MuchMusic

MuchMusic is the national cable television service of CityTV.

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is the oldest and largest broadcaster in the world, both by stature and by employees.

Whether on television, radio, the internet or various platforms, the BBC is a window to the world.

News, information, entertainment and education are the core elements of the BBC.

Indeed, the BBC is one of the world's most successful and trusted sources for news, information and entertainment.

Electric and Musical Industries (EMI) is also one of the multinational companies based in the UK.

From its 1930's inception to its 2010's end, EMI has been particularly involved with music, as well as television, film and leisure.

General Electric (GE) and the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) are also multinational forces.

Both GE and RCA are innovators and leaders in both electronics and telecommunications in the United States for many years.

Virgin Group is also a multinational empire, like EMI, RCA and GE.

For many years, three broadcasters in the United States have also been the largest and most distributed broadcasters in the world, known collectively as the Big Three, doubling as production companies.

Programs which are made and produced especially for the English-language television networks in the United States are the most widely-syndicated overseas.

The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) is one of the Big Three broadcasters in the United States.

Having been both the first (and the oldest) of all the Big Three broadcasters, NBC is also an iconic and world-famous broadcaster, much like the BBC.

Whether on television, radio, the internet or other ways, NBC is one of the most successful and trusted media sources in the world for news, information and entertainment.

Ever since its 1926 inception, NBC has been an innovator in the broadcasting business.

Some of the innovations that NBC pioneered include colour television, early-morning television and late-night television.

Paramount Pictures is one of the Big Five film studios in the US, but also a multinational empire.

Film Booking Offices of America (FBO), Metro Pictures Corporation, the Orpheum Circuit and 20th Century Pictures, Inc. are precursors of the Big Five film studios in the United States.

RKO Radio Pictures, besides Paramount and others, is one of the Big Five film studios in the United States, which RCA partly owned.

American Multi Cinema (AMC), Regal Cinemas (also Regal Entertainment Group) and Cinemark are the three largest movie theatre chains in the United States.

National Amusements is an American privately-owned movie theatre operator.

The American Broadcasting Company (ABC), a spin-off of the NBC Blue Network, is regarded as the youngest of the US-based Big Three broadcasters.

Plus, ABC is an iconic and world-famous broadcaster, much like the BBC and NBC.

Like both the BBC and NBC, either on television, radio, the internet or others, ABC is also one of the most successful and trusted media sources for news, information andco entertainment.

United Independent Broadcasters, besides NBC and ABC, is one of the traditional US-based Big Three broadcasters.

The Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) is the current name for United Independent Broadcasters.

Like the BBC, NBC and ABC networks, CBS has been an iconic and world-famous broadcaster.

Plus, whether on television, radio, online or others, CBS is a successful and a trusted media source for news, information and entertainment, like the BBC, NBC and ABC.

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates broadcast and media assets in the US.

The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) is a Crown corporation doubling as the national public broadcaster in Canada, officially related to the worldwide BBC system.

Ever since 1936, the CBC has been a source for news, information, entertainment and education.

The CTV Television Network and the Global Television Network are the CBC's television rivals.

Just like the broadcasters which come from core Anglophone nations, both CTV and Global are media empires renowned for innovation, quality and value.

CBLT, CFTO, CHUM, CHCH, CHAN, CIII, CKND, CITY, CJOH, CFCN, CFRN and CITV are some broadcast stations in Canada influencing broadcast presentation.

Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Winnipeg, Edmonton and Calgary are some Canadian media hubs.

Most of the radio and television stations in Canada have four-letter call signs; three-letter calls are for either radio stations or commercial stations earning three-letter calls before rules are adopted.

Five-letter calls are for CBC transmitters, either rebroadcasters or assets being owned-and-operated by Télévision de Radio-Canada outside Quebec.

Call signs for stations held by the CBC use the letters CB, including television, where the CB-(-)T call letters are used.

In addition, the television stations of both the CBC and CTV networks have current and former studios being located in a city's downtown core.

The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) regulates all broadcast outlets in Canada.

British Columbia Television (BCTV) is the official former brand for CHAN-TV from 1973 to 2001.

Canwest is one of the former major multinational privately-owned media empires in Canada.

Western International Communications (WIC) is likewise a media empire in Canada.

Independent Television (ITV) is the BBC's main television competitor.

Unlike the BBC's national television services, all of which have no advertising revenues, ITV utilizes commercials.

BBC One and BBC Two are the BBC's main domestic television services.

Just like the iconic broadcasters from core Anglophone countries, BBC One, BBC Two and ITV have always been television services known for innovation, quality and value.

London is a major hub for both British and international television services.

Nippon Hoso Kyokai (NHK), similar and related to the BBC, is Japan's public broadcaster.

As do other broadcasters in core Anglophone countries, NHK is a broadcaster known for innovation, quality and value.

Fuji Television (Fuji TV), Nippon Television (NTV), TV Asahi, TV Tokyo and Tokyo Broadcasting System (TBS) are commercial television networks in Japan.

The Korean Broadcasting System (KBS) and Munwha Broadcasting Corporation (MBC) are major broadcasters in South Korea.

Channel 9, Channel 7 and Channel 10 are the Big Three television broadcasters in Australia.

The National Nine Network, the Nine Network, the Seven Network and Network Ten are some of the other names for Channel 9, Channel 7 and Channel 10.

For many years, Channel 9, Channel 7 and Channel 10 have frequently had historic alliances with the Big Three broadcasters in the United States:

• Nine = ABC
• Seven = NBC
• Ten = CBS

During the 1980's and the 1990's, Channel 9 also endured an alliance with CBS.

Plus, the former names for Channel 9, Channel 7 and Channel 10 include:

• Nine = National Television Network
• Seven = Australian Television Network
• Ten = Independent Television Service

TCN, GTV, QTQ, NWS and TVW are the Nine Network's flagship stations based in Australia's major metropolitan cities.

ATN, HSV, BTQ, SAS and TVW are the Seven Network's flagship stations based in Australia's major metropolitan cities.

TEN, ATV, TVQ, ADS and NEW are Ten's flagship stations in Australia's major metropolitan cities.

Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth serve as the main bases for Australia's Big Three advertiser-supported and metropolitan television services.

WIN, CBN, CWN, RVN, AMV, NEN, BCV, STV, GLV, BTV, GMV, TVT, TNT and NBN are some regional commercial television stations in Australia.

Prime Television and Southern Cross are regional television networks in Australia, aside from WIN Television, whose name is derived from its first (and flagship) station.

The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), officially similar and related to the worldwide BBC system, is the national public broadcaster in Australia.

Ever since its inception in the 1930's, the ABC has had an influence on Australian culture.

Television New Zealand (TVNZ), often related to the BBC, is New Zealand's main public television broadcaster.

Radio New Zealand (RNZ) is the radio answer to Television New Zealand (TVNZ).

ABN, ABV, ABQ, ABS and ABW are the flagship television stations of the ABC in Australia's major metropolitan cities.

Until the 1980's, the ABC was known as the Australian Broadcasting Commission.

Like the famous broadcasters from core Anglophone nations, Australia's ABC has been a media empire renowned for innovation, quality and value.

Many calls for Australia's commercial television stations begin with the first two letters chosen by the licensee, while the third one often indicates the state or territory in which the station is located.

The Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) is a public broadcaster in Australia, whose goal is to provide programming in multilingual and multicultural aspects to this nation.

Distinct from (yet similar) to the ABC, SBS is one of the two public broadcasters in Australia.

Aggregation is a process in Australia where television viewers in regional areas could offer the same choice as their metropolitan counterparts.

In Australian television, this aggregation process enables regional commercial television channels to expand their signals into neighbouring areas.

Prior to aggregation, small, separate areas have one single independent television station.

But with the aggregation process, large regional markets in Australia have three commercial television channels, plus the ABC and SBS.

Whereas it is beneficial for viewers, aggregation in the Australian television industry led to concerns involving regional television.

Regional television stations in Australia frequently offered local news, sports and community events before aggregation.

Alto Broadcasting System (ABS) and Chronicle Broadcasting Network (CBN) are two of the Filipino broadcasters that merged to form ABS-CBN in the late-1960's.

Having been the dominant media empire in the Philippines, ABS-CBN also spans the globe.

NBC News, CBS News and ABC News are the news divisions of the Big Three broadcasters.

Eyewitness News, Action News and NewsCentre are the most popular television news formats in the United States and the world, doubling as newscast titles.

NewsWatch and NewsChannel, besides Eyewitness News, Action News and NewsCentre, are the other television newscast titles.

Independent Television News (ITN) is ITV's news service, doubling as one of the world's major news agencies.

The CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News and World News Tonight are the flagship television news programs.

60 Minutes, 20/20 and Dateline NBC are the main weekly newsmagazines on television.

Today and Good Morning America are two of the three main American morning news programs.

Meet The Press, Face The Nation and This Week are the flagship weekly news/discussion programs on American television.

11 PM is the traditional time for late-night local newscasts in the Eastern and Pacific time zones of the United States; late-night local news airs at 10 PM in America's middle time zones.

Film at 11 is a phrase being utilized in the American television news business to indicate the late-night newscast that is typically aired at 11 p.m.

The Film at 11 phrase means keeping viewers informed with the day's top stories and breaking news.

WNBC, WCBS, WABC, WNYW, WWOR and WPIX are broadcast trailblazers.

KNBC, KCBS, KTLA, WMAQ, WBBM, WLS and WGN are some other local broadcast outlets in the United States influencing broadcast presentation.

New York City and Los Angeles are the primary locations for the Big Three broadcasters in the United States, but also endure many historic radio and television firsts.

Chicago is a crucial location for the Midwest operations of the Big Three networks, also making many historic radio and television innovations.

KYW, WCAU, WPVI, WNAC, WXPO and KDKA are also broadcast trailblazers.

Philadelphia, Boston and the Steel City, besides New York, Los Angeles and Chicago, are the other locations enduring other broadcast innovations.

Both KYW and KDKA are some broadcast stations east of the Mississippi River using K calls.

WFAA, WSVN, WKYC, WEWS, WJW, WLW, WCPO, WKRC, WTBS and WTHR are some other broadcast trailblazers.

Dallas-Fort Worth, Miami-Fort Lauderdale, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Atlanta and Indianapolis are also notable locations for broadcast innovations.

KOWH, WHB and WTIX are crucial stations in developing and establishing top forty/CHR radio.

Omaha, Kansas City and New Orleans are crucial locations for KOWH, WHB and WTIX, which are prototypes of the top forty radio concept.

WINS, KYW and KFWB are crucial stations in developing and establishing all-news radio.

New York, Philadelphia and Los Angeles are crucial locations for WINS, KYW and KFWB, which are prototypes of the all-news radio format on a permanent basis.

United Paramount Theatres (UPT) is a former independent American theatre chain that was formed in 1949 as a spin-off of the movie theatre operations of Paramount Pictures.

Merging with UPT in 1953, ABC has become a broadcast innovator.

Some innovations that ABC pioneered since its merger with UPT include cinematic Hollywood-style television programming, such as made-for-television films and miniseries.

Plus, since its merger with UPT, ABC has made enhancements in its news and sports coverage.

WSMV, WTVF, WKRN and WSAZ are also local US broadcast stations which influence television presentation.

Nashville and Huntington-Charleston are crucial locations for WSMV, WTVF, WKRN and WSAZ.

Home Box Office (HBO) is a trailblazer in cable television since its debut in 1972.

Blending theatrically-released motion pictures with sports and specials, HBO is the oldest subscription television service in the United States.

Plus, HBO is the first television service to send its programming to cable systems across the nation via satellite, rather than microwave, paving the way for others adopting satellite transmission.

MTV: Music Television is the world's first 24-hour single-genre television channel with music as its primary theme.

The MTV style is a visual form that emerged during the music video boom.

A cinematic style which features fast-paced, non-linear editing, dynamic camera angles and a visually slick, flashy and glossy look, the MTV style is also used in films, television and commercials.

Having started its operations in 1981, MTV has had a significant impact in popular culture around the world, influencing music, fashion and youth trends.

SuperStation WTBS is the national version of WTBS, launching basic cable television.

Cable News Network (CNN) is the first ever 24-hour single-genre television service in the world with news as its primary theme, but also a sister channel to SuperStation WTBS.

The CNN effect is a theory of television news.

For the CNN effect, television networks, utilizing their ability to provide live 24-hour television news coverage from around the world, play a role in deciding the actions and outcomes of events.

Headline News is CNN's spin-off channel.

While CNN blends newscasts with specialized topical and feature programs, Headline News formerly strictly focused on rolling news coverage, featuring half-hour newscasts 24 hours a day.

On television or online, CNN is one of the world's most successful and trusted media sources for news and information.

The CBN Satellite Service is the first basic cable channel to be carried via satellite from its launch and also the first to have original programming, not just a feed of a local broadcast station.

USA Network (or USA) is one of the first national satellite-delivered basic cable television services to heavily focus on advertising income, other than subscriber fees like other early cable networks.

ESPN is the world's first ever 24-hour single-genre television service with sports as its main theme.

The Weather Channel is the world's first ever 24-hour solo-genre television service with weather as its main theme.

Cartoon Network is the world's first 24-hour single-genre television service with cartoons as its main theme, but also a sister channel to both SuperStation WTBS and CNN.

Food Network is a cable television service with food as its main theme.

Provincial Cinematograph Theatres is one of the first national cinema chains in the United Kingdom.

Hear It Now and its television adaptation called See It Now are notable forerunners of the television newsmagazine genre.

Panorama, This Hour Has Seven Days and W5 are also forerunners of the current affairs genre.

Global Media Arts (GMA Network or GMA), Radio Philippines Network (RPN) and the Associated Broadcasting Company (ABC) are ABS-CBN's most frequent competitors.

Eurovision is the television network of the EBU/UER, whose goal is to share and produce television programs across Europe.

The United Nations (UN), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the European Union (EU) and the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance are intergovermental organizations.

The Associated Press (AP) and United Press International (UPI) are some news agencies.

Broadcast stations in the US utilize calls that begin with a W and a K; W limited to stations east of the Mississippi River and K to stations west of the river; calls have either three or four letters.

In addition, some stations with W call letters are in a section of the US now being issued K calls.

Local stations of the Big Three networks in the United States, such as both NBC and CBS, have their current and former studios in the downtown core of a US city.

National Telefilm Associates (NTA) is a former distribution company used to syndicate American film libraries to television.

WYAH-TV is the former flagship station of the Christian Broadcasting Network.

Metromedia, Capital Cities Communications, Tribune Broadcasting and Paramount Stations Group are some former media empires.

Combined Communications Corporation and Multimedia, Inc. are likewise former media empires.

Silver King Broadcasting, Media General, Nationwide Communications and Freedom Newspapers are also former media empires.

National Educational Television (NET) is a rival of the Big Three networks in the United States.

The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is the present name for NET.

WNET, WETA, WGBH, WTTW, WPBT, KQED, WQED, WQEX, KUHT and KTCA are some of the influential member stations of both NET and PBS.

The National Football League (NFL) is one of the five major sports leagues in North America.

Having been America's most popular sports league, the NFL is also the world's wealthiest professional sports league by revenue, and the league with the most vaulable teams.

Plus, the NFL has the highest average attendance of any pro sports league in the world.

Sundays are when most NFL games are being played, with a Monday night game usually held once a week at least, and Thursday night games on most weeks as well.

The Super Bowl is the NFL's annual league championship game, and since 1966, it has been the final game of each and every NFL season.

Frequently known as the Big Game or other generic terms, the Super Bowl is one of the world's most popular annual sporting events ever.

Plus, the Super Bowl is held on a Sunday, also known as Super Bowl Sunday or Super Sunday.

Commercial airtime for the Super Bowl is the most expensive of the year due to the high viewership, leading to companies regularly developing their most expensive ads for the broadcast.

As a matter of fact, commercial viewership is an integral part of the Super Bowl.

Ever since its inception, the Super Bowl has been not just a game, but a national holiday.

Super Bowl Sunday is a uniquely American holiday tradition bringing people together, like friends, to bond over their love of gridiron football, laugh at commercials and sing along at halftime.

NFL Films is the film and television division of the NFL, known for its distinctive cinematic style.

Specifically-produced programs for the Anglo-Canadian television networks are also some of the most widely-syndicated overseas.

Associated-Rediffusion (later known as Rediffusion London), Associated Television (ATV), Granada Television and ABC Weekend Television are the Big Four ITV franchises until the 1960's.

Thames Television, London Weekend Television (LWT), ATV, Granada and Yorkshire Television are franchises of the ITV network making up the Big Five from the late-1960's to the early-1980's.

Central Independent Television joins Thames, LWT, Granada and Yorkshire in ITV's Big Five group from the early-1980's to the early-1990's.

Scottish Television, Television Wales and West (TWW), Southern Television, Anglia Television and Tyne Tees Television are ITV's other franchises.

Harlech Television (HTV) and Television South (TVS) join Scottish, Anglia and Tyne Tees in ITV's franchise group.

Ulster Television (UTV), Grampian Television, Westward Television, Border Television and Channel Television (CTV) are the smallest ITV franchises.

Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ) is Ireland's national public broadcaster.

Like the famous broadcasters from core Anglophone nations, RTÉ has been a media empire known for innovation, quality and value.

News at Ten, produced by ITN, is the flagship news program on the ITV network, plus one of the most successful and influential television news programs in both the United Kingdom and the world.

The Nine O'Clock News is the BBC's former answer to ITN's News at Ten.

Sky Channel is Europe's first cable and satellite television service

Initially known as Satellite Television, Sky Channel offers programs from the United States, including action series, soap operas and children's programs.

Premiere is the first pay television channel to focus on films in Britain, launched in 1984.

Music Box is the European counterpart of MTV, because the US-based MTV channel did not launch a European version until the late-1980's.

Sky Television is Sky Channel's multi-channel version, offering a broader range of channels.

British Satellite Broadcasting (BSB) is a former satellite television consortium initially run by five companies, including Granada Television, Anglia Television and Virgin.

Not long after its March 1990 launch, BSB merged with Sky Television in December 1990 to form British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB), the largest premium television company in Britain.

OnDigital, later known as ITV Digital, is an unsuccessful digital television platform.

Freeview is a more successful digital platform than OnDigital/ITV Digital.

Eurosport is a pan-European sports television channel, initially co-run by Sky and the EBU.

Sky News is the first 24-hour television news channel in the United Kingdom, doubling as the British answer to CNN.

Specifically-produced programs for television services coming down under are also some of the most widely-syndicated overseas like the United States, the British Isles and Canada.

La Organización de Telecomunicaciones de Iberoamérica (OTI) is the Ibero-American response to the EBU/UER.

Office de Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française (ORTF) and Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française (RTF) served as France's former national public broadcasters.

Télévision Française 1 (TF1) and France Télévisions are France's main television broadcasters.

Antenne 2 (A2) and France Régions 3 (FR3) are French television broadcasters that started in January 1975, and merged in the early-1990's or before 1993 to form France Télévisions.

Radio Television Luxembourg (RTL) is one of the oldest privately-run television stations in Europe.

Compagnie Luxembourgeoise de Télédiffusion (CLT) is the company running RTL.

Télé-Liban is the main public broadcaster in Lebanon.

Compagnie Libanaise de Télévision (CLT) and Télé-Orient are the former private television stations in Lebanon which merged in 1977 to form Télé-Liban.

Future Television, the Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation International (LBCI), Al Jadeed TV and the National Broadcasting Network (NBN) are some private television stations in Lebanon.

Many call signs starting with DW and DZ represent all stations in Metro Manila and parts of Luzon.

Plus, call signs starting with DY represent all outlets in the Visayas, and portions of both Palawan and Masbate, while calls beginning with DX represent all stations in Mindanao.

The National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) regulates broadcasting in the Philippines.

Like the FCC and the CRTC, the NTC is a broadcast regulator.

Taiwan Television (TTV), China Television (CTV) and the Chinese Television System (CTS) are the primary television broadcasters in Taiwan.

MediaCorp is Singapore's main broadcaster.

Radio Television Singapore (RTS), the Singapore Broadcasting Corporation (SBC) and Singapore International Media (SIM) are MediaCorp's precusors.

Channel 5 is the primary English-language television channel in Singapore, while Channel 8 is its primary Chinese-language television channel

Television Corporation of Singapore (TCS) and Singapore Television 12 are two of the television divisions that make up the Singapore International Media empire.

Where the News Comes First is one of the popular slogans for local newscasts.

Coverage You Can Count On and Live, Local, Late Breaking are some other popular slogans for local newscasts, besides Where the News Comes First.

The iconic "Where the News Comes First" slogan serves as an indication of the commitment of a local station to being the first to cover breaking news.

Meanwhile, the equally-famous "Coverage You Can Count On" slogan serves as a reminder to viewers watching at home that the news is reliable and trustworthy.

By the same token, the "Live, Local, Late Breaking" slogan is proof of the immediacy, local focus and latest, up-to-the minute nature of the news coverage.

Your 24-Hour News Source is a testament to the station's dedication to non-stop news coverage.

Made à la CNN, the 24-Hour News Source concept includes news updates at the top of the hour, which would last 30 seconds, plus short weather updates every half-hour during local commercial breaks.

This 24-Hour News Source concept, which was made à la CNN, provides news headlines to viewers at home outside regularly-scheduled and long-form newscasts.

On Your Side is another popular slogan for local newscasts, which is proof of the news organization's commitment to serving the community's interests.

Propaganda Films and Palomar Pictures are pioneers in bringing the MTV style to films and television commercials.

Dragnet, Star Trek and Miami Vice are some non-news franchises on television.

American Bandstand and Top of the Pops are music programs that featured the week's top hits.

NBC Saturday Night at the Movies is television's first anthology series to air relatively recent motion pictures coming from major Hollywood studios in colour.

The ABC Movie of the Week popularized the concept of made-for-television movies.

Westwood Village Memorial Park is the final resting place for many famous Hollywood stars.

Dalmo-Victor is a technological empire.

Ampex, which is a spin-off of the Dalmo-Victor company, is known around the world as an iconic and famous technological innovator.

Telstar, Syncom and the International Television Satellite Organization (Intelsat) are some of the first communications satellites in the world.

Magnetophon is a reel-to-reel recorded that enables pre-recorded playback by AEG.

WPP, Publicis, Omnicon and IPG are the world-famous Big Four agency companies.

RCA Records, Capitol Records, Columbia Records, Atlantic Records, Zomba, Arista, Jive and Fable Music are some iconic music labels.

Commodore and Compagnie Générale de la Télégraphie Sans Fil (CSF) are industrial forces.

The Olympic Games and the FIFA World Cup are the world's leading international sporting events.

Revived in 1896 after a long absence of the ancient Olympics, the modern Olympics have summer and winter sports competitions; they foster international cooperation and cultural exchange.

Hosting the Olympics can also bring significant economic benefits and issues to the host city, affecting infrastructure, tourism and local communities.

Every two years, the Olympics and its media exposure offers athletes their chance to earn national and international fame.

Plus, the Olympics provide an opportunity for the host city and country to showcase themselves to the world.

Meanwhile, the FIFA World Cup has been the most prestigous association football competition in the world, but also the world's most widely watched and followed sporting event.

Since 1930, the FIFA World Cup has generated economic growth and investment in a nation, but also positive social change.

The Eurovision Song Contest (ESC) is the flagship event of the EBU/UER.

Having been an annual television tradition since the 1950's, the Eurovision Song Contest is one of the world's most popular non-sporting events ever, attracting more viewers than the Super Bowl.

Prime Computer and Apolo Computer are former computer technology companies.

FruityLoops (FL Studio) is one of the digital audio workstations

NTSC, PAL and SECAM are colour television standards.

Both PAL and SECAM have 625 lines, a hundred lines more than NTSC; PAL has 50 frame rates per second, while NTSC has 60.

Some of the test cards include the SMPTE colour bars (NTSC), the circle pattern (PAL/SECAM), the Telefunken PuBK (PAL) and the EBU colour bars.

Industrial Light and Magic (ILM) is one of the best visual effects companies in the world.

NBC Films, CBS Enterprises and ABC Films are syndicated divisions of the Big Three networks.

Video & Audio Communications (Viacom) and Worldvision Enterprises are companies involved with television syndication.

Television by Design (TVbD), jcbD, DESIGNefx, Novocom/GRFX and Pittard Sullivan are just some high-end broadcast graphics firms in the United States.

On/Off Productions, Velvet mediendesign, Animatica, Ostra Delta and View are some of the high-end motion graphics firms based in mainland Europe.

Cuppa Coffee Studios and Big Studios are some high-end motion graphics firms in Canada.

Animal Logic, Zero Plus, Conja, Centro Digital Pictures, Fat Lizard, Critica and Mojo are high-end motion graphics firms in the Asia-Pacific region.

Pacific Data Images (PDI) and Pixar Animation Studios are some of the iconic 3D computer graphics firms in the world.

The New York Institute of Technology (NYIT) is one of the educational institutions.

The Prime Time Access Rule is an American broadcast regulation that the FCC imposed.

What the Prime Time Access Rule means is that the television networks would return early-evening programming half an hour to local stations.

Many effects of the Prime Time Access Rule, some of which have been felt still, have an impact on television:

• The Big Three networks alter the start time for prime time programming, both on weekdays and Saturdays, from 7:30pm to 8:00pm, adopted by later entrants.

• In addition, the Prime Time Access Rule is also a factor in the cancellation of various television programs being geared towards older and rural audiences.

• By cancelling programs being geared towards older and rural audiences, the networks make the decision to target younger urban audiences more profitable to advertisers.

The Financial Interest and Syndication Rules (fin-syn) are a series of regulations being imposed by the Federal Communications Commission on television.

With these fin-syn rules, the FCC kept the Big Three broadcasters from monopolizing the broadcasting landscape by not owning any of the programming in their primetime line-up.

Plus, these fin-syn regulations prevented the networks from airing syndicated programming they had a financial stake in, but also led them to spin off their syndicated divisions.

For example, with the FCC's fin-syn rules, NBC Films was sold to NTA, whilst CBS Enterprises was spun-off into Viacom and ABC Films was sold to Worldvision.

The National Screen Service (NSS) is a company producing film trailers before the 1960's.

NSS' work used important scenes and big text, plus music sourced from the studio music archives and narration in a stentorian voice to accompany the text and moving images.

Cascom, Digital Juice and Envato are stock content houses.

PAMS, JAM Creative Productions, TM Studios, Score Productions, Tuesday Productions, Telesound, HLC/Killer Music and Gari Music Group are some jingle houses.

KPM, Sonoton and Network Music are some of the innovators in the production music industry.

Associated Production Music (APM), Universal Production Music, 5 Alarm Music, Current Music and Nichion are some stock music distributors.

Promusic, TRF Music, Audio Action and MusiCues Corporation are defunct stock music distributors.

Sound Ideas is a Canadian company specializing in sound effects, but also royalty-free music.

Creative Support Services (CSS), Westar Music, Freeplay Music, The Music Bakery, River City Sound Productions, Fresh Music and SmartSound are the other royalty-free music labels.

The EBU/UER believes in unity, solidarity and collaboration.

During the Cold War, the EBU/UER simply comprised broadcasters from Western Europe, such as the BBC, ORTF, Antenne 2, FR3, RAI, ARD, ZDF, SRG SSR, ORF, NOS, BRT, RTBF and JRT.

Yugoslavia was the sole socialist nation among the founding members of the EBU/UER.

Organisation Internationale de Radiodiffusion et de Télévision (OIRT) positioned itself as the Eastern Bloc's response to the EBU/UER during most of the Cold War period.

January 1, 1993 was when this OIRT group merged with the EBU/UER and all of the OIRT members across Eastern Europe were being transferred to the EBU/UER.

Intervision, the television network of this OIRT group, was the Eastern Bloc's response to Eurovision during the Cold War.

Both Eurovision and Intervision merged in 1993 as well.

The BBC World Service is the international service of the BBC.

Having been the world's largest external broadcaster in terms of reception area, language selection and audience reach, the BBC World Service reports the news from a pro-British perspective.

CNN International is CNN's worldwide version.

With CNN being one of the largest news organizations in the world, CNN International is the leading international news channel in viewership.

Reporting the news from a pro-American perspective, CNN International is seen around the world.

Deutsche Welle (DW) is a state-owned international broadcaster from Germany.

Funded by federal law, Deutsche Welle has always maintained its editorial independence.

Euronews is a television channel, reporting the news from a pro-European perspective.

The Filipino Channel (TFC) is the global television service of ABS-CBN, aimed to provide Filipinos around the world with a wide range of programs sourced from this broadcaster.

GMA Pinoy TV is the global television service of GMA Network, similar to TFC from ABS-CBN.

Channel NewsAsia is an English-language television news channel from MediaCorp and an Asian alternative to Western-based international media.

Abbey Road and United Western are world-famous and innovative recording studios.

Central European Media Enterprises (CME) is a media company playing a leading role in introducing Western-style (Western European and American) principles to the Eastern Bloc.

Whereas shellac records are simply for singles, having a higher speed but holding short playback, LP records are for albums, having a slower speed but holding longer playback.

The Army & Air Force Exchange Service (AAFES) provides goods and services at US Army and Air Force installations around the world.

Evening sign-offs and morning sign-ons have been landmarks of the television industry for years.

Many television stations begin and end their activities with either the program line-up, a station ID, a prayer, scenic views, news/weather, a clock ID, technical information or an anthem.

During sign-offs, people at home on TV who were not being able to go to bed are invited to tune in to alternate services hosted by their sisters/affiliates for music, news or chat through the night.

The International Television Federation (Intertel) is a former television production agency comprising public broadcasters from the English-speaking world.

Founded in 1960, Intertel was a breakthrough in using ideas

CityTV began its operations in September 1972 with a commitment and a vision to provide Canadian teenagers and young adults with many unconventional programs.

Six years after its 1972 launch, in 1978, CHUM Limited purchased a minority stake in CityTV.

MuchMusic is CityTV's sister service, doubling as the national cable television service and Canada's answer to MTV.

Like MTV, MuchMusic features music videos, interviews and on-screen video jockeys.

Deviating itself from MTV's polished and predictable image, MuchMusic used its live, unscripted and spontaneous approach.

Having started its operations in 1984, 12 years after CityTV's debut in 1972, MuchMusic has played a significant role in Canadian pop culture, influencing music, fashion and youth trends.

In September 1972, CityTV began its operations from 99 Queen Street East in downtown Toronto.

Staying true to their downtown roots, both CityTV and MuchMusic, plus CHUM Limited's television division, moved their operations to 299 Queen Street West in the late-1980's or after 1986.

CityTV's 1978 acquisition by CHUM, which, in 1981, acquired CityTV's majority interest, led to 299 Queen Street West being acquired in the mid-1980's or between 1984 and 1986.

Helping to revitalize 299 Queen Street West as the television headquarters for CHUM Limited and its various outlets like CityTV and MuchMusic was Quadrangle.

While the exterior of 299 Queen Street West has been restored and remains intact, the interior of 299 Queen Street West has been modernized into an innovative media complex.

Designed to have no TV studios, the entire 299 Queen Street West was rigged for video and audio.

Many television productions made by various CHUM assets like CityTV and MuchMusic, all of which emanated from 299 Queen Street West, were presented live on the ground floor or a street level.

Street-level studios are where people in each city's downtown core may look through glass windows to watch either radio or television programs.

CityPulse (now CityNews) is CityTV's highly-acclaimed and award-winning news operation.

Until the late-1980's move to 299, the news anchors on CityPulse sat behind the anchor desk in a dark studio with a television set behind them.

With the move to 299, the anchors on CityPulse started to stand up in (and walk around) the desk-less newsroom studio set featuring various positions.

Amongst the various positions of the innovative desk-less CityPulse newsroom, while at 299, were the unique glass-etched map of the city, the assignment desk and monitor banks.

Plus, the weather forecast on CityPulse during the 299 era was held in an exterior place.

Marilyn Monroe (1926-1962) is one of the most famous, regarded and influential pop culture and sex symbols in history, but also a legendary and an unconventional figure in beauty and fashion.

Having been a pop culture and sex icon, Marilyn Monroe influences the world in many ways.

The iconic and world-famous trends of Marilyn Monroe include platinum blonde hair in curls, full red lips, alabaster skin, blue eyes and a curvaceous figure.

Plus, Marilyn Monroe's voice has a soft, smooth, breathy and silky tone.

Charisma, charm, beauty, grace, class, youth, sex appeal and sultriness, among others, are some of the enduring qualities that have made Marilyn Monroe an iconic sex symbol.

Furthermore, Marilyn Monroe also exudes sex, rebellion and the post-war American experience.

June 1, 1926 was when Marilyn Monroe was born, making her a Gemini.

With or without makeup, Marilyn Monroe is beautiful.

Marilyn Monroe breaks taboos around sexuality, but is also sexually exploited by the industry.

In addition, Marilyn Monroe's life is also marked by tragedy, including mental health issues, substance abuse and marriage collapses.

Unconventionality and mystery both surround Marilyn Monroe's life, career and death.

Still in all, Marilyn Monroe's influence on Western pop culture is always undeniable, with her legacy extending across music, fashion and youth trends.

Los Angeles and New York are some of the noted cities in which Marilyn Monroe lives and spends her life; she travels to other locations, like the United Kingdom, Canada, Japan and Korea.

From her humble beginnings as a small-town girl, Marilyn Monroe has become a world-famous star.

The Blonde Bombshell, MM and Double M are some of Marilyn Monroe's nicknames.

While she is a sex symbol, Marilyn Monroe is also a cultural icon for younger generations (teens and young adults).

In many cases, Marilyn Monroe is not just a girl of each person's dreams, but the people's actress.

James Dean (1930's-1950's) is also a world-famous pop culture and sex icon, like Marilyn Monroe.

Some James Dean trademarks include a white T-shirt, zip jacket and jeans, all which represent a new youthful generation against traditions.

Charisma, charm, rebellion, grace, class, defiance, youth, wit and sex appeal, among others, are some enduring qualities making James Dean an iconic sex symbol, like Marilyn Monroe.

Plus, like Marilyn Monroe, James Dean exudes sex, rebellion and the post-war American experience.

In addition, like Marilyn Monroe, James Dean's life is also cut short by tragedy.

Unconventionality and mystery both surround James Dean's life, career and death, just like Marilyn Monroe.

Still in all, just like Marilyn Monroe, James Dean's influence on Western pop culture is always beyond doubt, with his legacy extending across music, fashion and youth trends.

While he is a sex icon, James Dean is also a cultural icon for teenagers and young adults like Marilyn Monroe.

Elvis Presley (1930's-1977) is also a world-famous pop culture and sex icon, like Marilyn Monroe and James Dean.

Charisma, charm, rebellion, defiance, youth, and sex appeal, among others, are some enduring qualities making Elvis Presley an iconic sex symbol, like Marilyn Monroe and James Dean.

In addition, like Marilyn Monroe and James Dean, Elvis Presley exudes sex, rebellion and the post-war American experience.

Like Marilyn Monroe and James Dean, Elvis Presley's life is cut short by tragedy.

Unconventionality and mystery both surround Elvis Presley's life, career and death, just like Marilyn Monroe and James Dean.

Still, Elvis Presley's influence on Western pop culture is beyond doubt like Marilyn Monroe and James Dean, with his legacy extending across music, fashion and youth trends.

Elvis Presley is not simply a sex symbol, but is also a cultural icon for teenagers and young adults like Marilyn Monroe and James Dean.

The Beatles are the best-known and most successful and influential British rock music band.

John Lennon (d. 1980), Paul McCartney (b. 1942), Ringo Starr and George Harrison (d. 2001) are the core members of The Beatles.

Making its arrival in the United States in the mid-1960's, The Beatles have had a profound impact on Western pop culture, influencing fashion, music styles and social trends.

For example, The Beatles contributed to the album earning dominance in record consumption, rather than singles.

Liverpool is the base for The Beatles.

Plus, The Beatles' influence on Western pop culture is undisputed, like those of Marilyn Monroe and Elvis Presley; his legacy extends across music, fashion and youth trends.

The Supremes are also influential pop music figures.

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Diana Ross, Mary Wilson (d. 2021), Florence Nightingale and Cindy Birdsong (b. 1930's) are the core members of The Supremes.

Aretha Franklin (1942-2010's) is also a pop culture icon, like Marilyn Monroe, James Dean and Elvis Presley.

Having been one of the most famous singers of the 20th century and beyond, Aretha Franklin is also a trailblazing music icon in both the 20th and the 21st centuries.

With her soulful mezzo-soprano singing voice, her four-octave vocal range and her iconic hits, Aretha Franklin, known as "The Queen of Soul," has had a profound impact on Western pop culture.

Together, both Marilyn Monroe and Aretha Franklin died in August.

By coincidence, both Elvis Presley and Aretha Franklin have connections to Memphis and died on the sixteenth of August, but are also integral to American pop culture.

Plus, both Elvis Presley and Aretha Franklin are among the greatest voices in modern music history.

Michael Jackson (1950's-2009) is also a pop culture icon, like Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley and The Beatles.

Like Marilyn Monroe, James Dean, Elvis Presley and The Beatles, Michael Jackson has endured an impact on Western pop culture, being known as "The King of Pop."

With his soulful voice, his charisma and his innovative dance moves, Michael Jackson electrifies and captivates people around the world, especially America.

Plus, Michael Jackson has popularized and expanded the music video art form through MTV.

Unconventionality and struggles both surround Michael Jackson's life, career and death, like Marilyn Monroe and Elvis Presley.

In addition, Michael Jackson's influence on Western pop culture is undisputed, like Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley and The Beatles; his legacy extends across music, fashion and youth trends.

Madonna (b. 1950's) is also an icon, joining Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley, The Beatles and Michael Jackson.

Like Marilyn Monroe, James Dean, Elvis Presley, The Beatles and Michael Jackson, Madonna has also endured a profound influence on Western pop culture, being known as "The Queen of Pop."

Just as Michael Jackson did, through music and fashion, Madonna electrifies and captivates people around the world, especially America.

Also like Michael Jackson, Madonna makes contributions to music videos through MTV.

Madonna's influence on Western pop culture is undisputed, like Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley, The Beatles and Michael Jackson; her legacy extends across music, fashion and youth trends.

Cissy Houston (1933-2020's) is one of the best backup singers ever.

Having been a backup singer for Aretha Franklin and Elvis Presley, both having strong connections to Memphis, Cissy Houston has a soulful voice.

Whitney Houston (1960's-2010's) and Mariah Carey (b. 1969) are also pop culture icons, like Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley, The Beatles, Michael Jackson and Madonna.

Some Whitney Houston trademarks are her beautiful smile and her soulful mezzo-soprano vocals.

Through her powerful and soulful singing voice, her charisma and charm, Whitney Houston impresses many people across the world, especially America.

Oversinging is a trend aimed at vocal styles dominating the music they are performed in.

Riffs, runs, melisma and belting are some vocal styles most frequently associated with the oversinging trend, all popularized by Whitney Houston.

In addition, Whitney Houston popularized the big voice, little woman trend, also being used by Aretha Franklin, who is a frend and collaborator of her mother Cissy Houston.

The Voice is one of Whitney Houston's nicknames, along with Nippy and The Prom Queen of Soul.

Known as the "Songbird Supreme," Mariah Carey impresses many people across the world, especially America, with her melismatic singing style and her use of the whistle register.

Marilyn Monroe is one of Mariah Carey's major inspirations.

Both Marilyn Monroe and Mariah Carey utilize moles/beauty marks under their cheekbones; they also have their given names begin with the letters M, A, R and I.

Plus, the surnames of both Marilyn Monroe and Mariah Carey use R as the third-last letter.

Furthermore, Mariah Carey has Marilyn Monroe's piano, but also has her daughter being named after Marilyn Monroe.

Lambs are Mariah Carey's dedicated fanbase.

For years, both Whitney Houston and Mariah Carey have left their mark on pop culture in the Western world and beyond, inspiring countless artists and shaping music and other pop culture forma.

Plus, the influences involving the likes of both Whitney Houston and Mariah Carey on pop culture are undeniable, like Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley, The Beatles, Michael Jackson and Madonna.

Britney Spears (b. 1981) and Christina Aguilera (b. 1980) are also icons, like Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley, The Beatles, Michael Jackson, Whitney Houston and Mariah Carey.

Some Britney Spears trademarks are her midriff, vocal fry, blonde hair, brown eyes, etc.

Through her soulful singing voice, her charisma and others, Britney Spears electrifies and captivates people around the world, especially America.

With Y2K fashion, Britney Spears popularized crop tops in the 1990's and beyond.

McComb, Mississippi is where Britney Spears was born, while Kentwood, Louisiana is where she was raised and spent most of her childhood.

Having been a 9th cousin of Marilyn Monroe, Britney Spears uses similar looks/qualities to this iconic film star.

Both Marilyn Monroe and Britney Spears are also all-time pop culture and sex icons.

While being a sex symbol, Britney Spears is also a cultural icon for teens and young adults.

As a child, Christina Aguilera developed her music.

Staten Island, New York is where Christina Aguilera was born, though the Steel City, which is based in Pennsylvania, is where she grew up.

Whereas Britney Spears uses a girl-next-door image, focusing on youthful and trendy looks, Christina Aguilera has a more provocative image, incorporating retro elements.

Plus, Britney Spears is portrayed as a good girl, while Christina Aguilera is portrayed as a bad girl.

Furthermore, Britney Spears was signed to Jive/Zomba, while Christina Aguilera was signed to RCA Records label.

Marilyn Monroe's look, including her style, hair and makeup, inspired Christina Aguilera.

In addition, both Marilyn Monroe and Christina Aguilera are all-time pop culture and sex icons.

Some of the world-famous idols for Christina Aguilera include Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey and Janet Jackson.

Xtina is the nickname for Christina Aguilera.

While she is a sex symbol, Christina Aguilera is also an icon for teens and young adults.

Destiny's Child is a rhythm & blues girl group.

Beyoncé Knowles (b. 1981) and Kelly Rowland (b. 1981) are two of the most famous Destiny's Child members, the earlier being shortened to Beyoncé.

LaTavia Roberson (b. 1981) and LeToya Luckett (b. 1981), besides both Beyoncé Knowles and Kelly Rowland, are the other original Destiny's Child members.

Farrah Franklin (b. 1981) and Michelle Williams are the later Destiny's Child members.

Idols for Beyoncé include Whitney Houston and Mariah Carey, plus Aretha Franklin.

Jesus Christ, Cleopatra (69 BC-30 BC), Napoleon and Joan of Arc (b. circa 1412) are historic icons.

Leonardo da Vinci (b. 1450's), Raphael (b. 1480's), Vincent van Gogh (d. 1890), Michelangelo, Pablo Picasso (d. 1973) and Donatello (b. circa 1386) are artists.

William Shakespeare and Charles Dickens (b. 1812) are famous writers in the English language.

Christopher Columbus (b. 1450's), John Cabot (1450's-1490's), Jacques Cartier (b. 1490's), Amerigo Vespucci (b. 1454), Samuel de Champlain and James Cook (b. 1720's) are well-known explorers.

Ferdinand Magellan (b. 1480), Henry Hudson, Abel Tasman and Vasco de Gama are also explorers.

Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, George Washington (b. 1730's) and John Adams (b. 1730's) are some of the US Founding Fathers.

The Sons of Liberty are an American grassroots group which are instrumental in their resistance to the British during the American Revolution.

Paul Revere (1730's-1818) is one of the members of The Sons of Liberty.

Having been an American Revolution hero for his midnight ride in April 1775, Paul Revere freed the United States from the British.

Milton Berle (1900's-2002), Lucille Ball (d. 1989) and Desi Arnaz (1917-1986) are notable television innovators.

Dave Garroway (1913-1980's) and Sid Caesar (1920's-2014) are likewise television innovators.

Louis Lumiere (1860's-1948) and Auguste Lumiere (1862-1954) are film innovators.

D.W. Griffith (d. 1948), Léon Gaumont (b. 1860's) and Charles Pathé (1860's-1957) are likewise film innovators.

Eadweard Muybridge (d. 1900's) and Louis Le Prince (1841-1890/1897) are film innovators as well.

Guglielmo Marconi (d. 1937), Reginald Fessenden (1866-1930's), Philo T. Farnsworth (b. 1906), John Logie Baird and Vladimir K. Zworykin (d. 1980's) are radio and television inventors.

Adolph Zukor, Jesse L. Lasky (d. 1950's) and William Wadsworth Hodkinson are some of the best and most influential media moguls in history.

Barney Balaban, A.J. Balaban (d. 1962) and Sam Katz (1890's-1961) are movie-exhibition pioneers.

William Fox (d. 1950's) and Darryl F. Zanuck (b. 1902) are likewise media moguls.

Jack Warner (1890's-1978) is also one of the most successful media moguls ever, whose other brothers include Sam Warner (d. 1920's), Harry Warner (d. 1950's) and Albert Warner (d. 1960's).

Benjamin Franklin Keith (d. 1914), Edward Franklin Albee II (d. 1930) and Martin Beck (b. 1860's) are likewise film pioneers.

Samuel Goldwyn (d. 1974), Louis B. Mayer (d. 1957) and Marcus Loew are the other media moguls.

Carl Laemmle (d. 1930's), Harry Cohn (1890's-1950's) and J. Arthur Rank (d. 1972) are likewise media moguls.

David O. Selznick (1902-1960's), Cecil B. DeMille (d. 1950's) and Merian C. Cooper (1893-1973) are likewise film pioneers.

Billy Wilder (1906-2002) and Otto Preminger (1905-1986) are Austrian-American film directors.

Michael Curtiz (d. 1962), William Wyler (1902-1981) and John Huston (1906-1980's) are also famous Hollywood directors.

Elia Kazan (b. 1909) and Arthur Miller (d. 2005) are trailblazers in both Broadway and Hollywood.

George Cukor (1890's-1980's), Victor Fleming (d. 1949), Sam Wood (d. 1949) and Fred Zinnemann (1900's-1997) are also Hollywood trailblazers.

Akira Kurosawa (d. 1998), Sergei Eisenstein (1898-1948) and Satyajit Ray (1921-1990's) are likewise influential filmmakers.

John Grierson (1898-1972) and Alexander Korda (1893-1950's) are British film pioneers.

Steven Spielberg, Francis Ford Coppola (b. 1930's) and George Lucas (b. 1942) are Hollywood's most influential visionaries.

Peter Bodganovich (1930's-2022) and William Friedkin (1930's-2020's) are also Hollywood directors.

Lawrence Kasdan (b. 1949), Robert Zemeckis (b. 1950's), Bob Gale (b. 1950's), Steve Starkey, Wendy Finerman (b. 1960) and Albert S. Ruddy (1930-2020's) are also Hollywood visionaries.

James Cameron (b. 1954) and John Landis (b. 1950) are likewise Hollywood visionaries.

Russell Mulcahy (b. 1953), Brian Grant, David Mallet (b. 1942) and Scott Millaney are trailblazing masters in the music video industry.

David Fincher (b. 1962) and Michael Bay (b. 1960's) are likewise music video trailblazers.

Steve Golin (1950's-2010's) and Sigurjon 'Joni' Sighvatsson (b. 1950's) are trailblazers in bringing the MTV style to commercials through both Propaganda Films and Palomar Pictures.

Rebecca Blake (d. 2022) is also a trailbalzer in music videos and commercials.

Andrew J. Kuehn (b. 1937) is an innovator in the film trailer business.

Ludwig van Beethoven, Johann Sebastian Bach (b. 1750) and Johannes Brahms (d. 1897) are major Western musicians making up The Three Bs of Music.

Richard Wagner (b. 1813), Richard Strauss (1860's-1949) and Gustav Mahler (b. 1860) are notable innovators in Western music.

Johann Strauss I (1800's-1849) and Johann Strauss II (d. 1890's) are also music icons.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (b. 1750's), Robert Schumann (b. 1810's) and Johann Pachelbel are also famous icons in music.

Franz Schubert and Joseph Haydn (1730's-1809) are also famous symbols in music.

Claude Debussy (1862-1918), Camille Saint-Saens (d. 1921) and Erik Satie (1866-1925) are French music innovators.

Mily Balakirev, Cesar Cui (d. 1918), Modest Mussorgsky, Nikolai-Rimsky Korsakov (d. 1900's) and Alexander Borodin are music innovators as well.

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (d. 1893) is the first Russian composer earning an international reputation.

Igor Stravinsky, Sergei Prokofiev (1890's-1953) and Sergei Rachmaninoff are also music innovators.

Dmitri Shostakovich (d. 1975) and Fryderyk Chopin (1810-1849) are also music legends.

Bela Bartok (d. 1945), Antonin Dvorak (1841-1900's) and Jean Sibelius (1860's-1957) are also music innovators.

Henry Purcell and Edward Elgar (d. 1930's) are England's early music composers.

Ralph Vaughan Williams (d. 1950's), Gustav Holst (d. 1930's) and Percy Grainger (d. 1961) are iconic English nationalist music composers.

Arnold Schoenberg (d. 1950's), Alban Berg (d. 1930's) and Anton Webern (d. 1945) are in the Second Viennese School in the early-20th century, but are also the Three As of music.

Gioachino Rossini (d. 1860's), Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901) and Giacomo Puccini (d. 1924) are major Italian composers making up The Three Gs of music.

Stephen Foster (d. 1860's) and Charles Ives (d. 1954) are also music innovators.

Having been the first American-born individual to attempt go make a living through writing songs, Stephen Foster is a music pioneer.

The style being used by Stephen Foster comes from American influences, like vernacular music.

Charles Ives is among the first American-born music composers to earn worldwide recognition.

A pioneer in using modernist techniques, Charles Ives has incorporated American vernacular music elements into his compositions, contributing to a unique American identity.

Plus, Charles Ives is among the first composers to engage in experimental music.

Henry Cowell (1897-1960's), Lou Harrison (b. 1917) and Carl Orff (1890's-1980's) are likewise music innovators.

Many techniques that Henry Cowell have either invented or pioneered are relevant to modern music.

George Antheil (1900-1950's), Nadia Boulanger and Rubin Goldmark (d. 1936) are likewise some music innovators.

Aaron Copland (1900-1990) brings his distinctive Americana music style to the world.

Igor Stravinsky, Arnold Schoenberg, Nadia Boulanger, Rubin Goldmark. American music and others serve as influences for Aaron Copland's distinctive Americana music style.

What makes Aaron Copland's own music sound a modern one is his own formula: mixing European classical techniques with American music sounds.

Howard Hanson (1896-1981), Gyorgy Ligeti (b. 1920's), Ottorino Respighi (d. 1936) and John Cage (1912-1990's) are likewise music innovators.

Karlheinz Stockhausen (b. 1920's) and Pierre Boulez (1925-2010's) are also music innovators.

Darius Milhaud (1890's-1974) and Paul Dukas (1860's-1930's) are also music innovators.

Leos Janacek (d. 1920's), Bedrich Smetana, Ildebrando Pizzetti (d. 1960's) and Alexander Scriabin are music innovators as well.

W.C. Handy (d. 1950's) and Robert Johnson (d. 1938) are influential figures in pop music.

Thomas A. Dorsey (1890's-1993), Muddy Waters (1913-1980's) and Willie Dixon (d. 1990's) are also influential pop music figures.

Selena Quintanilla (d. 1990's) is also an icon, like Marilyn Monroe, The Beatles, Michael Jackson, Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey, Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera and Beyoncé.

Saul Bass (1920-1996), Maurice Binder (1925-1990's) and Pablo Ferro (1930's-2010's) are influential motion graphics designers.

John Oxberry (1918-1974) is also a motion graphics trailblazer, whose company is best known for its eponymous animation stand being used even when digital compuer graphics arrived.

Backlit animation and slit-scan techniques are in the Oxberry animation stand.

In the past, Oxberry has made innovations, including the first commercial animation stand, the first aerial image optical printer, the first digital-to-film recorder and the first film scanner.

Having been pioneers in bridging the gap between digital and analog animation, Oxberry is a name known for high-quality animation.

John Whitney (1917-1990's), David C. Evans (1924-1998) and Ivan Sutherland (b. 1938) are all three computer animation pioneers.

Robert Abel (1937-2001), Con Pederson (b. 1930's), John Whitney Jr., Gary Demos (b. 1950), Edwin Catmull (b. 1945), Alvy Ray Smith, Jim Clark and Jim Blinn (b. 1949) are also CGI pioneers.

Walt Disney (1901-1966) is the namesake of a media empire, with its characters becoming ubiquitous across different media types and myriad consumer products.

Leon Schlesinger (d. 1949) is the namesake of a cartoon studio, with its cartoon characters becoming ubiquitous across different media types and myriad consumer products as well.

Friz Freleng (1905-1990's) and Chuck Jones (1912-2002) are usual Leon Schlesinger aides.

Edward Selzer (b. 1893) and David H. DePatie (1929-2021) are some of the producers of the Leon Schlesinger cartoon series.

William Hanna (d. 2001) and Joseph Barbera are also iconic animators, with its characters becoming ubiquitous across different media types and myriad consumer products likewise.

Hanna-Barbera Productions is the most successful animation studio in television.

Plus, Hanna-Barbera was one of the first Western-based studios to outsource their animated work to animation studios in foreign nations.

Joe Ruby (1933-2020) and Ken Spears (1938-2020) are likewise iconic animators, like both William Hanna and Joseph Barbera.

Ruby-Spears Productions began in January 1973 and lasted until May 2002.

Lou Scheimer (1920's-2013) and Norm Prescott (1920's-2005) are also in animation.

Arthur Rankin Jr. (1924-2014) and Jules Bass (1930's-2022) are the namesakes of the innovative and groundbreaking animation studio.

Stephen Bosustow (d. 1981) and John Hubley (1914-1977) are individuals involved with animation.

Karl Freund (1890-1969), James Wong Howe (b. 1890's) and Gordon Willis (1930's-2014) are some innovative cinematographers.

Conrad Hall (b. 1926) and Donald Peterman (1930's-2010's) are also innovative cinematographers.

Freddie Francis (b. 1917), Gilbert Taylor (1914-2013), Michael Chapman (1930's-2020) and Robert Richardson (b. 1950's) are innovative cinematographers as well.

Syen Nykvist (b. 1920's) and Roger Deakins (b. 1949) are also innovative cinematographers.

Peter Zinner, Thelma Schoonmaker, Dennis Virkler (1941-2022) and John Wright (d. 2020's) are some notable film editors.

Johannes Gutenberg is also a significant figure in human history, like Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley, The Beatles, Aretha Franklin, Whitney Houston and Mariah Carey.

Tennessee Williams (d. 1980's), James Joyce (d. 1941), Samuel Beckett (1929-1989), Anton Chekhov (1860-1900's) and Oscar Wilde (d. 1900) are iconic playwrights.

Elena Jurado (1901-1974), Rudy Robles (b. 1906) and Rogelio de la Rosa (d. 1986) are the first actors coming from the Philippines with connections to Hollywood.

Kathy Ireland (b. 1960's) is one of the first fashion models to venture into entrepreneurship.

Elle MacPherson (b. 1960's) and Rachel Hunter (b. 1969) are well-known and succesful models from down under.

Suzie Kennedy (b. 1977) is one of the most successful Marilyn Monroe impersonators.

CoCo Lee (1975-2020's) is the first singer coming from the Asia-Pacific region to have music released internationally, but also the first Chinese singer to attempt to break into the Western world.

Having immigrated to the United States in 1984, CoCo Lee is an influential figure in modernizing pop music in Asia with her Americanized style.

Bridging cultural gaps between East and West, CoCo Lee has created a unique sound for many citizens around the world.

With CoCo Lee's success, many other Asian artists also earn worldwide recognition.

Although rhythm & blues is her main genre, CoCo Lee uses other genres, such as pop and rock.

Mariah Carey is one of CoCo Lee's idols; both use soulful riffs, runs and melismas.

Stevie Wonder, Whitney Houston, Michael Jackson and Madonna, besides Mariah Carey, are the other idols for CoCo Lee.

Plus, Marilyn Monroe is a key inspiration for Mariah Carey, who, in turn, is a key idol for CoCo Lee.

Ai Carina Umena (b. 1981), usually known as Ai, is an American-born Japanese singer-songwriter and rapper.

Having been the Queen of Hip-Hop Soul in Japan, Ai uses her soulful singing vocals.

One of the biggest music influences for Ai Carina Umena is Michael Jackson.

A-Mei (b. 1972) is also a pop culture symbol, known as the Pride of Taiwan.

Of Taiwanese indigenous descent, A-Mei has her mole/beauty mark, her charisma, her charm and her elegance.

Marilyn Monroe is a key inspiration for Madonna, and in turn, Madonna is a key inspiration for A-Mei.

Both Marilyn Monroe and A-Mei have their mole/beauty mark

Kyla (b. 1981) is a pioneer in rhythm & blues/soul music in the Philippines, but also a major figure in shaping rhythm & blues music in Asia.

Uing soulful riffs, runs and melisma, Kyla is the Filipino answer to Mariah Carey.

Idols for Kyla include Aretha Franklin, Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey and Beyoncé.

Melanie Hernandez Camplaud is the real name for Kyla.

Rooted in the Philippines, Kyla fuses Filipino pop music traditions with modern, American-influenced music sounds incorporating rhythm & blues and soul.

Since the 1990's, female Filipino singers, including those in its diaspora, have been influenced by both Whitney Houston and Mariah Carey, coupled with .

Marilyn Monroe is a key inspiration for Mariah Carey, who, in turn, is a key inspiration for Kyla.

Jay R (b. 1981) is, like his friend and partner Kyla, a Filipino rhythm & blues/soul music pioneer.

Stevie Wonder, Luther Vandross and Michael Jackson are some of the idols for Jay R.

Gaudencioo Sillona III is the real name for Jay R.

Both Kyla and Jay R are pioneering icons of the Filipino rhythm & blues music scene; in fact, they are well-known as Rhythm & Blues Royalities.

Jane Zhang (b. 1984) is a singer compared to CoCo Lee and Mariah Carey.

Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey and CoCo Lee are some of the singers influencing Jane Zhang.

Known as China's answer to Mariah Carey, Jane Zhang uses her soulful riffs, runs, melisma and the whistle register.

Thuy Trang (1973-2001) and Lana Condor (b. 1997) are American girls with Vietnamese heritage.

The Shadows serve as Cliff Richard's backing band.

Hank Marvin (b. 1941), Bruce Welch (b. 1941), Alan Hawkshaw (1937-2021), Brian Bennett, Warren Bennett (b. 1962), Alan Tarney (b. 1945) and John Farrar are some members of The Shadows.

King Crimson and Jethro Tull are influential progressive rock bands.

Robert Fripp is King Crimson's sole constant member.

Ian Anderson is Jethro Tull's sole constant member.

Greg Lake (d. 2010's), Peter Sinfield (d. 2020's), Michael Giles (b. 1942) and Ian McDonald (d. 2022) worked for King Crimson as well. 

Keith Emerson (d. 2010's), Lee Jackson and David O'List (b. 1948) are the members of The Nice.

Arthur Brown (b. 1942) is the namesake of the semi-known rock band.

Carl Palmer (b. 1950) and Vincent Crane (d. 1989) are the other members of the eponymous rock band formed by Arthur Brown.

Vic Flick (1937-2020's), Kenny Salmon (1933-1990's) and Ray Russell, aside from its namesame, are some of the members of The John Barry Seven.

Keith Emerson, Greg Lake and Carl Palmer are namesakes of a progressive rock supergroup.

Hugo Riesenfeld (d. 1930's), Albert Ketelbey (d. 1950's) and Erno Rapee (1890's-1945) are also early figures in film music.

Edward Kassner (1920-1996) and Ralph S. Peer (1890's-1960) are music pioneers in the post-war era.

Cyril Langlois (1893-1957), Jack Shaindlin (1909-1978) and Robert McBride are likewise musicians.

The Thomson-Houston Electric Company merged in the early-1890's with the Edison General Electric Company to form GE, which also formed its worldwide division Thomson Houston International.

During 1893, Compagnie Française Thomson-Houston (CFTH) was established as GE's partner.

Hotchkiss-Brandt merged with CFTH in 1966 to form Thomson-Houston-Hotchkiss-Brandt, renamed Thomson-Brandt.

Just two years after this 1966 merger transaction, in the late-1960's or before 1969, Thomson-Brandt's electronic business merged with CSF to form Thomson-CSF.

RCA was co-founded prior to the 1920's by GE, the Westinghouse Electric Corporation, the American Telephone & Telegraph Company and the United Fruit Company.

Suffering complaints that cross-licensing agreements between RCA, GE and Westinghouse have made illegal monopolies, antitrust charges were brought against them in 1930.

Both GE and Westinghouse divested their ownership of RCA in the early-1930's or before 1933.

With both GE and Westinghouse divesting their ownership in the early-1930's or before 1933, RCA declared its independence.

From its 1926 launch to its 1986 sale, NBC was owned by RCA.

William Wadsworth Hodkinson formed Paramount in 1914, whereas Adolph Zukor formed Famous Players in 1912, and Jesse L. Lasky formed his eponymous studio in 1913.

Just before 1917, Paramount, Famous Players and the Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Company joined together in forming Famous Players-Lasky Corporation.

Darryl Zanuck and Joseph Schenck left United Artists to form 20th Century Pictures in 1933.

Not long after, 20th Century Pictures merged with William Fox's eponymous film studio to form 20th Century-Fox in the mid-1930's or before 1936.

Jack L. Warner and his sons established Warner Bros. Pictures in the mid-1920's or before 1924.

In 1924, Metro Pictures joined forces with the likes of Samuel Goldwyn and Louis B. Mayer to form Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM); this transaction was orchestrated by Marcus Loew.

The Orpheum Circuit was owned by Martin Beck and merged with the holdings of Benjamin Franklin Keith and Edward Franklin Albee II in the late-1920's to form Keith-Albee-Orpheum (KAO).

Film Booking Offices of America (FBO), which was run by Joseph P. Kennedy, joined forces with the Keith-Albee-Orpheum circuit by arrangement with RCA to form Radio-Keith-Orpheum (RKO).

DuMont Laboratories (1930's-1960), which was founded and run by its namesake (1901-1960's), and owned partly by Paramount from the 1930's to the 1950's, was likewise a media pioneer.

Balaban and Katz, which is named after A.J. Balaban and Sam Katz, was a division of the Paramount empire since 1926, and later UPT since 1949.

30 Rockefeller Plaza, which is the main tenant of the Rockefeller Centre complex based in New York's Midtown Manhattan portion, has been an iconic structure since its opening in 1933.

Designed in Art Deco by Raymond Hood, 30 Rockefeller Plaza is sometimes called 30 Rock.

Having been the world headquarters of its main tenant RCA, then General Electric (GE), and currently Comcast, 30 Rock is also the world headquarters of NBC, doubling as its East Coast headquarters.

Just before 30 Rockefeller Plaza, NBC's former headquarters was based in a Beaux Arts-style building designed by Floyd Brown, located at 5th Avenue, also in New York's Midtown Manhattan portion.

Radio City Music Hall, which is also based in the Rockefeller Centre complex in New York's Midtown Manhattan portion, is the world's largest indoor theatre, but also a famous structure.

Opened in the early-1930's or before 1933, Radio City Music Hall hosts concerts and events.

Edward Durell Stone and Donald Deskey co-designed Radio City Music Hall, also in Art Deco.

The location for Radio City Music Hall is 1260 Avenue of the Americas.

NBC Colour City Studios is NBC's former West Coast headquarters from the 1950's to 2014.

The NBC Tower, designed in Art Deco by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, serves as NBC's Chicago headquarters.

Based in downtown Chicago, the NBC Tower is similar to 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York.

Until the 1989 relocation to the NBC Tower, the Merchandise Mart, likewise an Art Deco structure in downtown Chicago, served as NBC's former Chicago studios.

NBC's Washington headquarters, located on Nebraska Avenue, serves as NBC's Washington studios, doubling as NBC News' former Washington base from the 1950's to 2020.

The CBS Broadcast Centre is the primary East Coast production headquarters for CBS.

Located at West 57th Street on the West Side of Midtown Manhattan in New York, the CBS Broadcast Centre was once the most modern and efficient broadcast facility of its kind in the world.

Before moving to West 57th, CBS' primary East Coast production hub was at Grand Central Terminal, also based in New York's Midtown Manhattan portion.

CBS Television City, or simply Television City, is based at 7800 Beverly Boulevard in Hollywood.

The Progressive Club, which is a former Jewish country club located at Techwood Drive in midtown Atlanta, serves as Turner Broadcasting System's headquarters.

Plus, the Progressive Club served as CNN's former headquarters during its first seven years.

Still in Atlanta, the Omni International Complex, located in its downtown core, served as CNN's main headquarters, known as CNN Centre, from the 1980's or after 1986 to the 2020's or after 2022.

WNBT, WCBW and WPTZ all entered commercial operations in 1941.

Not long after WNBT, WCBW and WPTZ entered commercial operations in 1941, WRGB likewise entered commercial operations in 1942.

David Sarnoff was an influential and instrumental figure in developing both the RCA and NBC media empires, the latter whom he especially founded, led and shaped.

Arthur Judson founded United Independent Broadcasters in the late-1920's or after 1926.

Not long after its launch in the 1920's or after 1926, Columbia Records invested in United Independent Broadcasters, becoming the eponymous Columbia Phonographic Broadcasting System (CPBS).

Issac and Leon Levy took CPBS from Arthur Judson and Columbia in the late-1920's or before 1929.

William S. Paley, who was an in-law of the Levy brothers, turned the CPBS network into the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), and became its majority owner.

Paramount took 49% of the CBS network in 1929, but the Great Depression forced the studio to sell its shares back to the network in the early-1930's or before 1933.

Edward J. Noble took control of the NBC Blue Network after 1942, after a decree from the FCC stating that RCA divested itself of one of its networks, and changed its name to ABC.

Under Edward J. Noble, ABC tried to be an innovative and competitive broadcaster, but financial issues and the pressure to rival longer-established NBC and CBS hampered the network.

DuMont's network service began a year after World War II ended.

WABD, WTTG and WDTV are the flagship television stations of the DuMont Television Network.

In January 1949, WDTV opened for business as the first television station in Pennsylvania's iconic and world-famous Steel City and the first network-owned station in Pennsylvania.

Plus, WDTV started live network programming between multiple US regions by activating the coaxial cable connection from the American Telephone & Telegraph Company.

Just before WDTV began, networks relied on separate regional networks for live programming in both the East and Midwest; the West Coast got live programming from kinescope.

Nicknamed the Golden Spike, the coaxial cable connection from the American Telephone & Telegraph Company linked 13 stations, including WDTV, from the East to the Midwest.

Leonard Goldenson's UPT theatre chain merged with ABC in 1953.

From its merger with UPT, ABC earned financial resources and strategic leadership, which helped them revitalized the network; it also marked a turning point for the DuMont Television Network.

After network service formally ended, DuMont Labs spun off two of its remaining owned-and-operated television stations, WABD and WTTG, to shareholders as the DuMont Broadcasting Corporation.

In 1957, in order to distance itself from the DuMont branding, which was seen as a failure, the DuMont Broadcasting Corporation became the Metropolitan Broadcasting Corporation.

Metropolitan Broadcasting's shares was purchased by John Kluge from Paramount in the late-1950's or after 1957, becoming Metromedia in 1961 or the early-1960's or after 1960.

Under John Kluge, Metromedia diversified its interests.

Rupert Murdoch, who previously acquired 20th Century Fox, also acquired the independent television stations owned by John Kluge's Metromedia empire.

All of the former independent television stations held by John Kluge's Metromedia empire formed the nucleus of the Fox Broadcasting Company.

Plus, the UPT-ABC merger forced Balaban and Katz to sell WBKB to CBS, which also owned WBBM radio; this resulted in the change to WBBM-TV.

Still in Chicago, WGN-TV became an exclusive DuMont affiliate until the mid-1950's or before 1957.

With the format demise of the DuMont network, WGN-TV began using a general entertainment format typical of the other indpendent television stations in the United States and Canada.

Blending sitcoms, dramas, cartoons, films and religious programs with locally-produced newscasts and others, WGN-TV became an alternative to Chicago's network-owned stations.

In addition, WGN-TV became the leading independent station in Chicago for nearly 4 decades.

The UPT/ABC merger also prompted DuMont Labs to sell WDTV to the locally-based Westinghouse Electric Corporation and change its calls to KDKA-TV, after radio station KDKA, in 1954.

With its 1954 sale, KDKA-TV became the flagship television asset of the Westinghouse Broadcasting Company, also known as Group W.

ABC, having merged with UPT, was the first to lure Hollywood studios to television production.

While both NBC and CBS used programming presented live, ABC, particularly after its merger with UPT, used a Hollywood-style approach, focusing on filmed programs.

During his long tenure, Leonard Goldenson developed a unique strategy for ABC, which focused on niche audiences, especially youths, which both NBC and CBS overlooked.

Barry Diller, whose mentor is Leonard Goldenson, pioneered the made-for television movies and the television miniseries while at ABC.

Fred Silverman, the spearhead of the rural purge, maintained CBS' ratings dominance.

Due to his success at CBS, Fred Silverman moved to its rival ABC, where his programming choices similarly caused its turnaround, surging from third place in the ratings to first place.

Just before Fred Silverman, ABC lagged in the ratings behind both NBC and CBS.

With the combined strategies of both Leonard Goldenson and Fred Silverman, ABC became a major television player.

Plus, Fred Silverman's success at ABC prompted some local television stations which were affiliated with both NBC and CBS in several markets to switch to ABC.

British Electric Traction (BET), its division Broadcast Relay Services Ltd. (whose trading name was Rediffusion) and Associated Newspapers jointly ran Associated-Rediffusion.

Suffering huge financial losses made by the new ITV system in its initial years, the majority stake in Associated-Rediffusion held by Associated Newspapers was sold to BET and Rediffusion.

William George Pye's eponymous company was an trailblazer in British electronics.

Associated Television (ATV) had its distribution unit: the Incorporated Television Company (ITC) or ITC Entertainment.

ITC produced British cult hits that are also popular in the United States and the rest of the world.

Originally used to be a contractor for the United Kingdom's new ITV network, ITP failed to clinch a contract because doing so would give too much control in entertainment to Grade's companies.

However, Associated Broadcasting Development Company (ABDC) suffered insufficient funds.

To fix this problem, ITP merged with Norman Collins' ABDC contractor, which became known as the Associated Broadcasting Company (ABC), and Lew Grade dominated this company.

But the Associated Broadcasting Company's rival already used rights to this name for ABC Weekend Television, so Associated Television was called upon as a substitute.

In 1957, ITC became an ATV division and produced its own programs for ATV, but also for first-run syndication in the United States.

Val Parnell was managing director of both ATV and ITC, with Lew Grade as deputy, until 1962.

The companies being owned by Lew Grade were reorganized in 1966 into the Associated Television Corporation.

In 1978 or after 1977, ATC became the Associated Communications Corporation (ACC).

Luke Skywalker, Han Solo and Princess Lela are the main characters in the first trilogy of the Star Wars franchise.

C-3PO, R2-D2, Obi-Wan Kenobi and Darth Vader are the other characters in the Star Wars franchise.

Let's Go (Pony) features the world-famous hand-clapping rhythmic chant, which has since become a favourite of cheerleaders and football fans around the world.

The Mary Tyler Moore Show (or simply Mary Tyler Moore) is also a television trailblazer.

Besides Mary Tyler Moore, some of the other actors in this eponymous sitcom include Ed Asner, Ted Knight, Gavin MacLeod, Valerie Harper, Cloris Leachman, Betty White and Jerry Van Dyke.

Mary Richards, Ted Baxter, Lou Grant, Murray Slaughter, Rhoda Morgenstern, Phyllis Lindstrom, Sue Ann Nivens and Wes Callison are some characters on Mary Tyler Moore.

The Cosby Show, which stars Bill Cosby, helped turned NBC's failing fortunes around.

Hill Street Blues and Miami Vice are also game-changers in television, the earlier being produced by Mary Tyler Moore's MTM Productions group.

Anthony Yerkovich was involved with both Hill Street Blues and Miami Vice.

Miami Vice, known as MTV Cops, is innovative for its cinematic approach to television, featuring its quick editing, its glossy look, its focus on urban culture and fashion and its cutting-edge music.

But Miami Vice has also contributed to revitalizing Miami's reputation as a fun and exciting place for young people to visit and a global tourist destination.

Indeed, Miami Vice revolutionized television by appealing to younger and urban viewers.

Although Anthony Yerkovich created Miami Vice, Michael Mann's influence as its showrunner was significant, shaping its distinctive style and tone.

Our World is the first worldwide satellite television production, which is coordinated by the European Broadcasting Union.

Aubrey Singer created of the innovative Our World satellite television production.

Fourteen of the national broadcasters have participated in the innovative Our World satellite television production, including the BBC, NET, the CBC, NHK and the ABC.

Being youthful for Marilyn Monroe, James Dean, Elvis Presley, Michael Jackson and Princess Diana defines them all.

What makes Marilyn Monroe eternally youthful is her face free of wrinkles and her hair never turning grey.

Marilyn Monroe is also destined to meet her maker early like Jesus Christ; her overdose makes her an immortal figure, as Jesus Christ's cross did for him.

In nostalgia, smoking cigarettes are icons of youth, rebellion, elegance, sexuality and style, especially when associated with people like Marilyn Monroe and James Dean.

Whilst cultural icons like Marilyn Monroe, James Dean, Elvis Presley, Michael Jackson and Princess Diana are not eternally youthful in physical sense, their deaths have preserve their youth.

Marilyn Monroe, James Dean, Elvis Presley, The Beatles, Michael Jackson and Madonna are cultural icons for teens and young adults.

In addition, Whitney Houston and Mariah Carey are also cultural icons for teens and young adults.

Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera are also pop culture icons for teenagers and young adults.

Jennifer Lopez and Angelina Jolie are cultural icons for teens and young adults as well.

Zomba's 2002 sale to BMG put musicians like Aretha Franklin, Whitney Houston, Britney Spears, the Backstreet Boys, *NSYNC, Christina Aguilera and Alicia Keys under the BMG banner.

Searchlights are visual elements in the 20th Century-Fox logo.

The iconic and famous RKO logo features a rotating globe with a transmitting tower on top that emits signals represented by lightning bollts and sound waves, interpreted as Morse code.

Many things describe the RKO logo:

What symbolizes the globe in the RKO logo is the fact that its films earn global reach; the transmitter represents its parent company's connection to both the radio and broadcast industries.

Andrew J. Kuehn started his film marketing career in 1961 with the National Screen Service; his NSS work brought him to the attention of MGM, which hired him in the mid-1960's ort after 1962.

Score Productions has made iconic jingles, one of them being the four-note fanfare for ABC News.

Mario Vargas Llosa and Gabriel Garcia Marquez are in the Latin American Boom movement, hailing from places based in Ibero-America: Colombia and Peru.

Julio Cortazar and Carlos Fuentes are also in the Latin American Boom, hailing from places based in Ibero-America: Mexico and Argentina.

Chile, also in Ibero-America, is also the place for Jose Donoso, also in the Latin American Boom

Playboy's first ever issue features Marilyn Monroe as the cover girl; this issue also includes a full-page nude photograph of her, as well as her other images.

Both Marilyn Monroe and Dorothy Stratten are Playboy cover girls.

Midwest Plaza, located at the corner of 8th and Nicollet Mall in downtown Minneapolis, serves as the exterior location for the fictional WJM-TV station in Mary Tyler Moore.

May 1942 was when Tom Lewis, married to actress Loretta Young, whose partner Clark Gable had worked with both Marilyn Monroe and Jean Harlow in their last films, began AFRTS.

1953 was when AFRTS entered television, with a station at Limestone Air Force Base in Maine.

From 1942 to 1954, AFRTS was called the Armed Forces Radio Service (AFRS).

By adding television to this mission, AFRS became known as the Armed Forces Radio and Television Service (AFRTS) in 1954.

In 1969 or the late-1960's, a small name change for AFRTS resulted in it being known as the American Forces Radio and Television Service; in the early-1980's or after 1981, its name reverted to Armed.

AFRTS reverted its name to American before 2001; in 2017 or the late-2010's, AFRTS became AFN.

The American Forces Network Europe, usually known as AFN Europe, is one of the affiliates of the worldwide AFRTS system.

AFN Munich is one of the AFN Europe stations.

Southern European Broadcasting (SEB) and the Blue Danube Network (BDN) are the other AFRTS outlets based in Europe.

From its 1942 inception, Hollywood was the base for AFRTS.

In 1986, AFRTS relocated its operations to the Sun Valley portion of Los Angeles.

With this relocation of its operations from Hollywood to Sun Valley in 1986, the AFRTS Programming Centre became the AFRTS Broadcast Centre (AFRTS-BC).

Initially, AFN Europe came from London, using equipment and studio facilities from the BBC.

Soon, AFN Europe's operational headquarters moved to Paris, though its administrative headquarters remained in London.

Moving from London to Frankfurt, where it operated from a confiscated house, in August 1945, AFN Europe then moved its headquarters to Frankfurt's medieval Höchst Castle a year later.

Frankfurt's Höchst Castle was/is the first ever proper headquarters for AFN Europe located in post-war Germany, but also the most remembered and well-loved location AFN had ever had.

In 1966, AFN Europe relocated its headquarters from this well-loved Höchst Castle to its new home in Dornbusch, which is north of Frankfurt's downtown core.

Built in a more modern and open design than the famous and well-loved Höchst Castle, AFN Europe's headquarters at Dornbusch in Frankfurt lasted 38 years since its move in 1966.

Just before 2005, after nearly 60 years at its iconic and famous Frankfurt home, AFN Europe made the relocation of its headquarters to Coleman Barracks in Mannheim.

2014 was when (after a decade at Coleman Barracks in Mannheim) AFN Europe made the move of its headquarters to Sembach Kaserne, which is located in Sembach near Kaiserslautern.

Since November 1945, BDN had been popular among American troops and Austrian citizens with its American programming line-up, but ended in the mid-1950's after 1954.

Although famous Hollywood stars have kept US troops entertained through the AFRTS system, it also introduced American citizens to famous faces involved with AFN.

Gary Bautell is one of the former AFN disc jockeys, having worked at AFN Europe since 1962.

During Gary Bautell's first few decades, German radio played conservative music.

Though broadcasting was limited to American military personnel, both Gary Bautell and AFN Europe introduced American music to German listeners.

Having worked in Germany for over 50 years, Gary Bautell had been involved in promoting relations between Germany and the United States.

Plus, Gary Bautell, once known as "the voice of the U.S. military in Europe," influenced German pop culture, especially introducing elements in American pop culture.

Chris Noel is also a former AFN disc jockey, having worked at the American Forces Vietnam Network during the 1960's, but also sometimes called "the next Marilyn Monroe."

From 1966 or the mid-1960's to before 1972, Chris Noel hosted her own radio program on AFVN.

Tom Lewis scraped personnel and equipment to begin AFRTS via Loretta Young, whose partner Clark Gable had worked with both Marilyn Monroe and Jean Harlow in their last films.

Les Paul, Bill Putnam and Tom Dowd were recording studio pioneers.

Ross S. Snyder contributed to recording techniques, notably multi-track and early stereo recording, the earlier in collaboration with Les Paul.

Robert Moog's eponymous company created the first commercial synthesizer in the 1960's.

The Minimoog, designed as a more affordable, portable iteration of the Moog synthesizer, is the first synthesizer sold in retail stores.

Endorsed and supported by two of the world-renowned Hollywood stars, Bill Putnam sold his stake in Universal Recording Corporation and moved to Hollywood in 1957.

When he arrived in Hollywood, Bill Putnam acquired a film studio based at 6050 Sunset Boulevard to launch United Recording Corporation in 1957.

In 1961, just 4 years after founding United Recording in 1957, Bill Putnam acquired the neighbouring Western Studios at 6000 Sunset, remodelling and incorporating the building into the complex.

TTG installed one of the first sixteen-track tape recorders.

Prior to TTG, 4-or-8-track recorders were the norm.