the former flagship station of the Christian Broadcasting Network.

Metromedia, Capital Cities Communications, Tribune Broadcasting and Paramount Stations Group are some former media empires.

Combined Communications Corporation and Multimedia, Inc. are likewise former media empires.

Silver King Broadcasting, Media General, Nationwide Communications and Freedom Newspapers are also former media empires.

National Educational Television (NET) is a rival of the Big Three networks in the United States.

The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is the present name for NET.

WNET, WETA, WGBH, WTTW, WPBT, KQED, WQED, WQEX, KUHT and KTCA are some of the influential member stations of both NET and PBS.

The National Football League (NFL) is one of the five major sports leagues in North America.

Having been America's most popular sports league, the NFL is also the world's wealthiest professional sports league by revenue, and the league with the most vaulable teams.

Plus, the NFL has the highest average attendance of any pro sports league in the world.

Sundays are when most NFL games are being played, with a Monday night game usually held once a week at least, and Thursday night games on most weeks as well.

The Super Bowl is the NFL's annual league championship game, and since 1966, it has been the final game of each and every NFL season.

Frequently known as the Big Game or other generic terms, the Super Bowl is one of the world's most popular annual sporting events ever.

Plus, the Super Bowl is held on a Sunday, also known as Super Bowl Sunday or Super Sunday.

Commercial airtime for the Super Bowl is the most expensive of the year due to the high viewership, leading to companies regularly developing their most expensive ads for the broadcast.

As a matter of fact, commercial viewership is an integral part of the Super Bowl.

Ever since its inception, the Super Bowl has been not just a game, but a national holiday.

Super Bowl Sunday is a uniquely American holiday tradition bringing people together, like friends, to bond over their love of gridiron football, laugh at commercials and sing along at halftime.

NFL Films is the film and television division of the NFL, known for its distinctive cinematic style.

Specifically-produced programs for the Anglo-Canadian television networks are also some of the most widely-syndicated overseas.

News at Ten, produced by ITN, is the flagship news program on the ITV network, plus one of the most successful and influential television news programs in both the United Kingdom and the world.

The Nine O'Clock News is the BBC's former answer to ITN's News at Ten.

Sky Channel is Europe's first cable and satellite television service

Initially known as Satellite Television, Sky Channel offers programs from the United States, including action series, soap operas and children's programs.

Premiere is the first pay television channel to focus on films in Britain, launched in 1984.

Music Box is the European counterpart of MTV, because the US-based MTV channel did not launch a European version until the late-1980's.

Sky Television is Sky Channel's multi-channel version, offering a broader range of channels.

British Satellite Broadcasting (BSB) is a former satellite television consortium initially run by five companies, including Granada Television, Anglia Television and Virgin.

Not long after its March 1990 launch, BSB merged with Sky Television in December 1990 to form British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB), the largest premium television company in Britain.

Eurosport is a pan-European sports television channel, initially co-run by Sky and the EBU.

Sky News is the first 24-hour television news channel in the United Kingdom, doubling as the British answer to CNN.

Specifically-produced programs for television services coming down under are also some of the most widely-syndicated overseas like the United States, the British Isles and Canada.

La Organización de Telecomunicaciones de Iberoamérica (OTI) is the Ibero-American response to the EBU/UER.

Office de Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française (ORTF) and Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française (RTF) served as France's former national public broadcasters.

Télévision Française 1 (TF1) and France Télévisions are France's main television broadcasters.

Antenne 2 (A2) and France Régions 3 (FR3) are French television broadcasters that started in January 1975, and merged in the early-1990's or before 1993 to form France Télévisions.

Radio Television Luxembourg (RTL) is one of the oldest privately-run television stations in Europe.

Compagnie Luxembourgeoise de Télédiffusion (CLT) is the company running RTL.

Télé-Liban is the main public broadcaster in Lebanon.

Compagnie Libanaise de Télévision (CLT) and Télé-Orient are the former private television stations in Lebanon which merged in 1977 to form Télé-Liban.

Future Television, the Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation International (LBCI), Al Jadeed TV and the National Broadcasting Network (NBN) are some private television stations in Lebanon.

Where the News Comes First is one of the popular slogans for local newscasts.

Coverage You Can Count On and Live, Local, Late Breaking are some other popular slogans for local newscasts, besides Where the News Comes First.

The iconic "Where the News Comes First" slogan serves as an indication of the commitment of a local station to being the first to cover breaking news.

Meanwhile, the equally-famous "Coverage You Can Count On" slogan serves as a reminder to viewers watching at home that the news is reliable and trustworthy.

By the same token, the "Live, Local, Late Breaking" slogan is proof of the immediacy, local focus and latest, up-to-the minute nature of the news coverage.

Your 24-Hour News Source is a testament to the station's dedication to non-stop news coverage.

Made à la CNN, the 24-Hour News Source concept includes news updates at the top of the hour, which would last 30 seconds, plus short weather updates every half-hour during local commercial breaks.

This 24-Hour News Source concept, which was made à la CNN, provides news headlines to viewers at home outside regularly-scheduled and long-form newscasts.

On Your Side is another popular slogan for local newscasts, which is proof of the news organization's commitment to serving the community's interests.

Propaganda Films and Palomar Pictures are pioneers in bringing the MTV style to films and television commercials.

Dragnet, Star Trek and Miami Vice are some non-news franchises on television.

American Bandstand and Top of the Pops are music programs that featured the week's top hits.

NBC Saturday Night at the Movies is television's first anthology series to air relatively recent motion pictures coming from major Hollywood studios in colour.

The ABC Movie of the Week popularized the concept of made-for-television movies.

Westwood Village Memorial Park is the final resting place for many famous Hollywood stars.

Dalmo-Victor is a technological empire.

Ampex, which is a spin-off of the Dalmo-Victor company, is known around the world as an iconic and famous technological innovator.

Telstar, Syncom and the International Television Satellite Organization (Intelsat) are some of the first communications satellites in the world.

Magnetophon is a reel-to-reel recorded that enables pre-recorded playback by AEG.

WPP, Publicis, Omnicon and IPG are the world-famous Big Four agency companies.

RCA Records, Capitol Records, Columbia Records, Atlantic Records, Zomba, Arista, Jive and Fable Music are some iconic music labels.

Commodore and Compagnie Générale de la Télégraphie Sans Fil (CSF) are industrial forces.

The Olympic Games and the FIFA World Cup are the world's leading international sporting events.

Revived in 1896 after a long absence of the ancient Olympics, the modern Olympics have summer and winter sports competitions; they foster international cooperation and cultural exchange.

Hosting the Olympics can also bring significant economic benefits and issues to the host city, affecting infrastructure, tourism and local communities.

Every two years, the Olympics and its media exposure offers athletes their chance to earn national and international fame.

Plus, the Olympics provide an opportunity for the host city and country to showcase themselves to the world.

Meanwhile, the FIFA World Cup has been the most prestigous association football competition in the world, but also the world's most widely watched and followed sporting event.

Since 1930, the FIFA World Cup has generated economic growth and investment in a nation, but also positive social change.

The Eurovision Song Contest (ESC) is the flagship event of the EBU/UER.

Having been an annual television tradition since the 1950's, the Eurovision Song Contest is one of the world's most popular non-sporting events ever, attracting more viewers than the Super Bowl.

Prime Computer and Apolo Computer are former computer technology companies.

FruityLoops (FL Studio) is one of the digital audio workstations

NTSC, PAL and SECAM are colour television standards.

Both PAL and SECAM have 625 lines, a hundred lines more than NTSC; PAL has 50 frame rates per second, while NTSC has 60.

Some of the test cards include the SMPTE colour bars (NTSC), the circle pattern (PAL/SECAM), the Telefunken PuBK (PAL) and the EBU colour bars.

Industrial Light and Magic (ILM) is one of the best visual effects companies in the world.

NBC Films, CBS Enterprises and ABC Films are syndicated divisions of the Big Three networks.

Video & Audio Communications (Viacom) and Worldvision Enterprises are companies involved with television syndication.

Television by Design (TVbD), jcbD, DESIGNefx, Novocom/GRFX and Pittard Sullivan are just some high-end broadcast graphics firms in the United States.

On/Off Productions, Velvet mediendesign, Animatica, Ostra Delta and View are some of the high-end motion graphics firms based in mainland Europe.

Cuppa Coffee Studios and Big Studios are some high-end motion graphics firms in Canada.

Animal Logic, Zero Plus, Conja, Centro Digital Pictures, Fat Lizard, Critica and Mojo are high-end motion graphics firms in the Asia-Pacific region.

Pacific Data Images (PDI) and Pixar Animation Studios are some of the iconic 3D computer graphics firms in the world.

The New York Institute of Technology (NYIT) is one of the educational institutions.

The Prime Time Access Rule is an American broadcast regulation that the FCC imposed.

What the Prime Time Access Rule means is that the television networks would return early-evening programming half an hour to local stations.

Many effects of the Prime Time Access Rule, some of which have been felt still, have an impact on television:

• The Big Three networks alter the start time for prime time programming, both on weekdays and Saturdays, from 7:30pm to 8:00pm, adopted by later entrants.

• In addition, the Prime Time Access Rule is also a factor in the cancellation of various television programs being geared towards older and rural audiences.

• By cancelling programs being geared towards older and rural audiences, the networks make the decision to target younger urban audiences more profitable to advertisers.

The Financial Interest and Syndication Rules (fin-syn) are a series of regulations being imposed by the Federal Communications Commission on television.

With these fin-syn rules, the FCC kept the Big Three broadcasters from monopolizing the broadcasting landscape by not owning any of the programming in their primetime line-up.

Plus, these fin-syn regulations prevented the networks from airing syndicated programming they had a financial stake in, but also led them to spin off their syndicated divisions.

For example, with the FCC's fin-syn rules, NBC Films was sold to NTA, whilst CBS Enterprises was spun-off into Viacom and ABC Films was sold to Worldvision.

The National Screen Service (NSS) is a company producing film trailers before the 1960's.

NSS' work used important scenes and big text, plus music sourced from the studio music archives and narration in a stentorian voice to accompany the text and moving images.

Cascom, Digital Juice and Envato are stock content houses.

PAMS, JAM Creative Productions, TM Studios, Score Productions, Tuesday Productions, Telesound, HLC/Killer Music and Gari Music Group are some jingle houses.

KPM, Sonoton and Network Music are some of the innovators in the production music industry.

Associated Production Music (APM), Universal Production Music, 5 Alarm Music, Current Music and Nichion are some stock music distributors.

Promusic, TRF Music, Audio Action and MusiCues Corporation are defunct stock music distributors.

Sound Ideas is a Canadian company specializing in sound effects, but also royalty-free music.

Creative Support Services (CSS), Westar Music, Freeplay Music, The Music Bakery, River City Sound Productions, Fresh Music and SmartSound are the other royalty-free music labels.

The EBU/UER believes in unity, solidarity and collaboration.

During the Cold War, the EBU/UER simply comprised broadcasters from Western Europe, such as the BBC, ORTF, Antenne 2, FR3, RAI, ARD, ZDF, SRG SSR, ORF, NOS, BRT, RTBF and JRT.

Yugoslavia was the sole socialist nation among the founding members of the EBU/UER.

Organisation Internationale de Radiodiffusion et de Télévision (OIRT) positioned itself as the Eastern Bloc's response to the EBU/UER during most of the Cold War period.

January 1, 1993 was when this OIRT group merged with the EBU/UER and all of the OIRT members across Eastern Europe were being transferred to the EBU/UER.

Intervision, the television network of this OIRT group, was the Eastern Bloc's response to Eurovision during the Cold War.

The BBC World Service is the international service of the BBC.

Having been the world's largest external broadcaster in terms of reception area, language selection and audience reach, the BBC World Service reports the news from a pro-British perspective.

CNN International is CNN's worldwide version.

With CNN being one of the largest news organizations in the world, CNN International is the leading international news channel in viewership.

Reporting the news from a pro-American perspective, CNN International is seen around the world.

Deutsche Welle (DW) is a state-owned international broadcaster from Germany.

Funded by federal law, Deutsche Welle has always maintained its editorial independence.

Euronews is a television channel, reporting the news from a pro-European perspective.

The Filipino Channel (TFC) is the global television service of ABS-CBN, aimed to provide Filipinos around the world with a wide range of programs sourced from this broadcaster.

GMA Pinoy TV is the global television service of GMA Network, similar to TFC from ABS-CBN.

Channel NewsAsia is an English-language television news channel from MediaCorp and an Asian alternative to Western-based international media.

The American Forces Network (AFN) and the American Forces Radio and Television Service (AFRTS) serve as systems offering radio and television to US military personnel overseas.

Due to its presence in many countries all around the world, including locations where English is not the primary language, AFRTS is a cultural ambassador for the United States.

Newscasts via AFRTS are compiled from American networks, wired services and other sources.

For years, Americans who live overseas have tuned in to AFN as an alternative to the national public broadcasters since American pop culture was rare in the early stages of the post-WWII era.

The British Forces Broadcasting Service (BFBS) is AFN's British answer.

Like AFN, BFBS offers programs to British military personnel worldwide.

Due to its presence in numerous locations all across the world, including areas where English is not the primary language, BFBS is a cultural ambassador for the UK.

Abbey Road, United Western, Cheiron are world-famous and innovative recording studios.

Central European Media Enterprises (CME) is a media company known for introducing Western-style media principles to the Eastern Bloc after communism ended.

Evening sign-offs and morning sign-ons have been landmarks of the television industry for years.

Many television stations begin and end their activities with either the program line-up, a station ID, a prayer, scenic views, news/weather, a clock ID, technical information or an anthem.

During sign-offs, people at home on TV who were not being able to go to bed are invited to tune in to alternate services hosted by their sisters/affiliates for music, news or chat through the night.

The International Television Federation (Intertel) is a former television production agency comprising public broadcasters from the English-speaking world.

Founded in 1960, Intertel was a breakthrough in using ideas

CityTV began its operations in September 1972 with a commitment and a vision to provide Canadian teenagers and young adults with many unconventional programs.

Six years after its 1972 launch, in 1978, CHUM Limited purchased a minority stake in CityTV.

MuchMusic is CityTV's sister service, doubling as the national cable television service and Canada's answer to MTV.

Like MTV, MuchMusic features music videos, interviews and on-screen video jockeys.

Deviating itself from MTV's polished and predictable image, MuchMusic used its live, unscripted and spontaneous approach.

Having started its operations in 1984, 12 years after CityTV's debut in 1972, MuchMusic has played a significant role in Canadian pop culture, influencing music, fashion and youth trends.

In September 1972, CityTV began its operations from 99 Queen Street East in downtown Toronto.

Staying true to their downtown roots, both CityTV and MuchMusic, plus CHUM Limited's television division, moved their operations to 299 Queen Street West in the late-1980's or after 1986.

CityTV's 1978 acquisition by CHUM, which, in 1981, acquired CityTV's majority interest, led to 299 Queen Street West being acquired in the mid-1980's or between 1984 and 1986.

Helping to revitalize 299 Queen Street West as the television headquarters for CHUM Limited and its various outlets like CityTV and MuchMusic was Quadrangle.

While the exterior of 299 Queen Street West has been restored and remains intact, the interior of 299 Queen Street West has been modernized into an innovative media complex.

Designed to have no TV studios, the entire 299 Queen Street West was rigged for video and audio.

Many television productions made by various CHUM assets like CityTV and MuchMusic, all of which emanated from 299 Queen Street West, were presented live on the ground floor or a street level.

Street-level studios are where people in each city's downtown core may look through glass windows to watch either radio or television programs.

CityPulse (now CityNews) is CityTV's highly-acclaimed and award-winning news operation.

Until the late-1980's move to 299, the news anchors on CityPulse sat behind the anchor desk in a dark studio with a television set behind them.

With the move to 299, the anchors on CityPulse started to stand up in (and walk around) the desk-less newsroom studio set featuring various positions.

Amongst the various positions of the innovative desk-less CityPulse newsroom, while at 299, were the unique glass-etched map of the city, the assignment desk and monitor banks.

Plus, the weather forecast on CityPulse during the 299 era was held in an exterior place.

The Thomson-Houston Electric Company merged in the early-1890's with the Edison General Electric Company to form GE, which also formed its worldwide division Thomson Houston International.

During 1893, Compagnie Française Thomson-Houston (CFTH) was established as GE's partner.

Hotchkiss-Brandt merged with CFTH in 1966 to form Thomson-Houston-Hotchkiss-Brandt, renamed Thomson-Brandt.

Just two years after this 1966 merger transaction, in the late-1960's or before 1969, Thomson-Brandt's electronic business merged with CSF to form Thomson-CSF.

RCA was co-founded prior to the 1920's by GE, the Westinghouse Electric Corporation, the American Telephone & Telegraph Company and the United Fruit Company.

Suffering complaints that cross-licensing agreements between RCA, GE and Westinghouse have made illegal monopolies, antitrust charges were brought against them in 1930.

Both GE and Westinghouse divested their ownership of RCA in the early-1930's or before 1933.

With both GE and Westinghouse divesting their ownership in the early-1930's or before 1933, RCA declared its independence.

From its 1926 launch to its 1986 sale, NBC was owned by RCA.

William Wadsworth Hodkinson formed Paramount in 1914, whereas Adolph Zukor formed Famous Players in 1912, and Jesse L. Lasky formed his eponymous studio in 1913.

Just before 1917, Paramount, Famous Players and the Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Company joined together in forming Famous Players-Lasky Corporation.

Paramount Famous Lasky Corporation is the name used in the late-1920's

Darryl Zanuck and Joseph Schenck left United Artists to form 20th Century Pictures in 1933.

Not long after, 20th Century Pictures merged with William Fox's eponymous film studio to form 20th Century-Fox in the mid-1930's or before 1936.

Jack L. Warner and his sons established Warner Bros. Pictures in the mid-1920's or before 1924.

In 1924, Metro Pictures joined forces with the likes of Samuel Goldwyn and Louis B. Mayer to form Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM); this transaction was orchestrated by Marcus Loew.

The Orpheum Circuit was owned by Martin Beck and merged with the holdings of Benjamin Franklin Keith and Edward Franklin Albee II in the late-1920's to form Keith-Albee-Orpheum (KAO).

Film Booking Offices of America (FBO), which was run by Joseph P. Kennedy, joined forces with the Keith-Albee-Orpheum circuit by arrangement with RCA to form Radio-Keith-Orpheum (RKO).

Radio-Keith-Orpheum (RKO), also known as RKO Radio Pictures or RKO Pictures, is one of the Big Five studios, joining Paramount, Warner Bros., MGM and 20th Century-Fox Film Corporation.

DuMont Laboratories (1930's-1960), run partly by Paramount, was likewise a media pioneer.

Balaban and Katz, which is named after A.J. Balaban and Sam Katz, was a division of the Paramount empire since 1926, and later UPT since 1949.

30 Rockefeller Plaza, which is the main tenant of the Rockefeller Centre complex based in New York's Midtown Manhattan portion, has been an iconic structure since its opening in 1933.

Designed in Art Deco by Raymond Hood, 30 Rockefeller Plaza is sometimes called 30 Rock.

Having been the world headquarters of its main tenant RCA, then General Electric (GE), and currently Comcast, 30 Rock is also the world headquarters of NBC, doubling as its East Coast headquarters.

Just before 30 Rockefeller Plaza, NBC's former headquarters was based in a Beaux Arts-style building designed by Floyd Brown, located at 5th Avenue, also in New York's Midtown Manhattan portion.

Radio City Music Hall, which is also based in the Rockefeller Centre complex in New York's Midtown Manhattan portion, is the world's largest indoor theatre, but also a famous structure.

Opened in the early-1930's or before 1933, Radio City Music Hall hosts concerts and events.

Edward Durell Stone and Donald Deskey co-designed Radio City Music Hall, also in Art Deco.

The location for Radio City Music Hall is 1260 Avenue of the Americas.

NBC Colour City Studios is NBC's former West Coast headquarters from the 1950's to 2014.

The NBC Tower, designed in Art Deco by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, serves as NBC's Chicago headquarters.

Based in downtown Chicago, the NBC Tower is similar to 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York.

Until the 1989 relocation to the NBC Tower, the Merchandise Mart, likewise an Art Deco structure in downtown Chicago, served as NBC's former Chicago studios.

NBC's Washington headquarters, located on Nebraska Avenue, serves as NBC's Washington studios, doubling as NBC News' former Washington base from the 1950's to 2020.

The CBS Broadcast Centre is the primary East Coast production headquarters for CBS.

Located at West 57th Street on the West Side of Midtown Manhattan in New York, the CBS Broadcast Centre was once the most modern and efficient broadcast facility of its kind in the world.

Before moving to West 57th, CBS' primary East Coast production hub was at Grand Central Terminal, also based in New York's Midtown Manhattan portion.

CBS Television City, or simply Television City, is based at 7800 Beverly Boulevard in Hollywood.

The Progressive Club, which is a former Jewish country club located at Techwood Drive in midtown Atlanta, serves as Turner Broadcasting System's headquarters.

Plus, the Progressive Club served as CNN's former headquarters during its first seven years.

Still in Atlanta, the Omni International Complex, located in its downtown core, served as CNN's main headquarters, known as CNN Centre, from the 1980's or after 1986 to the 2020's or after 2022.

WNBT, WCBW and WPTZ all entered commercial operations in 1941.

Not long after WNBT, WCBW and WPTZ entered commercial operations in 1941, WRGB likewise entered commercial operations in 1942.

David Sarnoff was an influential and instrumental figure in developing both the RCA and NBC media empires, the latter whom he especially founded, led and shaped.

Arthur Judson founded United Independent Broadcasters in the late-1920's or after 1926.

Not long after its launch in the 1920's or after 1926, Columbia Records invested in United Independent Broadcasters, becoming the eponymous Columbia Phonographic Broadcasting System (CPBS).

Issac and Leon Levy took CPBS from Arthur Judson and Columbia in the late-1920's or before 1929.

William S. Paley, who was an in-law of the Levy brothers, turned the CPBS network into the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), and became its majority owner.

Paramount took 49% of the CBS network in 1929, but the Great Depression forced the studio to sell its shares back to the network in the early-1930's or before 1933.

Edward J. Noble took control of the NBC Blue Network after 1942, after a decree from the FCC stating that RCA divested itself of one of its networks, and changed its name to ABC.

Under Edward J. Noble, ABC tried to be an innovative and competitive broadcaster, but financial issues and the pressure to rival longer-established NBC and CBS hampered the network.

The DuMont Television Network began its regular operations a year after World War II ended.

WABD, WTTG and WDTV are the flagship television stations of the DuMont Television Network.

Unlike the Big Three networks, all of which have their roots in radio, DuMont is a former broadcaster devoted solely to television, with programming that is innovative and creative.

In January 1949, WDTV opened for business as the first television station in Pennsylvania's iconic and famous Steel City and this Commonwealth's first network-owned-and-operated television station.

Plus, WDTV started live network programming between multiple US regions by activating the coaxial cable connection from the American Telephone & Telegraph Company.

Just before WDTV began, networks relied on separate regional networks for live programming in both the East and Midwest; the West Coast got live programming from kinescope.

Nicknamed the Golden Spike, the coaxial cable connection from the American Telephone & Telegraph Company linked 13 stations, including WDTV, from the East to the Midwest.

Two years after WDTV's connection, in the early-1950's, the West Coast began to carry live television programming from the East (and the East starting to carry the same from the West).

But the WDTV cable connection, which began upon the station's 1949 launch, marked the launch of a nationally-interconnected television network in the modern era.

In addition to pioneering a modern national television network via the WDTV, DuMont also broke the one-sponsor model and minority programming for minority viewers.

Leonard Goldenson's UPT theatre chain merged with ABC in 1953.

Upon its merger with UPT, ABC received financial resources and strategic leadership, revitalizing this network; it also marked a turning point for the DuMont Television Network.

DuMont faced financial problems, partly due to its reliance on UHF channels; it also proposed a merger with UPT-ABC, but Paramount, a major DuMont investor, rejected the deal.

After network service formally ended, DuMont Labs spun off two of its remaining owned-and-operated television stations, WABD and WTTG, to shareholders as the DuMont Broadcasting Corporation.

In 1957, in order to distance itself from the DuMont branding, which was seen as a failure, the DuMont Broadcasting Corporation became the Metropolitan Broadcasting Corporation.

Metropolitan Broadcasting's shares was purchased by John Kluge from Paramount in the late-1950's or after 1957, becoming Metromedia in 1961 or the early-1960's or after 1960.

Under John Kluge, Metromedia diversified its interests.

Rupert Murdoch, who previously acquired 20th Century Fox, also acquired the independent television stations owned by John Kluge's Metromedia empire.

All of the former independent television stations held by John Kluge's Metromedia empire formed the nucleus of the Fox Broadcasting Company.

Plus, the UPT-ABC merger forced Balaban and Katz to sell WBKB to CBS, which also owned WBBM radio; this resulted in the change to WBBM-TV.

Still in Chicago, WGN-TV became an exclusive DuMont affiliate until the mid-1950's or before 1957.

With the format demise of the DuMont network, WGN-TV began using a general entertainment format typical of the other indpendent television stations in the United States and Canada.

Blending sitcoms, dramas, cartoons, films and religious programs with locally-produced newscasts and others, WGN-TV became an alternative to Chicago's network-owned stations.

In addition, WGN-TV became the leading independent station in Chicago for nearly 4 decades.

The UPT/ABC merger also prompted DuMont Labs to sell WDTV to the locally-based Westinghouse Electric Corporation and change its calls to KDKA-TV, after radio station KDKA, in 1954.

With its 1954 sale, KDKA-TV became the flagship television asset of the Westinghouse Broadcasting Company, also known as Group W.

ABC, having merged with UPT, was the first to lure Hollywood studios to television production.

While both NBC and CBS used programming presented live, ABC, particularly after its merger with UPT, used a Hollywood-style approach, focusing on filmed programs.

During his long tenure, Leonard Goldenson developed a unique strategy for ABC, which focused on niche audiences, especially the youth, which both NBC and CBS overlooked.

Barry Diller, whose mentor is Leonard Goldenson, pioneered the made-for television movies and the television miniseries while at ABC.

Leonard Goldberg worked as ABC's programming head from 1966 to 1969.

Fred Silverman spearheaded the rural purge while working at CBS, but he also shifted the network's programming focus towards more urban and younger demographics, keeping its dominance.

Due to his success at CBS, Fred Silverman moved to its rival ABC, where his programming choices likewise caused its turnaround, surging from third place in the ratings to first place.

Just before Fred Silverman, ABC lagged in the ratings behind both NBC and CBS.

Using the combined strategies of both Leonard Goldenson and Fred Silverman, ABC became a major television service, breaking the dominance held by both NBC and CBS.

Plus, Fred Silverman's success at ABC prompted some local television stations, which were affiliated with both NBC and CBS in several markets, to switch to ABC.

MCA's Revue Studios was the largest independent television production company in the US.

Desilu, the eponymous television company from Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz, was the second-biggest independent television company in the US behind MCA's Revue Studios.

With Universal's 1962 sale to MCA and Revue's transformation into Universal's television arm, Desilu became and remained the largest independent television production company in the United States.

Gulf+Western (then Paramount's parent company) took Desilu and transformed itself into Paramount's television production arm, rebranding the company as the original Paramount Television.