CityTV

CityTV is a Canadian television service. Since its September 1972 debut, it has changed the television landscape forever with its unconventional format geared towards youths.

The United States of America, usually known as the United States or America, is the greatest and most dominant economic/military power in the world, but also the largest economy by nominal GDP.

Likewise, the cultural imprint of the United States spans the globe, led in large part by its own popular culture.

Abbreviations of the United States include US, U.S., USA and U.S.A.

Democracy, free enterprise, individual rights and faith are the core values of the United States.

Moving across the pond is the British Isles, which includes the United Kingdom.

Regions which comprise the British Isles include England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland.

Abbreviations of the United Kingdom include UK and U.K.

Both the United Kingdom and Ireland are simply two of the core Anglosphere countries in Europe and originated the English language.

Canada is America's friendly neighbour to the north.

Two of the core Anglosphere countries in the Southern Hemisphere are Australia and New Zealand.

In fact, both Australia and New Zealand are referred to as Down Under.

Besides the United Kingdom, France, Germany and Italy are three of the Big Four countries in Europe.

Mexico and Argentina are the largest nations in the Spanish-language portion of the Americas.

Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador, Costa Rica, El Salvador, the Dominican Republic, Colombia, Chile, Peru, Uruguay, Honduras, Panama, Paraguay, Guatemala are other Spanish nations in the Americas.

Leaving the Big Four, Europe also has the Netherlands, Belgium, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, Switzerland, Austria, Spain, Portugal and Malta.

The Philippines is one of the two nations in Asia with a Christian religion.

Ever since the Cold War, the United States has led the First World/Western Bloc.

What the First World/Western Bloc means is that it features nations allied with the United States, the British Isles, Canada, Australia and New Zealand in the political, economic and cultural sectors.

The Soviet Union, officially known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, was the most frequent competitor of the United States during the Cold War.

In addition, the Soviet Union was a federation, consisting of fifteen national republics, the largest and most populous of which was Russia.

USSR is the abbreviation of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

Post-Soviet nations that enhance democratic values are Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, all of which are located in the Baltics, plus the Ukraine, Georgia, Armenia and Moldova.

Former Soviet satellite states include Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary.

During the Cold War, the Soviet Union led the Second World/Eastern Bloc.

The Second World/Eastern Bloc featured many countries that were allied with the Soviet Union in the political, economic and cultural sectors.

Yugoslavia is a former communist nation in the Balkans.

Republics that make up Yugoslavia include Croatia, Slovenia, Serbia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo and Vojvodina.

The other former communist nations in the Balkans include Bulgaria, Romania and Albania.

Non-communist nations in the Balkans include Greece and Turkey.

China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), has become the world's second-most populous country after India, since the mid-2020's and after 2022.

Between Russia and China is Mongolia.

Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos are nations of the Indochina region.

Some frequent colours include red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet; both black and white belong to monochrome.

Females and males are two of the common genders.

Girls are under 18 and/or inmature females, while women are over 18 and/or mature females; boys are under 18 and/or inmature males, while men are over 18 and/or mature males.

A teenager is someone aged 13-19, while a pre-teen is someone aged 8-12.

Races of the world include Caucasians, Negroes, Asians and Indigenous peoples.

Having been of European origin, Caucasians also have a white-coloured skin.

On the other hand, having been of African ancestry, Negroes have a dark-coloured skin, while Asians utilize a gold undertone.

Indigenous peoples vary from light to dark; Mestizos have Spanish and Indigenous ancestries.

With the exception of Ireland, brown is the dominant colour of the eyes in all countries on average.

A bikini is a two-piece swimsuit frequently worn by girls/women that features one piece on top that covers the breast, and a second piece on the bottom.

Low-rise is a style of fashion design to sit on or below the hips, used mainly for females.

Crop tops, low-rise jeans, low-rise shorts and others belong to low-rise.

Exposing the midriff for girls/women, while wearing a bikini or a crop top, makes them hot and sexy.

In addition, females use sexy poses, like licking their lips/sticking out a tongue, biting their fingers in a sexy manner (also with a tounge touching their fingertips), etc.

Girls/women who have brown eyes usually have charisma, charm, beauty, sex appeal and others, as do females with either green or blue eyes.

To put it another way, brown-eyed girls/women are gorgeous, beautiful, hot and sexy.

Plus, females utilizing long and straight hair with long, thick and sleek blunt bangs are hot, sexy and gorgeous, as are they embracing curly hair or wavy hair.

Females embracing their moles/beauty marks are hot and sexy likewise.

Smoking a cigarette is sometimes a hot and sexy habit for females as well, when they do the fetish.

Brown-eyed brunettes using long straight hair with long, thick and sleek blunt bangs are hot, sexy and gorgeous, as are blue-eyed blondes using long straight hair with wispy bangs.

Males are hot and sexy when they use T-shirts or are shirtless as teenagers and young adults.

Young males also have vocal fry, which is hot and sexy for them, plus their morning voices.

Likewise, smoking a cigarette is sometimes a hot and sexy habit for young males doing the fetish.

Common government forms are a republic and a monarchy, the earlier in which a nation is ruled by representatives of the citizen body, and the latter in which a monarch rules a nation.

In monarchies, genders wear the crown as a king or a queen, or in other cases, a duke or a dutchess.

For younger purposes, prince or a princess is a child of a king or a queen.

A structure is something putting together many parts; a building is a structure with a roof and walls.

Each and every country, state or region in the world has countless cities; one of the types of a city is a metropolis, which is a very large and a densely populated industrial and commercial area.

Downtown is the busiest area of a city in the world, synonymous with the central business district.

Having always been the historic, and sometimes, the commercial and cultural centre of a city in every corner of the world, downtown has the most buildings and pedestrians.

Radio is a media form providing simply audio experiences.

Television is a media form which brings together both audio and visual.

Broadcasting transmits radio and television signals intended for general public reception.

Information means facts provided or learn about something or someone.

Entertainment means the action to provide or be provided with amusement or enjoyment.

Advertising is the practice and techniques to bring attention to a product or service.

News is information about current events.

Weather is the state of the  atmosphere which includes temperature, pressure, cloudiness, humidity, moisture, wind and others.

Sports are games or physical activity forms.

Gridiron football, association football, baseball, ice hockey, basketball are popular team sports.

A film is a visual art form comprising a sequence of still pictures preserved on a recording medium to create motion.

Filmmaking or film production is the process of making a film.

Movies are stories or events being recorded by a camera as a set of moving images and being played in theatres or on television.

Comedy intends to be humorous and make people laugh, whilst drama intends to be serious and make people think or cry; comedy-drama or dramedy blends elements of both comedy and drama.

Symbols or logos are graphic marks used to aid and promote public identification and recognition.

Animation and motion graphics are movie styles.

While animation is a series of moving pictures, motion graphics are animation pieces creating motion illusion or rotation, usually mixed with audio for. use in multimedia projects.

Three dimensional or 3D refers to three dimensions of width, height and depth, and two dimensional means flat.

Production logos are symbols representing film and television studios.

Music is an art form that arranges sound to create some mixture of melody, harmony, form, rhythm or otherwise expressive content.

Pop music is a contemporary music form that appeals to a wide audience, which includes a danceable tempo, easy lyrics to remember and simple notation.

Frequently found on mainstream radio stations and across countless nations and cultures, pop music's influence on culture is undeniable.

Classical music is being defined as Western art music of (and growing out of) the European tradition, normally notated and normally intended for public performance.

On the other hand, modern music is Western art music of (and growing out of) the modern age.

Whilst the Western classical music tradition is associated with elegance, sophisication and intellectual pursuits, modern music is often associated with energy, simplicity and emotion.

Frequent instruments in the Western orchestra include brass, strings, woodwinds and percussion.

An orchestra is a group of instrumentalists usually playing classical music; a symphony is an elaborate music composition for a full orchestra.

Philharmonic orchestras are the same size (and appear the same) as symphony orchestras on stage.

The third common orchestra type is a chamber orchestra, which is a frequently smaller one than both symphony and philharmonic orchestras.

Chamber orchestras are performed in rooms other than large concert halls and scaled down in size.

African-American music has blues, gospel, jazz, rhythm & blues/soul, funk and hip-hop.

Urban contemporary music or urban music is a term heavily associated with African-American music featuring genres like rhythm & blues/soul, funk and hip-hop.

Music genres unknowningly created by black Americans are rock, country, dance, house and techno.

Both blues and gospel are similarly African-American music genres which are bound up in resillence, despair, sorrow, loss, dreams and others, but they also influence much of the American music.

Jazz is more lively and upbeat than blues.

Rhythm & blues combines pop, blues, gospel, jazz with a strong back beat; soul music uses a stronger gospel vocal style, though the lyrics are usually secular.

Soul music combines both blues and gospel.

Vocal techniques used in soul music include riffs, runs, embellishments, melismas and vibrato.

Funk music is an aggressive African-American dance music form driven by syncopated bass lines and drumbeats and accented by instruments in rhythmic counterplay, all working toward a groove.

Rapping is a rhythmic delivery of poetic speech in rhyme.

Hip-hop is characterized by strong drumbeats and a rapping delivery.

Blue-eyed soul is rhythm & blues/soul music by Caucasians; brown-eyed soul is rhythm & blues/soul music by Hispanics.

Teen pop is a pop music subgenre created, marketed and oriented towards teenagers and pre-teens.

Krautrock is a rock music genre developed in Germany in the 1960's decade, which circumvents the rhythm & blues roots and spmg structure found in traditional Anglo-American rock music.

Post-punk, new age music, post-rock and others are influenced by krautrock.

Singers in soul music utilize big belt powerful voices, projecting far and giving off a more emotional contrast to a more technical sounding voice

Oversinging is a term aimed at vocal styles that dominate the music they are performed in, including soulful riffs/runs, embellishments, melismas, vibrato, etc.

Film scores are original music works written to accompany a film.

While many film scores are orchestral works rooted in Western classical music, many scores are also influenced by jazz, rock, pop, blues, new age and ambient music, plus ethnic and world styles.

Background music (BGM) is a music mode frequently played when there is no audience at all.

Incidential music, muzak, furniture music, corporate music and others are some types of BGM.

Telephones are systems used for transmitting voices over a distance using wire or radio by converting acoustic vibrations to electrical signals.

A typewriter is a device with a keyboard producing letters, numbers and punctuation marks on paper inserted around a roller.

Plus, print means producing text or images on paper or other material with a printer.

Furthermore, a telegraph is a machine for transmitting arbitiarly long messages over a long distance utilizing a symbolic code.

Merging a typewriter-like keyboard with a printer is a teleprinter, also known as teletype or telex.

News music use the rhythm of a teletype and two of the loudest instrumental groups in the Western orchestra: brass and percussion.

Jaunty marches are the most misused music compositions ever used in newsreels before television.

Television's popularity makes news music uses a sound that is more dramatic, punchy and serious.

By the same token, music themes/packages for current affairs programs on television use the teletype rhythm and the brass and percussion groups.

In addition, music themes/packages for sports broadcasts utilize the shuffle rhythm and the brass and percussion groups, plus the electric guitar.

A microphone is a device converting sound into an electric signal.

One of the most common microphone types is the dynamic microphone, which uses a wire coil being suspended in a magnetic field.

Plus, a wireless microphone headset is used to both sing and dance in a live performance.

Stock music, which is also known as production music or library music, is recorded music that can be licensed to customers for use in film, television, radio and audio-visual presentations.

Usually, music is produced and owned by stock music libraries all around the world.

For larger stock music labels protected by copyright, they made copyrighted tracks.

With the production music industry experiencing proliferation in recent years, coupled with increasing competition, smaller stock music labels evolve the royalty-free music model.

Music licensing organizations include ASCAP, BMI, PRS, SOCAN, APRA, SACEM, GEMA, STIM, KODA, SIAE, SUISA, etc.

Intergovernmental groups include the United Nations (UN), the National Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the European Union (EU), ASEAN, etc.

Females having Caucasian, Hispanic, African and Asian races are hot and sexy.

Sexy English accents for females include General or Western American, Southern American, Standard Canadian, British, Scottish, Welsh, Irish, Australian, Kiwi, Filipino and South African.

Whether rhotic or non-rhotic, the Southern US accent sounds sexy for females or girls/women.

Furthermore, young females use vocal fry, which is hot and sexy for them, plus their morning voices.

Young females also use low-rise clothing, piercings and tattoos, all being hot and sexy for them.

Girls/women who are involved in urban contemporary music (rhythm & blues, soul, funk) use soulful riffs/runs, embelishments, melisma, growls, moans, breathy coos, belting and vocal cracks.

Boys/men are hot and sexy when they are shirtless.

Plus, boys/men being involved in urban contemporary music (rhythm & blues, soul, funk) use soulful riffs/runs, embelishments, melisma, growls, moans, breathy coos, belting and vocal cracks.

New York, often called New York City to distinguish it from the state in which it is based, is the most populous city in the United States, but also one of the major global cities in the world.

In addition, New York is also the world's most premier financial and fintech centre.

Manhattan, which serves as New York City's main borough, is also the cultural, financial, media and entertainment centre of the world.

Besides Manhattan, New York has other boroughs: Brooklyn, Queens, the Bronx and Staten Island.

London is Europe's most economically powerful city, but also one of the world's major global cities.

Greater London has most of the continous urban area of London, with Central London as its innermost portion.

Paris is, like both New York and London, one of the major global cities in the world.

Hong Kong and Singapore are, like New York, London and Paris, some of the world's major cities.

The word NyLon integrates New York and London together as the financial, commercial and cultural capitals of the Anglo-American world.

Plus, Nylonkong binds New York, London and Hong Kong together as the financial, commercial and cultural capitals of the Americas, the EMEA region and the Asia-Pacific region.

Both Hong Kong and Singapore are Asian city-state economies; the earlier is a regional international financial centre, while the latter is a functional international financial centre within ASEAN.

Los Angeles, California is the second-most populous city in the United States, behind New York.

Having also been one of the major global cities in the world, Los Angeles features Hollywood, which serves as the centre of the American entertainment industry.

Chicago, Illinois had long been nicknamed the Second City, because it was formerly the second-most populous city in the United States, behind New York.

The Loop (located in downtown Chicago) is North America's second-largest financial district, behind Midtown Manhattan.

San Francisco, California is, like New York City, London, Paris, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Singapore, Los Angeles and Chicago, one of the world's major global cities.

Joining San Francisco in the Bay Area are San Jose and Oakland.

Toronto, Ontatrio was likewise long nicknamed the Second City.

Montreal, Quebec is long nicknamed the Second City.

Detroit, Michigan is the largest U.S. city on the Canadian border.

America's major political parties are the Democratic Party and the Republican Party, the earlier using liberal/progressive policies, and the latter using conservative policies.

Blue is the colour for the Democrats, red for the Republicans.

Geographically, the Democratic Party is strongest in the Northeastern United States, the Great Lakes region, parts of the Southwestern US and the West Coast, known collectively as the Blue wall.

Plus, the Democratic Party is strong in major US cities, regardless of what US region people are in.

Strong support for the Democratic Party comes from minority/indigenous groups in the US.

The Democratic Party also gets its strong support from young or urban voters, women, voters having college degrees and voters with no religious affiliation in the United States.

Meanwhile, since the 2010's, the Republican Party has been geographically strongest in the Southern United States, most of the Midwestern and Mountain states and Alaska.

In addition, the GOP demographically gains its strongest support from rural voters, men, evangelical Christians, senior citizens and white voters without college degrees.

Blue US cities based in blue US states are liberal, as are blue cities based in red US states.

Red US cities based in red US states are conservative.

Leaving out the United States, other core English-language countries utilize two of the major political parties utilizing red as the colour for social democracy and blue as the colour for conservatism.

The Indian National Congress (INC) is the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Empire in Asia and Africa.

In Singapore, the People's Action Party (PAP) dominates the political arena.

Meanwhile, the African National Congress (ANC) has led South Africa in the post-apartheid era.

General Electric and the American Telephone and Telegraph Company were considered to be industrial forces, as was the Radio Corporation of America (RCA).

A dominant force in electronics and communications in the United States for over 5 decades, RCA was innovative and progressive.

Cable companies in the US are Comcast, Cablevision, Continental Cablevision, Verizon, etc.

For many years, three of the famous broadcasters in the United States of America have been the largest and most distributed broadcasters in the world, known collectively as the Big Three.

Of all the iconic and famous Big Three broadcasters in the United States, the oldest one is the National Broadcasting Company (NBC); its spin-off is the American Broadcasting Company (ABC).

Joining both NBC and ABC is United Independent Broadcasters.

Programs which are made and produced especially for the English-language television networks in the United States are the most widely-syndicated overseas.

Regulating all broadcast assets in the US is the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).

Local radio/TV stations utilize call letters that start with a W and a K; W limited to stations east of the Mississippi River, K to stations west of the river; call signs have either three or four letters.

Plus, some stations with W call letters are in a section of the United States now being issued K calls.

Many local radio/TV stations of the Big Three networks in the US, including both NBC and ABC, use their current and former studios in the downtown core of a US city.

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is the world's oldest, largest and most successful public broadcaster.

Entering the television industry on November 2, 1936, the BBC has influenced television.

Competing against the BBC's domestic television services is Independent Television (ITV).

Unlike the BBC's national television services, all of which have no advertising revenues, ITV utilizes American-style commercials.

Joining ITV was its radio answer called Independent Local Radio (ILR) from 1973 to 1990.

Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ) is Ireland's national public broadcaster.

Entering the television industry on December 31, 1961 (New Year's Eve 1961) before January 1, 1962, RTÉ has dominated television.

The Office of Communications (Ofcom) regulates broadcasting in the United Kingdom.

Prior to the Ofcom regulator after 2002, the Independent Television Commission (ITC) had regulated many British commercial television services.

From 1954 to 1972, the Independent Television Authority (ITA), which, on July 12, 1972, became the Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA), was the regulator of the ITV network.

Coimisiun na Mean, which is English as Media Commission, regulates broadcasting in Ireland.

Likewise, the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland (BAI) regulated broadcasting overall in Ireland since October 1, 2009.

Former media regulators in Ireland included the Broadcasting Commission of Ireland (BCI) and the Independent Radio and Television Commission (IRTC).

Altogether, the BBC, ITV and RTÉ have news, sports and entertainment divisions.

Specifically-produced programs for television services all across the British Isles are some of the most widely-syndicated overseas like the United States.

The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) is a Crown corporation doubling as the national public broadcaster in Canada, officially similar and related to the BBC.

Facing the CBC's television service is the CTV Television Network, which, since 2002, has secured its place as the most-watched private television service in Canada.

Plus, the CBC has its own French-language answer known as the Société Radio-Canada (SRC), whose television service is called Télévision de Radio-Canada.

Rivalling Télévision de Radio-Canada is the French-language answer to CTV called TVA.

Like CTV operated for many years, TVA was a private television service that operated in the form of a cooperative, being reflected in the name Téléviseurs Associés.

Both the CBC and CTV, and their French-language answers, have operations in both the East and West Coasts, having news and current affairs, sports and entertainment divisions as well.

In addition, the television stations of both the CBC and CTV networks have current and former studios being located in a city's downtown core.

Specifically-produced programs for the Anglo-Canadian television networks are still some of the most widely-syndicated overseas.

Regulating the broadcast outlets in Canada is the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC).

Most stations in Canada have call signs using four letters, whilst three-letter call signs are just for CBC Radio stations or commercial stations earning three-letter calls before current rules were adopted.

Five-letter calls are for CBC transmitters (either rebroadcasters or assets being owned-and-operated by Télévision de Radio-Canada outside Quebec).

Call signs for stations held by the CBC use the letters CB, including television, where the CB-(-)T call letters are used.

For many years, three of the most successful commercial television networks in Australia have been Channel 7, Channel 9 and Network Ten.

Joining Australia's Big Three networks are the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), which is officially similar and related to the BBC, and the Special Broadcasting Service (SBS).

Call letters for Australia's commercial television stations begin with the first two letters chosen by the licensee, while the third one often indicates the state or territory in which the station is located.

The National Nine Network, Channel Seven and Network Ten utilize news, sports and entertainment divisions, along with the ABC and SBS. 

Still down under, Television New Zealand (TVNZ) and its precursors have held a monopoly from its launch in 1960 or the early-1960's until 1989.

From 1962 to 1975, TVNZ was called the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation (NZBC).

Specifically-produced programs for television services all across Australasia are still some of the most widely-syndicated overseas like the United States, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Canada.

Televisa is the largest and most successful mass media company in Latin America, but also the largest producer of television content in the Spanish language.

In addition, Televisa also owns Univision, the largest and most successful Spanish-language television service in the United States.

Univision began on September 29, 1962 as the Spanish International Network (SIN).

Facing Televisa in the Mexican television market is TV Azteca.

Call letters for Mexico's radio stations start with XE, whereas calls for the majority of its other radio stations (adding to television) start with XH.

Specifically-produced programs for television broadcasters in Hispanic countries are some of the most widely-syndicated overseas like core Anglophone nations.

ARD comprises regional public broadcasters in Germany; its television service is called Das Erste.

Hessischer Rundfunk (HR), Bayerischer Rundfunk (BR) and Südwestrundfunk (SWR) are three main regional public broadcasters in Germany's American zone and part of the ARD consortium.

Before the 1998 merger, the Stuttgart-based component of SWR was Süddeutscher Rundfunk (SDR).

Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk (NWDR) served Germany's British zone but was also responsible for serving the city-state based in an exclave within the Soviet zone until 1954.

The mid-1950's saw NWDR split into two local broadcasters: Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR) and Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR), both members of the ARD consortium.

Joining HR, BR and SWR in the ARD consortium in Germany's American zone is Radio Bremen.

Prior to the 1998 merger, this part of SWR covering both the southern portion of Baden-Württemberg and Rhineland-Palatinate was Südwestfunk (SWF).

Facing ARD is Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen (ZDF), founded in the mid-1960's or after 1962.

Unlike ARD, which is a regionally-organized public broadcasting organization and has its roots in the radio business, ZDF is a centrally-organized service devoted solely to television.

Also in the DACH region, Switzerland uses the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation (SRG SSG); Austria features Österreichischer Rundfunk (ORF).

Specifically-produced programs for television services across the DACH region are some of the most widely-syndicated overseas like the US, Canada, the UK, Ireland and Australasia.

Managing and leading NPO is the Nederlandse Omroep Stichting (NOS) organization.

Besides NOS, other famous and iconic Dutch broadcasters in the NPO system include AVRO, TROS, VARA, KRO, NCRV, VPRO, EO, RVU and IKON.

Responsible for advertising on the NPO system is the Stichting Ether Reclame (STER) organization.

Founded in the mid-1960's or before 1966, STER brought advertising to Dutch television.

Staying in the Benelux region, the public broadcasters in Belgium are VRT and RTBF.

Broadcasters in the Nordics are Sveriges Television (SVT), Danmarks Radio (DR), Yleisradio (YLE), Rikisutvarpio (RUV) and the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK).

Meanwhile, Radio Télévision Luxembourg (RTL) is one of the oldest privately-run television stations, owned by Compagnie Luxembourgeoise de Télédiffusion (CLT).

ABS-CBN, formed in the late-1960's or after 1966, is one of the best media companies in the world.

Rivals of the famous ABS-CBN empire are GMA Network, Radio Philippines Network (RPN) and the Associated Broadcasting Corporation (ABC).

People's Television Network (PTV) is the flagship state broadcaster in the Philippines.

Call signs starting with DW and DZ represent all stations in Metro Manila and parts of Luzon.

Plus, calls that start with DY represent all stations in the Visayas and portions of both Palawan and Masbate, while calls beginning with DX represent all stations in Mindanao.

Regulating all of the radio and television broadcast stations around the Philippines is the National Telecommunications Commission (NTC).

Doordarshan is India's main public television broadcaster.

Hong Kong's main broadcasters are Television Broadcasts Ltd. (TVB) and Asia Television (ATV).

Taiwan has three main television services: Taiwan Television (TTV), China Television (CTV) and the Chinese Television System (CTS).

MediaCorp, officially similar and related to the BBC, is Singapore's main broadcaster.

Held by Temasek Holdings, the holding company of the Singaporean government, MediaCorp operates television channels in four of its official languages, including Channel 5 and Channel 8.

Some corporations that preceded MediaCorp include Radio Television Singapore (RTS), the Singapore Broadcasting Corporation (SBC) and Singapore International Media (SIM).

Units making up Singapore International Media included Television Corporation of Singapore (TCS), Radio Corporation of Singapore (RCS) and Singapore Television 12 (STV12).

The South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) is South Africa's public broadcaster.

One of the television broadcasters in Central and Eastern Europe was Telewizja Polska (TVP).

Jugoslavenska Radio-Televizija (JRT), which is translated into the English language as Yugoslav Radio Television, includes 8 subnational radio and television broadcast centres.

Broadcasters, based in former communist nations in the Balkans besides Yugoslavia, include Bulgarian National Television (BNT), Televiziunea Română (TVR) and Radio Televizioni Shqiptar (RTSH).

Some worldwide broadcast organizations are the European Broadcasting Union (EBU/UER), the North American Broadcasters Association (NABA) and the Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union (ABU).

Joining all of these three iconic international media organizations are the Commonwealth Broadcasting Association (CBA) and Organización de Telecomunicaciones de Iberoamérica (OTI).

Meanwhile, other worldwide broadcasting alliances are the Caribbean Media Corporation (CMC), the African Union of Broadcasting (AUB) and the Arab States Broadcasting Union (ASBU).

Plus, all of these broadcasting/media alliances are joined together by the World Indigenous Television Broadcasters Network (WITBN), World Radio Network (WRN) and Smart Alliance (SA).

Former worldwide broadcasting alliances include the International Radio and Television Organization (OIRT) and the International Broadcasting Union (IBU/UIR).

Eurovision (launched 1954) is the television network of the EBU, while Intervision (1960-1993) is the former television network of the OIRT organization.

Bringing together all eight unions, like the EBU/UER, is the World Broadcasting Unions (WBU).

Coordinating all of these international broadcasting alliances are the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the Inter-American Telecommunication Commission (CITEL).

Some worldwide broadcasters based in the Western world include Voice of America (VOA), the BBC World Service and Deutsche Welle (DW), the latter being part of the ARD consortium.

Other worldwide broadcasters in the Western world include Radio Canada International (RCI), Radio Australia, Radio France Internationale (RFI) and Radio Netherlands Worldwide (RNW).

Radio Japan, Koi Yisrael, Radio Taiwan International (RTI), Rai Italia Radio and Radio RSA are other major international broadcasters.

Joining the likes of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) and Radio Free Asia (RFA), VOA is a charter member of the US Agency for Global Media, formed in the mid-1990's or after 1993.

From 1953 to the late-1990's or after 1998, VOA was being overseen by the United States Information Agency (USIA).

USIA's broadcast functions were moved to the US Agency for Global Media (USAGM), formerly the Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG), in the late-1990's or after 1998.

Worldnet Television and Film Service, which started in the mid-1980's or before 1984 as the television service of VOA, later became part of the BBG.

Many programs from Canadian broadcasters are also carried all across the world through the Canadian Forces Network (CFN).

Joining CFN are American Forces Network (AFN), held by the American Forces Radio and Television Service (AFRTS), and the British Forces Broadcasting Service (BFBS).

BFBS was held from the early-1980's to 2020 by the Services Sound and Vision Corporation (SSVC).

Rundfunk im amerikanischen Sektor (RIAS) join CFN, AFN and BFBS.

The National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) and its Canadian counterpart known as the Canadian Association of Broadcasters (CAB) offers their members broadcasting standards.

Plus, the Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas (KBP) uses the same as the NAB and the CAB.

Old Hollywood is a term utilized in film criticism to describe both a narrative and a visual style of the filmmaking business, which first developed during the latter stages of the silent film era.

The Old Hollywood term, however, became particularly characteristic of American cinema during the Golden Age of Hollywood period.

Italian neorealism is a movement characterized by stories set among the poor and working-class; they were filmed on location, usually with non-professional actors.

Meanwhile, Indian parallel cinema embraced elements like serious content, realism and naturalism; it usually rejected typical song-and-dance routines inserted in mainstream Indian films as well.

Joining Hollywood's Golden Age and Indian parallel cinema, Italian neorealism influenced the French New Wave, the latter influencing the New Hollywood movement.

What inspired Hollywood's Golden Age is German and Austrian expressionist cinema.

The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) is an organization known for holding the iconic and world-famous presentation of the Academy Awards, also known as the Oscars.

Since 1929, the Oscars have honoured the best of cinematic successes/achievements.

The Hollywood Foreign Press Association (HFPA) was an organization that comprised journalists and photographers reporting on US entertainment for foreign markets.

Known for founding and conducting the Golden Globe Awards, the HFPA started after 1942, and after remarkably running for nearly 80 years, ended in the mid-2020's or after 2022.

Meanwhile, the Imagen Foundation aims to positively promote Latin Americans in the entertainment industry, and administers the Imagen Awards.

Plus, the Academy Awards use their counterparts: the Emmys for television, the Tonys for theatre, the Grammys for music and the People's Choice Awards for the general public.

For youngsters, their version of the Academy Awards is the Young Artist Awards.

EGOT is an acronym belonging to four of the major awards in the performing arts business in North America: Emmy, Grammy, Oscar and Tony.

Representing all Hollywood studios are the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) and the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers (AMPTP).

The Rhythm & Blues Foundation is devoted to preserving rhythm & blues music; it also produces the Pioneer Awards.

Going across the pond, the United Kingdom uses its answer to both the Oscars and the Emmys in the United States with the BAFTA.

On the other hand, the Royal Television Society (RTS) holds its own Program Awards.

Staying in Britain, the Brit Awards have been Britain's answer to the Grammy Awards since 1977.

Canada's answer to the Oscars is the Genie Awards, with its answer to the Emmys named the Gemini Awards, and its answer to the Grammys called the Juno Awards.

Australia has its answer to the Oscars, represented by the Australian Film Institute (AFI).

In the early-2010's era, the Australian Film Institute developed the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA).

Plus, Australia has its answer to both the Emmys and the People's Choice Awards named the TV Week Logie Awards.

Back to the US, the Hollywood Walk of Fame comprises countless stars earned by celebrities.

Staying in the Hollywood Walk of Fame, the famous Chinese Theatre features concrete blocks in the forecourt, bearing the signatures, footprints and handprints of personalities.

Just two hours from Hollywood's Walk of Fame is the similar Palm Springs Walk of Stars, comprising countless stars earned by celebrities likewise.

The Rock & Roll Hall of Fame honours individuals/groups who influenced rock music.

Meanwhile, the world-famous Blues Hall of Fame (est. 1980) is in Memphis, Tennessee, which also serves as the home of the soon-to-be-famous Memphis Music Hall of Fame (est. 2010's).

Plus, the National Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame (est. 2010) honours rhythm & blues.

Joining these halls of fame is the Long Island Music and Entertainment Hall of Fame.

Hong Kong's Avenue of Stars is based on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

In contrast to the world-famous Oscars presentation, the Golden Raspberry Awards, also known as the Razzies, have honoured the worst of cinematic failures.

Since its 1981 inception, the Razzies have been the counterbalance to the Oscars.

Three of the world-famous colour standards in television are NTSC, PAL and SECAM.

Both PAL and SECAM use 625 lines, which is 100 lines more than NTSC; PAL uses a frame rate of 50 frames per second and NTSC 60 frames per second.

Unlike both NTSC and PAL, SECAM, while technically superior to PAL for long-distance reception, is subject to a strange video artifact called the SECAM fire.

Described as lots of red and blue stripes appearing across the screen, the SECAM fire applies to people living in France and other SECAM countries.

The American Federation of Labour and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) is the largest federation of American unions.

Some newspapers include the New York Times, the New York Daily News, the Washington Post, the Chicago Tribune, the Guardian, the New Zealand Herald, etc.

Weekly news magazines are Time, Newsweek, the New Zealand Listener, Asiaweek, etc.

Joining these news magazines are sports magazines like Sports Illustrated and the Sporting News, plus business magazines like Fortune and the Economist.

People, the National Enquirer, Us Weekly, Movieline, In Touch Weekly, Star and TV Guide are simply entertainment and celebrity magazines.

Besides, Photoplay was one of the first film fan magazines.

Major professional sports leagues include the National Football League (NFL), the National Hockey League (NHL), the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Major League Baseball (MLB).

Alternatives to major professional sports leagues included the American Football League (AFL), the World Hockey Association (WHA) and the American Basketball Association (ABA).

Some of the famous league championship events include the Super Bowl, the Stanley Cup Finals, the NBA Finals and the World Series.

North of the Canada-US border, the Canadian Football League (CFL) is well-known as the Canadian answer to the National Football League.

Video game companies include Nintendo, Sega (est. 1960), Atari (est. 1972) and Epic Games.

Lego, Mattel, Hasbro, Tonka, Fisher-Price, Spin Master and Bandai are multinational toy companies.

Eyewitness News, Action News and NewsCentre are typical television news formats.

The Eyewitness News, Action News and NewsCentre formats use the news team with anchors reading headlines/stories (one male, one female), the weather forecaster and the sportscaster.

Plus, Eyewitness News, Action News and NewsCentre utilize reporters in the field as 'eyewitnesses' to stories to anchors in the studio and viewers at home.

In addition, the Eyewitness News, Action News and NewsCentre formats use women/minorities and a light-hearted and informal conversation among anchors between stories called banter/happy talk.

Just before the EWN, Action News and NewsCentre formats, television news in the US and across the globe utilized the solo-anchor approach, which they dismantled.

Newscasts in this solo-anchor format lasted fifteen minutes; the language was formal and flowery, the delivery was stilted.

What happy talk means is that it is an additional and meaningless commentary being interspersed into television news by anchors or others on camera.

Happy talk consists of simple, funny and humorous jokes in asking a question to a person at the desk, rather than simply handing the duties over to him or her.

Prior to television's rise, newsreels, a series of short films containing news stories, were popular, using music to accompany the visuals and other elements.

The Filipino American National Historical Society (FANHS) documents Filipino American history.

Some of the iconic and world-famous news agencies include the Associated Press (AP), United Press International (UPI), Reuters and Agence France-Presse (AFP).

Joining both the television and print publication businesses is radio, which features the likes of both Amplitude Modulation (AM) and Frequency Modulation (FM).

Through television's increasing popularity in the 1950's, radio turned to the top forty music format.

What the top forty format means is that, in music, it is forty of the newest and most popular tunes in a particular genre, which is also used in radio; record charts have consisted of a list of forty tunes.

Frequent variants of the top forty include Top 10, Top 30, Top 50, Top 75, Top 100 and Top 200.

Plus, top forty/CHR is deemed suitable just for young girls/women but it is also positive, upbeat and flashy; young yuppies are likewise top forty/CHR fans.

In addition, though its precursor was the hit parade, top forty/CHR counter television's popularity.

Before the 1950's, many radio stations utilized a generalist network concept, but since the 1950's, they switched to the music-focused top forty/CHR format due to the high popularity of television.

This top forty/CHR format appealed to the teenage/young demographics, which old-time radio (OTR) around the world failed to reach from the 1920's to the 1950's.

Several events propelled early developments for this top forty/CHR radio concept, such as a portable transistor radio device, the baby boom generation reaching their teens, and the rock music boom.

Others propelled recent developments for top forty/CHR, including vehicle audio/car stereo.

Famous music charts are the Billboard Hot 100, the RPM Top Singles, the UK Singles Chart, the Irish Singles Chart, the ARIA Charts, the Kent Music Report, Recorded Music NZ, etc.

September 1972 was when CityTV began under foreign-born businessman Moses Znaimer (b. 1942).

Early on, CityTV lost money and was in debt by 1975, three years after its 1972 debut; computer and telecommunications company Multiple Access Ltd. acquired a 45% interest in CityTV in 1975.

This 45% stake in CityTV, which was held by Multiple Access Ltd., was acquired in 1978 by CHUM Limited, a Canadian media company with an international presence.

CHUM Limited took CityTV overall in 1981 with the sale of Moses Znaimer's CityTV interest.

With CityTV's 1978 sale to CHUM Limited, The NewMusic was born.

The NewMusic paved the way for MTV: Music Television, launched in August 1981.

In addition, The NewMusic paved the way for MTV's Canadian counterpart named MuchMusic, which began in August 1984.

Having been known as "The Nation's Music Station," MuchMusic's August 1984 launch was nearly 12 years after CityTV's September 1972 debut and 3 years after MTV's August 1981 launch.

While MTV was bland and predictable, MuchMusic was raw and on-the-fly.

Sister networks of MTV include Nickelodeon and Video Hits 1 (VH1).

Initially geared for preschoolers upon its debut, Nickelodeon is now aimed at grown-up kids.

The urban counterpart of MTV, VH1 played more jazz and rhythm & blues than its sister channel; its launch in the mid-1980's or between 1984 and 1986 was once the largest ever.

MTV has held the annual MTV Video Music Awards, which is usually known as the Super Bowl for teenagers and young adults, since 1984.

Besides, MuchMusic held the annual MuchMusic Video Music Awards, which was considered to be Canada's answer to the MTV Video Music Awards, from 1990 to the late-2010's or after 2017.

The sister event of the famous MTV Video Music Awards is the MTV Movie Awards, which has taken place since the early-1990's or before 1993.

Nickelodeon has hosted the Kids' Choice Awards in its true form since the late-1980's or before 1989.

From August 1984 to September 2017, MuchFACT, formerly known until 2009 as VideoFACT, offered grants to Canadian recording artists to help them produce music videos.

MuchMusic's French-language counterpart was MusiquePlus, which began its operations in September 1986; its sister network was MusiMax, which began in September 1997. 

In addition, MusiMax's 1997 debut, which was 11 years after MusiquePlus' 1986 debut, also led to the debut of its English-language answer called MuchMoreMusic in October 1998.

As Canada's answer to VH1, MuchMoreMusic used adult contemporary music, as well as MusiMax.

In addition, CityTV aired Hollywood films with Great Movies in primetime; at night, both Late Great Movies and Baby Blue.

When it began in September 1972, CityTV came from the Electric Circus nightclub.

Located at 99 Queen Street East in downtown Toronto, the former Canadian branch of the US-based Electric Circus nightclub opened in the late-1960's or before 1969.

Staying true to their downtown roots, CityTV, MuchMusic and CHUM Limited's television division relocated their operations to 299 Queen Street West in the late-1980's or after 1986.

Built in 1913 as the headquarters of the Methodist Church, which, in 1925, joined forces with 2 other denominations to form the United Church, 299 Queen Street West is a major Canadian landmark.

The Ryerson Press (originally the publishing arm of the Methodist Church) had grown to occupy 299 Queen Street West as a whole in the late-1950's or before 1960.

CityTV's 1978 acquisition by CHUM (which, in 1981, acquired CityTV's majority interest) led to 299 Queen Street West being acquired in the mid-1980's or between 1984 and 1986.

Helping to revitalize 299 Queen Street West as the television headquarters for CHUM Limited and its various outlets like CityTV and MuchMusic was the firm Quadrangle (est. 1986).

Whilst the exterior of 299 Queen Street West has been restored and remains intact, the interior of 299 Queen Street West has been modernized into an innovative media complex.

Designed to have no TV studios, the entire 299 Queen Street West was rigged for video and audio.

Many television productions made by various CHUM assets like CityTV and MuchMusic, all of which emanated from 299 Queen Street West, were presented live on the ground floor or a street level.

Street-level studios are where people in each city's downtown core may look through glass windows to watch either radio or television programs.

CityPulse (now CityNews) is CityTV's highly-acclaimed and award-winning news operation.

Until the late-1980's move to 299, the news anchors on CityPulse sat behind the anchor desk in a dark studio with a television set behind them.

With the move to 299, the anchors on CityPulse started to stand up in (and walk around) the desk-less newsroom studio featuring various positions.

Among the various positions of the innovative desk-less CityPulse newsroom (whilst at 299) were the unique glass-etched map of the city, the assignment desk and monitor banks.

Plus, the weather forecast on CityPulse during the 299 era was held in an exterior place.

Breakfast Television is CityTV's morning news program.

Marilyn Monroe (1926-1962), James Dean (1930's-1950's) and Elvis Presley (1930's-1977) are always influential, iconic and world-famous pop culture symbols.

Charisma, charm, joy, kindness and others define Marilyn Monroe, James Dean and Elvis Presley.

The duo of Jerry Lieber (1933-2020's) and Mike Stoller (b. 1933) put rhythm & blues, which was for blacks in the past, on the map in areas catered to high culture and/or conservative music tastes.

Jerry Wexler (1917-2008) coined the rhythm & blues term, and was a major influence on pop music.

W.C. Handy (d. 1950's) is the Father of the Blues, as he was the first songwriter to publish songs in the blues form.

In fact, though he did not made the blues genre, W.C. Handy took it from a regional music style (Delta blues) with a limited audience to a new popularity level.

Thomas A. Dorsey (1890's-1993) is the Father of Gospel, whose influence on music is profound.

Due to Thomas A. Dorsey's influence, the definition of gospel music shifted away from sacred tunes to religious music physically causing a release of pain and suffering, especially in black churches.

In his written music, Thomas A. Dorsey infused joy and optimism, as he directed his choirs to perform with uplifing fervor.

With Thomas A. Dorsey, gospel music's cathartic nature became integral to the black experience in the Great Migration, when black Southerners moved to the Northern United States.

Having been gospel's answer to W.C. Handy, Thomas A. Dorsey was original and prolific.

Sallie Martin (1890's-1980's) Mahalia Jackson (d. 1972) and James Cleveland (1930's-1990's) were/are trailblazers in gospel music working with Thomas A. Dorsey.

C.L. Franklin (d. 1984) was the Man with the Million Dollar Voice, but also the pastor of Detroit's New Bethel Baptist Church for 33 years.

Married to Barbara Siggers (1917-1950's), C.L. Franklin had children, some of them being singers, like Aretha Franklin (1942-2010's), Erma Franklin (1938-2002) and Carolyn Franklin (d. 1980's).

Ray Charles (b. 1930) and James Brown (b. 1933) were/are pioneers/trailblazers of the soul and funk music genres, both of which have roots in rhythm & blues, with Aretha Franklin.

Sam Cooke (1930's-1960's) and Otis Redding (1941-1960's) are also trailblazers of the soul and funk genres, both rooted in rhythm & blues, with Aretha Franklin, Ray Charles and James Brown.

Aside from Aretha Franklin, three other singing soul sisters include Etta James (1938-2010's), LaVern Baker (1929-1997) and Ruth Brown (b. 1920's).

Jimmy Jam (b. 1950's) and Terry Lewis (b. 1950's) are contemporary rthythm & blues innovators.

Pharrell Williams (b. 1973) and Chad Hugo (b. 1974) forged the Neptunes in the early-1990's or before 1993; they also formed N.E.R.D. with Shay Haley (b. 1975).

The Beatles (f. 1960), the Rolling Stones (f. 1962), the Animals (1960's-1969), the Who (f. 1960's), the Hollies (f. 1962), the Kinks (1960's-1997) and the Yardbirds (1960's) are British Invasion icons.

Small Faces (1960's-1969, 1975-1978) and the Bee Gees are the other British Invasion acts.

Michael Jackson (1950's-2009), Madonna (b. 1950's), Prince (1950's-2010's) and Kate Bush (b. 1950's) were/are world-famous icons in the 1980's and beyond.

Defining Michael Jackson, Madonna, Prince and Kate Bush are charisma, charm and others.

Whitney Houston (1960's-2010's), Mariah Carey (b. 1969) and Celine Dion (b. 1960's) are iconic and famous divas in the 1990's and beyond.

Charisma, charm and others define Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey and Celine Dion.

The Spice Girls ushered in the teen pop revolution in the late-1990's and beyond.

Britney Spears (b. 1981) and Christina Aguilera (b. 1980) are pop icons in the 1990's and beyond.

What defined both Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera are charisma, charm, kindness and others.

Selena Quintinilla-Perez (d. 1990's) ushered in the Latin pop revolution.

Jay-Z (b. 1969) and Beyoncé Knowles (b. 1981) are likewise world-famous icons.

Edward R. Murrow (1900's-1960's) and Walter Cronkite (d. 2009) are trusted, respected and influential broadcast journalists, but also rivals.

Thomas Edison (d. 1930's) and George Westinghouse (d. 1914) were electrical industry pioneers.

Guglielmo Marconi (d. 1937) was an inventor whose work developed radio, television and others.

John D. Rockefeller (d. 1937) is one of the wealthiest Americans ever and one of the richest people in modern history, whose children include John Jr. (d. 1960).

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (d. 1969), Le Corbusier (d. 1960's), Walter Gropius (d. 1969), Frank Lloyd Wright (1860's-1950's) and Louis Sullivan (d. 1924) pioneered modern architecture

Edward Durell Stone (1902-1978) and John C. Austin (d. 1960's) are also modern architects.

Raymond Hood (d. 1930's) is one of the Art Deco architects.

Donald Deskey (1890's-1989) is an industrial designer.

Louis Skidmore (1897-1962), Nathaniel Owings (1900's-1984) and John O. Merrill (1896-1975) were namesakes for Skidmore, Owings and Merrill.

William Pereira (1909-1980's) and Charles Luckman (1909-1990's) are also American architects.

Jesse L. Lasky (d. 1950's), Adolph Zukor and Darryl F. Zanuck (b. 1902) are Big Five moguls, plus the four Warners, Samuel Goldwyn (d. 1974) and William Wadsworth Hadkinson.

Louis B. Mayer (d. 1957) and Marcus Loew (d. 1920's) were the other Big Five moguls.

Four of the world-famous Warners include Jack (1890's-1978), Sam (d. 1920's), Harry (d. 1950's) and Albert (d. 1960's).

These were joined by Little Three moguls: Carl Laemmle (d. 1930's) and Harry Cohn (1890's-1950's).

David Sarnoff, William S. Paley (1901-1990) and Leonard Goldenson (1905-1990's) were three of the American broadcasters whose ancestries were Jewish.

Jack Welch (1930's-2020) was GE Chairman and CEO from 1981 to 2001.

Bill Daniels (b. 1920) is notable for being cable television's pioneer.

Ted Turner (b. 1938) is a successful and world-famous businessman, whose own media empire named after him is one of the most successful in the world.

Monika Ivkic (b. 1989) and Nadine Beiler (b. 1990) are rhythm & blues/soul singers in Austria.

Influences for both Monika Ivkic and Nadine Beiler include Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey, Celine Dion, Christina Aguilera and Beyoncé Knowles.

From its 1926 launch to its 1986 sale, NBC was owned by RCA.

RCA was co-founded prior to the 1920's by GE, the Westinghouse Electric Corporation, the American Telephone and Telegraph Company and the United Fruit Company.

Suffering complaints that cross-licensing agreements between RCA, GE and Westinghouse have made illegal monopolies, antitrust charges were brought against them in 1930.

Just two years after antitrust charges were brought in 1930, both GE and Westinghouse were forced to divest their ownership of RCA, which came in the early-1930's or before 1933.

With both GE and Westinghouse giving up their ownership interests in this early-1930's period or just prior to 1933, RCA declared its independence.

Five major studios during Hollywood's Golden Age period included Paramount Pictures, Warner Bros. (WB), Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), 20th Century-Fox and RKO Radio Pictures.

Plus, three mini-major film studios during this Golden Age of Hollywood era were Universal Pictures, Columbia Pictures and United Artists (UA).

Many of the acting stars during the Golden Age of Hollywood used stage names through Hollywood's dream factories, while some others kept their own names.

The New Hollywood movement began in the 1960's.

Decca, RCA Victor, Columbia Records, EMI and PolyGram are some of the major music labels in the world.

Some major-minor music labels include Zomba, Island Records, Chrysalis, Motown, Virgin, etc.

Having been the first (and oldest) of the major Big Three broadcast networks in the United States since 1926, NBC was divided into two networks: Red and Blue.

The NBC Red Network carried sponsored broadcasts, in particular entertainment and music, whilst the NBC Blue Network carried non-sponsored programs, especially news and culture.

Arthur Judson (d. 1975) founded United Independent Broadcasters in the late-1920's or after 1926.

Not long after its launch in this same 1920's decade, Columbia Records invested in United Independent Broadcasters, becoming the Columbia Phonographic Broadcasting System (CPBS).

The Levy brothers, whose names were Issac (1890's-1975) and Leon (1890's-1978), acquired the CPBS network from both Arthur Judson and Columbia Records in the late-1920's or before 1929.

William S. Paley, who was an in-law of the Levy brothers, turned the CPBS network into the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), and became its majority owner.

Paramount took 49% of the CBS network in 1929, but the Great Depression forced the studio to sell its shares back to the network in the early-1930's or before 1933.

Candy industralist Edward J. Noble (d. 1950's) took over the NBC Blue Network after a decree by the Federal Communications Commission that RCA divest itself of one of its networks after 1942.

Edward J. Noble tried to make ABC an innovative and competitive broadcaster but financial problems hindered this process, along with competition from the long-established NBC and CBS networks.

DuMont Laboratories (1930's-1960), which was founded and held by its namesake (1901-1960's) and partly-run by Paramount from the 1930's to the 1950's, also ran its own television network.

The person working with DuMont's namesake was Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. (d. 2009).

30 Rockefeller Plaza, which is the main tenant of the Rockefeller Centre complex based in New York's Midtown Manhattan portion, has been an iconic structure since its opening in 1933.

Designed in Art Deco by Raymond Hood, 30 Rockefeller Plaza is sometimes called 30 Rock.

Having been the world headquarters of its main tenant RCA, then General Electric (GE), and currently Comcast, 30 Rockefeller Plaza is also the world headquarters and New York studios of NBC.

Just before 30 Rockefeller Plaza, NBC's former headquarters was based in a Beaux Arts-style building designed by Floyd Brown, located at 5th Avenue, also in New York's Midtown Manhattan portion.

Also in the Rockefeller Centre complex is Radio City.

Radio City Music Hall, which is also based in the Rockefeller Centre complex in New York's Midtown Manhattan portion, is the world's largest indoor theatre, but also a famous structure.

Opened in the early-1930's or before 1933, Radio City Music Hall hosts concerts and events.

Edward Durell Stone and Donald Deskey co-designed Radio City Music Hall, also in Art Deco.

NBC Radio City Hollywood, which was located at the corner of Sunset Boulevard and Vine Street in Hollywood, opened in 1938 as the former headquarters of NBC's West Coast operations.

John C. Austin designed NBC Radio City Hollywood in Streamline Moderne.

However, NBC Radio City Hollywood's television facilities gradually became too small for NBC to produce its television broadcasts.

RCA and NBC decided to build a television studio for colour telecasts, also in Los Angeles.

Opened in the mid-1950's or after 1954, NBC Colour City Studios was the first purpose-built colour television centre in the United States.

The NBC Tower, made in Art Deco by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, is NBC's Chicago studios.

Based in downtown Chicago, the NBC Tower is similar to 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York.

Until the 1989 relocation to the NBC Tower, the Merchandise Mart, likewise an Art Deco structure in downtown Chicago, served as NBC's Chicago studios.

Some production facilities for CBS include the CBS Broadcast Centre, which is its primary East Coast production headquarters, and Television City and the CBS Studio Centre, both in the West Coast.

Located at West 57th Street on the West Side of Midtown Manhattan in New York, the CBS Broadcast Centre was once the most modern and efficient broadcast facility of its kind in the world.

Before moving to West 57th in the nud-1960's, CBS' primary East Coast production hub was at Grand Central Terminal, also based in New York's Midtown Manhattan portion.

The Graybar Building is adjacent to Grand Central Terminal.

Meanwhile, Television City. also known as CBS Television City, located at 7800 Beverly Boulevard in Hollywood, was designed by William Pereira and Charles Luckman.

Some Leonard Goldenson protégés include Barry Diller (b. 1942), Michael Eisner (b. 1942) and Roone Arledge (1930's-2002).

Bill Daniels made his first ever encounter with television at a bar in Denver, which had a boxing match flickered on a black-and-white screen.

With his first ever encounter with television at a Denver bar, Bill Daniels set up a microwave link from Denver to Casper in the early-1950's or before 1953, which was launched in January 1954.

Charles Dolan built Sterling Manhattan Cable, which was the first urban underground cable television system ever in America, and started HBO in 1972, both being sold to Time-Life in 1973.

Warner Communications joined with American Express to form Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment Company between 1978 and 1980.

On September 30, 1975, HBO went nationwide via the Westar 1 satellite, the first television network to receive programs nationwide via satellite, not microwave relay.

HBO's national satellite uplink on September 30, 1975 turned cable television from a retransmitter into what is now a program provider.

Not shortly after its 1975 uplink, HBO changed its satellite into RCA's Satcom 1 satellite.

Ted Turner's local indie station WTCG went national via Satcom 1 not long after HBO did the same in September 1975 or between 1975 and 1977.

WTCG's national satellite uplink signalled the development of the basic cable television industry, like HBO did the same in September 1975.

Not long after its satellite uplink, WTCG became WTBS, also known as SuperstationWTBS.

After its national satellite uplink taken place between 1975 and 1977, in the late-1980's or after 1986, SuperstationWTBS became Superstation TBS to emphasize its national prominence.

In 1989, Superstation TBS became TBS Superstation, reflecting the national standing of the channel.

September 1990 was when Superstation was dropped from TBS' on-screen branding and promotions.

Pat Robertson and his CBN empire launched its own Satellite Service on April 29, 1977.

CBN's own Satellite Service was the first basic television service ever distributed to cable via satellite from its launch, but also the first national basic cable-originated network.

Kay Koplovitz (b. 1945), who oversaw HBO's September 1975 national satellite uplink, launched the USA Network in September 1977.

The USA Network was the first advertiser-supported basic cable network from its debut.

Driving the vision for MTV: Music Television since its August 1981 launch was businessman Robert Pittman (b. 1953), who, like both Ted Turner and Moses Znaimer, is a television master.

Joining Robert Pittman in MTV was John Lack, Tom Freston, Judy McGrath and Les Garland.

Some of MTV's first five video jockeys were Mark Goodman (b. 1950's), Alan Hunter (b. 1957), J.J. Jackson (b. 1941), Martha Quinn (b. 1950's) and Nina Blackwood (b. 1950's).

Under Robert Pittman's leadership at Warner-Amex, MTV became the first and most profitable cable television channel ever.

Plus, MTV's sister Nickelodeon became likewise profitable under Robert Pittman.

Cable News Network (CNN) is the first ever 24-hour single-genre television service in the world with news as its main theme.

Launched on June 1, 1980, CNN was Ted Turner's other innovation after SuperstationWTBS.

On August 12, 1981, ABC and Westinghouse Broadcasting Company (Group W) announced plans to launch the Satellite News Channel (SNC).

SNC's format consisted of rotating newscasts every 18 minutes, with the remaining time allocated for regional newscasts in each half-hour block.

In response to SNC's imminent launch, Turner Broadcasting launched a second news channel called CNN2 in the early-1980's or after 1981 after CNN's June 1, 1980 launch.

Renamed CNN Headline News, CNN2 used a format similar to SNC's, but with newscasts every 30 minutes.

When it began in 1980, CNN came from Techwood Drive in midtown Atlanta.

After seven years, CNN outgrew its home and moved its operations to the former Omni International complex, located in downtown Atlanta, in the late-1980's or after 1986.

Rechristened as the CNN Centre, this building was CNN's former world headquarters.

With the CNN Centre, Ted Turner revitalized Atlanta's downtown core.

March 1986 was when Ted Turner took Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer from Kirk Kerkorian.

However, due to concerns involving his companies, Ted Turner sold MGM back to Kirk Kerkorian on August 26, 1986.

But Ted Turner kept MGM's pre-May 1986 film and television library, forming Turner Entertainment Company in the same month of August 1986.

Films made in black-and-white were colourized via Turner Entertainment; partly due to Ted Turner's colourization, the Library of Congress established the National Film Registry in 1989.

Since 1989, the National Film Registry has preserved American films in their original format.

Continental Cablevision, co-founded in the mid-1960's by Amos Hosteller Jr. (b. 1937), was the largest privately-owned cable television company in the United States.

Walt Disney (1901-1966) was/is one of the most influential entrepreneurs in the entire world, whose innovative and pioneering developments and characters he created have impacted people's lives.

Facing Walt Disney were the Fleischer brothers: Max (d. 1972) and Dave (b. 1890's).

Together, the studios of both Walt Disney and the Fleischer brothers were pioneers in animation.

Joining the likes of both Walt Disney Productions and Fleischer Studios was a studio owned by Leon Schlesinger (d. 1949) since 1933, which was sold to Warner Bros. before WWII's 1945 end.

Edward Selzer (b. 1893) produced Warner Bros. animated movies, along with his two successors, one being David H. DePatie (1929-2021) and the other using the given name John (1906-1978).

Directing Warner Bros. Cartoons were Friz Freleng (1905-1990's) and Chuck Jones (1912-2002).

Besides, other directors inside the Warner Bros. Cartoons empire include Robert McKimson (d. 1977), Robert Clampett (1913-1984), Tex Avery (1900's-1980) and Frank Tashlin (1913-1972).

MGM's cartoon division lasted from 1937 to 1957, and featured William Hanna (d. 2001) and Joseph Barbera; both left upon this studio's closure to form their own company named after them in 1957.

Hanna-Barbera was the most successful animation studio in the television business.

Plus, Hanna-Barbera was one of the first Western-based studios to outsource their animated work to animation studios in foreign nations.

Fred Quimby (d. 1960's) led MGM's cartoon division from 1937 until the mid-1950's or after 1957.

Meanwhile, Filmation (1962-1989) was a studio co-headed by Lou Scheimer (1920's-2013) and Norm Prescott (1920's-2005).

Arthur Rankin Jr. (1924-2014) and Jules Bass (1930's-2022) formed their own company in 1960 or the early-1960's.

Known as Videocraft International since its 1960 inception (and during most of the 1960's decade), the studio became Rankin/Bass in the late-1960's or before 1969.

Nearly all Rankin/Bass animation was outsourced to Japanese animation companies.

In other words, Rankin/Bass was one of the first studios based in the Western world to outsource their animated work to animation studios in foreign nations, just like Hanna-Barbera was.

Rankin/Bass Productions was the first American animation outfit to exploit the Canadian voice acting community as well.

With Warner Bros. Cartoons closing its doors in the mid-1960's or after 1962, David H. DePatie joined Friz Freleng to form their own company named after them in the mid-1960's or after 1962.

Arlene Klasky (b. 1949) and Gabor Csupo (b. 1950's) forged Klasky-Csupo in the early-1980's or after 1981.

Klasky-Csupo is the most imaginative and innovative animated studio ever.

Some of the worldwide Hanna-Barbera divisions include Hanna-Barbera Australia, Fil-Cartoons and Wang Film Productions, also known as Cuckoo's Nest.

1966 or the mid-1960's was when Taft Broadcasting acquired Hanna-Barbera.

Hanna-Barbera was sold in the early-1990's or after 1990 to Turner Entertianment and Apollo Global Management; Turner then took over a 50% stake in Hanna-Barbera held by Apollo in 1993.

Disneyland is the first ever theme park opened by the Walt Disney Company, but is also the only one constructed and designed during Walt Disney's life, opened in the mid-1950's or after 1954.

Besides Disneyland, other parks that were opened by the Walt Disney Company include Walt Disney World, Disneyland Paris, Tokyo Disneyland, Hong Kong Disneyland, etc.

Universal Studios Hollywood and Universal Studios Florida serve as the chief flagship theme park destinations for Universal's theme park unit.

Others include Universal Studios Singapore and Universal Studios Japan.

Cable television had reached households in the United States, and started drawing significant viewing audiences away from the Big Three networks by the early-1980's.

All Big Three networks found ways to expand into cable television (in order to protect and grow their viewing audiences) and they all experimented with niche programming on cable.

For example, NBC launched the Consumer News and Business Channel (CNBC) in April 1989.

Rivalling CNBC was the Financial News Network (FNN), which began on November 30, 1981.

Merging CNBC with FNN in the early-1990's or after 1990 marked the start of the real CNBC.

Forerunners of MTV include Soundies and Scopitones.

Louis D. Snader (b. 1897) founded (and held) his own company named after him, which was called Snader Telescriptions, lasting from 1950 to the mid-1950's or before 1953.

Altogether, Soundies, Scopitones and Snader Telescriptions were forerunners of MTV.

Norman Lear (1920's-2020's) made television sitcoms integrating political and social themes.

Some of the companies that Norman Lear ran include Tandem Productions, T.A.T. Communications Company and Act III Communications.

John Bassett (d. 1998), John David Eaton (1909-1973) and Joel Aldred (1920-2010's), together with Edward S. Rogers Jr. (1933-2008), co-founded CTV in 1961 or the early-1960's.

Hired by the CBC as a radio announcer in 1945, but fired in 1949 after calling the CBC a socialistic monopoly, Joel Aldred moved to Hollywood, California.

While living in Hollywood, Joel Aldred was one of its highest-paid and most in-demand advertising broadcasters, performing live commercials for sponsors on television programs.

Since CNN and CNN International were already widely available in Canada, the CBC made plans to launch its own cable channel called CBC Newsworld.

On July 31, 1989, CBC Newsworld began as Canada's first 24-hour all-news channel.

CTV News 1 began operations on October 17, 1997.

When it began in 1997, CTV News 1 aired rotating newscasts every 15 minutes, but eventually added breaking news coverage.

Nearly two years after its 1997 launch, CTV News 1 became CTV Newsnet.

John Reith was the first ever Director-General of the BBC from the late-1920's or after 1926 to 1938.

As the BBC's first ever Director-General, John Reith developed his own policy named after him in the broadcasting field; it was called Reithianism.

Reithianism means that, at a time when local radio outlets in the US, Canada and Australia drew large people cheering for their local team, the BBC emphasized service for a national audience.

Former writer Norman Collins (1900's-1980's) was the BBC's second post-war television controller.

During his short-lived, but successful run as the BBC's television controller, Norman Collins made the first steps for television into becoming a truly mass medium.

Major steps made under Norman Collins as the BBC's television controller were increasing television license numbers and the expansion beyond London into other major cities.

Plus, under Norman Collins, the BBC became one of the first members of the European Broadcasting Union (est. 1950).

The precursors of the EBU are the International Broadcasting Union (IBU/UIR) and the International Broadcasting Organization (IBO).

EBU membership was just for broadcasters and not governments; early delegates said meetings were cordial and professional and very different from the abrupt tone of its precursors.

August 1950 was when the BBC Television Service aired the first ever outside broadcast all over the English Channel to mark the centenary of the first cross-channel telegraph message.

Capitalizing on the first outside broadcast across the Channel in 1950, the EBU began running its own network called Eurovision (est. 1954), with its first official transmission on June 6, 1954.

The Eurovision Song Contest is the flagship event of the European Broadcasting Union.

What served as the basis and the inspiration for the Eurovision Song Contest was the Sanremo Music Festival, held since 1977 at the Ariston Theatre.

From the 1960's to the 1980's, ITV's biggest franchises included Thames Television, London Weekend Television (LWT), Associated Television (ATV), Granada and Yorkshire Television (YTV).

Plus, from the 1960's to the 1980's, five other ITV contractors were Scottish Television (STV), Harlech Television (HTV), Anglia Television, Southern Television and Tyne Tees Television (TTTV).

In addition, from the 1960's to the 1980's, five of the smallest franchises in the ITV system were Ulster Television, Grampian Television, Border Television, Westward Television and Channel Television.

Debuting in the mid-1950's or after 1954, four of ITV's biggest stations were Associated-Rediffusion, Associated Television (ATV), Granada Television and Associated British Corporation (ABC).

Television Wales and the West (TWW) served Wales and the West with ITV for just a decade from the late-1950's or after 1957 to the late-1960's or before 1969.

In the early-1980's or after 1981, three new assets in the ITV network were born: Central Independent Television, Television South (TVS) and Television South West (TSW).

January 1, 1993 (the arrival of 1993) signalled the launch of the three newest ITV companies: Carlton Television, Meridian Broadcasting and Westcountry Television.

British Electric Traction (BET), its division Broadcast Relay Services Ltd. (whose trading name was Rediffusion) and Associated Newspapers jointly ran Associated-Rediffusion.

Suffering huge financial losses made by the new ITV system in its initial years, the majority stake in Associated-Rediffusion held by Associated Newspapers was sold to BET and Rediffusion.

Associated Television (ATV) had its distribution unit: the Incorporated Television Company (ITC) or ITC Entertainment.

Leading both ATV and ITC Entertainment was Lew Grade (1906-1998).

Inirially known as ITP, ITC produced British cult hits.

Originally used to be a contractor for the United Kingdom's new ITV network, ITP failed to clinch a contract because doing so would give too much control in entertainment to Grade's companies.

However, Associated Broadcasting Development Company (ABDC) suffered insufficient funds.

To fix this problem, ITP merged with Norman Collins' ABDC contractor, which became known as the Associated Broadcasting Company (ABC), and Lew Grade dominated this company.

But the Associated Broadcasting Company's rival already used rights to this name for ABC Weekend Television, so Associated Television was called upon as a substitute.

In 1957, ITC became an ATV division and produced its own programs for ATV, but also for first-run syndication in the United States.

Val Parnell was managing director of both ATV and ITC, with Lew Grade as his deputy, until 1962.

The companies which were owned by Lew Grade were reorganized in 1966 or the mid-1960's into the Associated Television Corporation.

In 1978, ATC became the Associated Communications Corporation (ACC).

As for ABC Weekend Television, its owner came to this television business in the mid-1950's or after 1954 after Kemsley-Winnick Television (est. 1954) collapsed.

Kemsley-Winnick Television (est. 1954) was a consortium consisting of namesakes being newspaper publisher Lord Kemsley (d. 1960's) and music producer Maurice Winnick (1902-1962).

Joining both Lord Kemsley and Maurice Winnick in bidding for a consortium for an ITV station was businessman Issac Wolfson (1897-1990's), who owned Great Universal Stores.

Running ABC Weekend Television was Associated British Picture Corporation (ABPC).

Structural changes in the late-1960's period meant that ABC Weekend Television had no contract to reapply for; the Northern area would be an all-day operation, as would the Midlands.

Expectedly, ABC Weekend Television should have won the London contract in the weekend, but the strength of London Weekend Television ruled it out in the 1960's.

LWT's strength over ABC Weekend TV led to the situation, where a successful ITV station could be closed down through no fault of its own in the 1960's.

Solving the issue of closing a successful ITV franchise down without a fault of its own in the 1960's decade, BET and ABPC merged their television interests to form Thames Television.

EMI took over ABPC in 1969 or the late-1960's.

ATV ended serving London in the late-1960's or before 1969 and LWT took its place, whereas ATV continued serving the Midlands.

December 31, 1981 (the end of 1981) was also when ATV became Central Independent Television.

South African-born Australian businessman Robert Holmes à Court (1937-1990) purchased ACC's majority stake in the early-1980's or after 1981.

Investors took ACC's Central Independent Television stake in the mid-1980's or before 1984.

Canadian businessman Roy Thomson (b. 1890's) founded Scottish Television, launched in 1957.

Hugh Carleton Greene (d. 1980's) served as the Director-General of the BBC from 1960 to 1969 or the late-1960's.

During his tenure he radically modernized the BBC to defy stiff competition from ITV.

From 1960 to 2013, the BBC's main television headquarters had been Television Centre (TVC).

Officially opened on June 29, 1960, the BBC Television Centre has become a British landmark.

London Weekend Television used its equally-famous headquarters based on the South Bank.

Higgs and Hill constructed not one, two British television studios: the BBC Television Centre and the South Bank Studios, the latter used by London Weekend Television.

The 1989 Television Without Frontiers directive had elevated European television from national public broadcasting to mixed systems of commercial and public television.

Plus, the 1989 Television Without Frontiers directive paved the way for the emergence of transnational channels distributed through cable and satellite television.

Richard Boyer (1890's-1961) served as the Chairman of the Australian Broadcasting Comission from 1945 to his death in 1961 or the early-1960's.

During his rule as the ABC's chairman, Richard Boyer opposed commercialism, which would lead to American dominance, and held up the BBC model to maintain Australia's British heritage.

Charles Moses (1900-1980's) was General Manager of the ABC for 30 years from the mid-1930's or before 1936 until the mid-1960's or before 1966.

Sir Frank Packer (1906-1974) ran the Nine Network from its mid-1950's launch to his 1974 death.

The young brother of Frank Packer was Kerry Packer (1937-2005), who, like his father, ran the Nine Network from his father's 1974 death to his 2005 death.

Bruce Gyngell (b. 1929) was the first face on Australian television in the mid-1950's or after 1957.

Rupert Murdoch ran Network Ten's assets in Sydney and Melbourne during the early-to-mid-1980's.

The Canadian-based Canwest media empire took over Network Ten's flagship stations in the 1990's.

Between Rupert Murdoch and Canwest in Network Ten's ownership was Northern Star, which was an offshoot of the Westfield Group led by tycoon Frank Lowy (b. 1930).

In 1989, the regional television business in Australia changed with a process called aggregation.

What the aggregation process meant is that it provided television viewers all over Australia's regional places with the same choice as their metropolitan counterparts.

Moving down under in 1986, Julian Mounter joined TVNZ as its director-general, whose task was to revitalize this much respected, yet loss-making entity.

Julian Mounter's task was successful, and TVNZ became a highly-profitable public broadcaster.

Galaxy was the first premium television broadcaster in Australia, leading to Foxtel, Austar and Optus.

1975 was when the New Zealand broadcasting business changed as the NZBC was divided into Radio New Zealand (RNZ), Television One and Television Two.

Just 18 months after its debut in 1975, Television Two became South Pacific Television.

RNZ, TV One and South Pacific Television joined in 1977 to form the similarly-named BCNZ.

By merging TV One and South Pacific Television in 1980, Television New Zealand was formed as the television division of the BCNZ.

TVNZ's decades-long monopoly was broken in November 1989 with the launch of the third television channel in New Zealand called TV3.

Positioned as an energetic alternative to TVNZ, TV3 was New Zealand's first privately-held television channel, operating with the US-based NBC network as one of its minority shareholders.

1989 was also the year that a funding agency known as New Zealand On Air was formed through the Broadcasting Act 1989.

Having failed to gain ground against a recently revitalized TVNZ and placed into receivership in May 1990, TV3 continued to broadcast with Westpac as a major creditor.

The Canadian-based Canwest media empire steadily took over TV3 throughout the 1990's.

Under Canwest, TV3 increased its audience and advertising revenue, leading to significant profits.

Plus, under this Canadian-based Canwest media empire, TV3 steadily increased its coverage over New Zealand, adding dozens of transmitters and translators, assisted by New Zealand On Air.

1962 or the early-1960's was when TTV began, followed by CTV in 1969 or the late-1960's and CTS before 1972.

Fil-Cartoons was in Manila, the Philippines and Wang Film/Cuckoo's Nest was in Taipei, Taiwan.

Channel 5 launched its operations in the mid-1960's or after 1962 as a single television service airing programs in all four languages in Singapore.

But the launch of Channel 8, also in the mid-1960's or after 1962, led to a duopoly, meaning that two television channels in Singapore used the split programming strategy.

Advertising in Singaporean television was introduced in the mid-1960's.

In the late-1960's or after 1966, Channel 8 was the first ever television channel in Singapore to telecast regular daytime programs in weekdays with the multilingual Educational Television Service (ETS).

March 1973 was when RTS revised two television services in Singapore.

While Channel 5 focused solely on English and Malay-language content outside ETS hours, Channel 8 focused solely on Chinese and Tamil-language content outside ETS.

However, administrative and budgetary constraints prevented RTS' ability to grow, leading to frequent turnover in staff, and a relliance on imported programs, other than domestic productions.

On February 1, 1980, RTS was replaced by SBC, which positioned itself as an autonomous, state-held enterprise similar to the BBC and its neighbours.

Temasek Holdings ran its division called Singapore International Media.

January 31, 1984 marked the launch of Singapore's third television channel named Channel 12, whose primary programming was arts, cultural and educational, later adding sports.

In the 1990's, SBC formed Singapore Cable Vision (SCV) to manage pay television.

SCV's minority stake was held by SBC, while its majority stake was held by Singapore International Media.

The first of the three channels from SCV was NewsVision.

NewsVision aired 24-hour news, mainly with CNN International in the United States, as well as some others from Independent Television News, plus SBC's 9 p.m. English-language newscast.

With NewsVision, SBC's local monopoly over television news was broken, and for the first time, the Singaporean public had access to foreign newscasts on local television.

Besides NewsVision, two other SCV channels included MovieVision and VarietyVision.

Relaying HBO, MovieVision carried 30 films every month, initially for 12 hours, aiming to expand its length to 18 in January 1993, and began airing for 24 in the mid-1990's or after 1993.

Meanwhile, VarietyVision aired programming from the Chinese world.

Together, all three SCV channels were available on UHF, which was not ideal given that 80% of the Singaporean population lived in high-rise buildings, affecting signal reception.

In addition, SCV viewers also did not warm up to high subscription costs.

By ompleting this project in the late-1990's or after 1998, SCV became Singapore's cable alternative.

After 14 years, in the mid-1990's or after 1993, SBC was privatized as Singapore International Media.

In the late-1990's or after 1998, the Singapore International Media group was restructured as the Media Corporation of Singapore (MediaCorp).

The MediaCorp name became official in 2001.

Johannes Gutenberg brought letterpress printing to Europe with his movable-type printing press, which spreads all across the world; his work led to the information revolution.

Some of the top orchestras in the entire world include the London Symphony Orchestra, the New York Philharmonic, the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, etc.

Ludwig Von Beethoven, Johann Sebastian Bach (b. 1750) and Johannes Brahms (d. 1897), the latter substituting for Hector Berlioz (1800's-1869), are the Three Bs of music.

Musicians out of the Three Bs are Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (b. 1750's), Gustav Mahler (b. 1860), Joseph Haydn (1730's-1809), Franz Schubert and Johann Strauss II (d. 1890's).

Richard Wagner (b. 1813), Richard Strauss (1860's-1949) and Franz Liszt are out of the Three Bs.

Arnold Schoenberg (d. 1950's), Alban Berg (d. 1930's) and Anton Webern (d. 1945) were in the 2nd Viennese School in the early-20th century and the Three As of music.

Edward Elgar (d. 1930's) was the first composer to take the gramophone seriously.

The English Pastoral School featured composers trying to build a distinctive English music style, like Ralph Vaughan Williams (d. 1950's) and Gustav Holst (d. 1930's).

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (d. 1893) is the first Russian music composer with a worldwide reputation.

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Maurice Ravel (d. 1937) and Felix Mendelssohn (b. 1809) also formed together an elite group which comprised other composers outside the Three Bs.

Together, Arnold Schoenberg, Alban Berg and Anton Webern use the 12-tone system and serialism.

Antonin Dvorak (1841-1900's), Leos Janacek (d. 1920's) and Bedrich Smetana are pioneers of a new Czech style of music.

Jean Sibelius (1860's-1957), known as Finland's greatest composer, played a major role in making its national identity during its independence from Russia.

Bela Bartok (d. 1945) was/is also one of the greatest composers ever.

Erik Satie (1866-1925) led a new generation of French music composers away from post-Wagnerian impressionism towards a sparer, terser style.

Paul Hindemith (1890's-1960's) is one of the best composers in the first half of the 20th century.

Igor Stravinsky is one of the most important and influential music composers ever.

Olivier Messiaen (1900's-1990's) used pupils, including Pierre Boulez (1925-2010's) and Karlheinz Stockhausen (b. 1920's).

Joining these composers is Sergei Prokofiev (1890's-1953), one of the major Soviet composers.

Louis-Albert Bourgault-Ducoudray was one of the first Western composers to be influenced by world music; one of his protégés was Claude Debussy (1862-1918).

Dimitri Shostakovich (1906-1975) is one of the other major Soviet composers.

Stephen Foster (d. 1860's) was one of the first American-born professsional songwriters, while Charles Ives (d. 1954) was one of America's first world-famous composers.

Virgil Thomson (1896-1989) and Aaron Copland (1900-1990) were fathers of American music.

Leonard Bernstein (1918-1990) was renowned as the conductor of some of the famous works that his friend and mentor Aaron Copland composed.

Joining both Virgil Thomson and Aaron Copland in creating the American music sound were Howard Hanson (1896-1981), Roy Harris (b. 1898) and Robert Ward (1917-2013).

Jule Styne (1900-1990's) composed the music for musicals in both Broadway and Hollywood.

Leo Robin (1900-1984) is one of the most influential songwriters in Hollywood.

Ivor Novello (1893-1950's) made enormous contributions to music in the UK and around the world.

Raymond Scott (1900's-1990's) was an electronic music pioneer, as was Robert Moog (1930's-2005).

Basil Kirchin (1920's-2005) played an influential role in electronic and ambient music.

György Ligeti (b. 1920's) is one of the most progressive music composers ever.

Benjamin Britten (b. 1913) was a central music figure in the United Kingdom in the 20th century.

Max Steiner, Erich Wolfgang Korngold (1897-1957) and Alfred Newman (b. 1900) were film score composers who set standards for film music of the time period and for film scores ahead.

Aaron Copland circumvented European traditions for a distinctive American sound, whilst Bernard Herrmann (d. 1975) brought a new language rooted in the US to film music.

In the 1920's, Max Steiner innovated film scoring techniques.

Plus, Erich Wolfgang Korngold was the first music composer with a worldwide reputation to compose scores for motion pictures.

Despite being born in the United States, Alfred Newman had Russian-Jewish ancestry, and frequently worked for 20th Century-Fox, where he worked with Marilyn Monroe on a few films.

Alfred Newman's children are Lionel (d. 1989), David (b. 1954), Randy and Thomas (b. 1950's).

Lionel Newman was the music director for Marilyn Monroe's films at 20th Century-Fox.

The music being made by Aaron Copland is almost a precursor to modern film music; his sound is the unequivocal 'American' sound and this tradition goes on in many film scores.

Miklos Rozsa (1900's-1990's) composed epic dramas, but also innovated the theremin in Hollywood.

Dimitri Tiomkin (b. 1890's) was the first, and until modern times, the only Russian to become a major Hollywood film score composer, but also the first to write both the title theme and the score.

Ennio Morricone (1920's-2020) changed the film scoring business.

John Barry (1933-2010's) was an innovative film score composer through synthesizers and sequenced electronic rhythm tracks being overdubbed with the orchestra.

Mario Nascimbene (1913-2002) was an innovator in the film scoring industry, utilizing non-orchestral instruments being incorporated.

Henry Mancini (1920's-1990's) is also one of the greatest film score composers ever.

One of the session musicians who regularly worked with Henry Mancini was pianist and future film composer John Williams (b. 1930's), likewise one of the greatest film score composers ever.

 

The style of Henry Mancini is more jazzy than the typical symphony orchestra sound.

Meanwhile, John Williams revived the typical symphony orchestra sound.

Jerry Goldsmith (b. 1929), whose music influences include Aaron Copland, Bernard Herrmann, Igor Stravinsky, Alban Berg, Bela Bartok and Miklos Rozsa, was an innovative film score composer.

Some of Jerry Goldsmith's finest and most frequent collaborators include Arthur Morton (b. 1900's), Morton Stevens (1929-1990's) and Alexander Courage (d. 2008).

Francis Lai (1930's-2010's) and Maurice Jarre (1924-2009) are French film score composers earning successes in Hollywood.

Michael Kamen (b. 1948) arranged many pop and rock tunes, but was also one of Hollywood's most successful film score composers.

James Horner (1953-2010's) is likewise one of Hollywood's best film score composers.

Hans Zimmer (b. 1957) pioneered film scoring techniques, most notably combining electronic music elements with traditional orchestral arrangements.

Yoav Goren (b. 1962) is an Israeli-American composer and musician, whose music influences include Ennio Morricone, John Barry, Jerry Goldsmith, classical composers and The Beatles.

Enoch Light (1900's-1978) pioneered recording techniques via his Command Records label.

Due to Enoch Light's efforts being made via Command, thirty-five millimetre film reduced wow and flutter, driven by sprockets rather than a rubber pinch wheel.

Peter Maurice Music (1930-1960's) was a defunct music publisher hailing from the United Kingdom.

John Turner (1902-1980's) and Geoffrey Parsons (d. 1980's) were a duo of lyricists from the UK; both worked at Peter Maurice Music.

Robert Farnon (1917-2005) was a Canadian composer living most of his life in the United Kingdom.

Since the mid-1950's or before 1957, the Robert Farnon Society (RFS) has furthered the interests of all jaunty and laid-back orchestral music and especially the work of its namesake Robert Farnon.

Marty Paich (1925-1990's) worked with pop singers and for film and television.

Cliff Richard's backing band The Shadows use Hank Marvin (b. 1941), Bruce Welch (b. 1941), Alan Hawkshaw (1937-2021), Brian Bennett and his son Warren Bennett (b. 1962), etc.

Joe Meek (1929-1960's) was one of the first to use recording studios as instruments and one of the first music producers to use an individual identity as an artist.

Phil Spector (1930's-2021), who was America's answer to Joe Meek, is also known as pop music's first auteur, but also pop music's first star producer.

Mike Oldfield (b. 1953) has had an impact on developing new age, and later, electronic music.

Vangelis (d. 2022) was a electronic music composer whose music would be referred to as 'symphonic electronica' due to his use of synthesizers in an orchestral fashion.

Kraftwerk is one of the most progressive, innovative and influential electronic bands ever.

From 1975 to 1990, Kraftwerk enjoyed its most successful line-up that consisted of the likes of Florian Schneider (d. 2020), Ralf Hutter, Wolfgang Flur and Karl Bartos (b. 1950's).

Joining Kraftwerk is Tangerine Dream (f. 1960's).

Tangerine Dream had its most successful line-up, consisting of the likes of Edgar Froese (d. 2010's), Christopher Franke (b. 1953) and Peter Baumann (b. 1953).

Maurice Jarre's son Jean-Michel Jarre (b. 1948) is likewise an electornic music pioneer.

Giorgio Moroder joins Mike Oldfield, Jean-Michel Jarre, Kraftwerk and Vangelis as electronic music pioneers.

The Brill Building houses music offices and studios where iconic American songs were written.

But the Brill Building's name is also utilized as a term for a broad, influential stream of American pop music strongly influenced by Latin music, traditional black gospel and rhythm & blues.

Phil Ramone (1930's-2013) pioneered many technological innovations in music, one of which was the compact disc (CD).

Diane Warren (b. 1950's) made songs in genres, especially rhythm & blues, soul and pop.

Will Jennings (d. 2020's) does the lyrics for some of the best songs in the world.

Meyer De Wolfe (d. 1960's), born in the Netherlands, moved to London in the United Kingdom at the beginning of the 20th century; he established his own company in 1909.

Initially, Meyer De Wolfe and others offered sheet music which comprised their original music cues to accompany silent films, in collaboration with other musicians from the orchestras of London.

Sheet music being offered by Meyer De Wolfe and others was played live in theatres by musicians.

With the debut of talkies in the late-1920's or after 1926, Meyer De Wolfe's company started providing instrumental and vocal music cues that were pre-recorded.

Pre-recorded music cues written/arranged by Meyer De Wolfe were made using the sound-on-disc and sound-on-film techniques, both on thirty-five millimetre nitrate film.

Nevertheless, this film was flammable if improperly stored, which was the cause of an explosion in the basement of the office of Meyer De Wolfe's own label.

By countering the explosion and countering any future fireworks, much of the music being stored from Meyer De Wolfe's company was copied onto quarter-inch tape invented during World War II.

Copying much of this music stored from Meyer De Wolfe's label onto quarter-inch tape guaranteed the longevity of the recordings and ensured that they can be used later for other productions.

Indeed, for Meyer De Wolfe's own music label, as technologies changed, many of the music cues have persisted, transferring to LP in 1962 or the early-1960's, CD between 1984 and 1986, etc.

Meyer De Wolfe's young son James De Wolfe (1924-2017) joined the earlier's own company after the outbreak of the Second World War.

Plus, James De Wolfe was enlisted in the Royal Air Force (RAF) in 1942 during World War II.

For World War II, James De Wolfe became part of the renowned Dutch Squadron - a fighter squadron having successful operations, most notably the D-Day mission.

Bravery and resilience marking WWII was embodied by Meyer De Wolfe's son James De Wolfe.

At the beginning of the post-World War II period, James De Wolfe returned to his roots at his father Meyer De Wolfe's own company, infusing fresh energy into the music publishing business.

During the 1950's, James De Wolfe expanded his father Meyer De Wolfe's company beyond British borders.

Plus, James De Wolfe created a bond with American film editors Alfonso Corelli (b. 1900) and Fred Jacobs (1917-1997), the earlier born in Austria, in 1953 or the mid-1950's.

For James De Wolfe, creating a bond with both Alfonso Corelli and Fred Jacobs led his father's own company to expansion across North America.

Both Alfonso Corelli and Fred Jacobs owned their own company named after them, which represented Meyer De Wolfe's own company in the United States for 60 years from 1953 to 2013.

Plus, the US representative of Meyer De Wolfe's own music label, headed by Alfonso Corelli and Fred Jacobs, used the latter's son Andrew (b. 1950's), Mitchel Greenspan (b. 1960), Joel Feinberg, etc.

The BBC Radiophonic Workshop (1950's-1998) was one of the BBC's sound effects units.

Co-founding the BBC Radiophonic Workshop in the late-1950's or after 1957 were three people whose names begin with the letter D, including Daphne Oram (b. 1925).

Plus, the BBC Radiophonic Workshop used other members, including Brian Hodgson (b. 1938), Paddy Kingsland, John Baker (1937-1997), Peter Howell (b. 1949), Delia Derbyshire (1937-2001). etc.

Having a huge influence on pop music, the BBC Radiophonic Workshop had been regarded as British electronica's unsung heroes, as described by Mixmag in 1997.

Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco (1890's-1960's) had students who went on to become world-famous film score composers, including John Williams, Jerry Goldsmith and Henry Mancini.

Henry Cowell (1897-1960's) influenced avant-garde music composers, like John Cage (1912-1990's), George Antheil (1900-1950's) and Lou Harrison (b. 1917).

David L. Miller, who created rock music with Bill Haley and his Comets, also created 101 Strings.

101 Strings' trademark sound focused on melody with a laid-back ambiance, most frequently featuring strings; its work was performed by several German orchestras.

Early experiments in symphonic-pop hybridization were some of the 101 Strings projects.

Joseph Francis Kuhn (1924-1962) was one of the core arrangers of David L. Miller's 101 Strings.

Score Productions (est. 1960's) has created some of the most famous and recognizable theme tunes in American television, masterminded by Robert A. Israel (b. 1920's).

VideoHelper, led since its inception in the mid-1990's by Joseph Saba and Stewart Winter (b. 1960's), began in a bootlegger's warehouse in New York City.

Mike Post and his friend/partner Pete Carpenter (d, 1980's) created the frequent sound being heard on American primetime television during the 1980's and beyond.

Karlheinz Stockhausen had students, like Jean-Michel Jarre (b. 1948), who was the brother of Maurice Jarre, plus Tim Souster (d. 1990's) and Holger Czukay (1938-2017).

The Hollywood Studio Symphony is the credited name of the symphony orchestra behind many major soundtracks.

Although the Hollywood Studio Symphony title would make listeners believe that it is something of a traditional symphony orchestra, its members are session musicians in Los Angeles.

Bill Putnam (1920-1989) pioneered the modern recording trend; he founded both Universal Recording Corporation in Chicago and United Western Recorders in Hollywood.

Some of Bill Putnam's partners included Bernie Clapper and Bob Weber.

Endorsed (and supported) by two of the world-famous legends, Bill Putnam sold his stake in Universal Recording Corporation and moved to Hollywood in 1957.

Once in Hollywood, Bill Putnam acquired a motion picture studio, based at 6050 Sunset Boulevard, to create United Recording Corporation in 1957.

In 1961, just 4 years after founding United Recording in 1957, Bill Putnam acquired the neighbouring Western Studios at 6000 Sunset, remodelling and incorporating the building into the complex.

Bill Putnam also took Studio Supply in 1957, becoming the Studio Electronics Corporation (SEC).

The mid-1960's period had SEC being absorbed by United Western, also purchasing additional brands, resulting in SEC becoming United Recording Electronics Industries (UREI).

James Bullough Lansing (1902-1949), an innovative audio engineer, most notably founded two audio companies bearing his name: Altec Lansing and JBL, the latten taking from his initials.

Solid State Logic (SSL) has the SL Four-Thousand Series, in which the B Series, introduced in a year between 1975 and 1977, revolutionized the music industry.

Meanwhile, the Record Plant (est. 1960's) had innovations in the recording artists' workspace and was founded by Gary Kellegren (1930's-1977) and Chris Stone (1930's-2010's).

Bill Putnam's friend Bruce Swedien (1930's-2020) pioneered the Acusound Recording Process, which paired up microphones together on instruments and vocals.

Tom Hidley (b. 1930's) made recording studio design innovations, including soffit-mounted monitor speakers and sliding glass doors between live and isolations rooms.

Madman Muntz (1914-1980's) hired Tom Hidley to assist in the development of the first car stereo.

With Ami Hadani (b. 1929), Tom Hidley was the co-founder of TTG Studios in the mid-1960's; TTG installed one of the first sixteen-track tape recorders.

Prior to TTG, 4-or-8-track recorders were the norm.

Just prior to 1972, Tom Hidley joined Glenn Phoenix and Paul Ford in founding Westlake Recording Studios, initially known as Westlake Audio.

Ever since its founding before 1972, rooms created a la Westlake spread to countless other recording studios and around the world, due to the success of the acoustic design made by Tom Hidley.

3 Abbey Road is the street for the EMI recording studio after which it was named.

Abbey Road's most notable client was The Beatles, who utilized this studio, particularly its Studio Two room, as the venue for many innovative recording techniques they adopted in the 1960's.

Some notable producers/engineers at EMI's 3 Abbey Road location were George Martin (1926-2010's), Geoff Emerick (1945-2010's), Alan Parsons (b. 1948), Ken Scott, Mike Stone (1950's-2002), etc.

The IBC Recording Studios began when IBC's studios were just for radio production.

In the post-war era, IBC's work gradually shifted to music production, and in 1962 or the early-1960's, Leonard Plugge sold the studios to Eric Robinson (1900's-1974) and George Clouston.

Located at Portland Place, IBC's studios featured many creative engineers.

Among the many engineers working at IBC's Portland Place location were Glyn Johns (b. 1942), Joe Meek, Denis Preston and Adrian Kerridge (1938-2010's).

Others at IBC's Portland Place studio included John Timperley, Eric Tomlinson (1930's-2010's), etc.

Chas Chandler purchased IBC's studios in July 1978, renaming them Portland Recording Studios.

Both Joe Meek and Denis Preston left IBC's Portland Place location in the late-1950's or after 1957 to establish Landsdowne Studios, the first independent music recording studio in London.

Adrian Kerridge later joined both Joe Meek and Denis Preston at Landsdowne Studios.

Meyer De Wolfe's own music label, headed by his son James De Wolfe, incorporated Angel Recording Studios in December 1978.

Housing Angel Recording Studios was a former Congregational chapel in London's Islington area.

Ralph S. Peer (1890's-1960) created the first blues song ever aimed at African-Americans, introduced Latin music to America and the world, but also recorded the first country tune in 1921.

In addtion to the innovative work he had done, Ralph S. Peer pioneered music's field recording trend, which means it is being recorded outside the recording studio.

Lee 'Scratch' Perry (1936-2021) was noted for his innovative studio techniques, but also his innovative production style, having been a pioneer in developing dub music.

Joining Lee 'Scratch' Perry was Leslie Kong (b. 1933).

Dalmo-Victor (est. 1921) was founded by Tim Moseley (1902-1997), who was joined by Russian-born businessman Alexander M. Poniatoff (1890's-1980).

Ampex, which is a spin-off of the Dalmo-Victor company, is known around the world as an iconic and famous innovator in the broadcasting business.

Magnetophone was made up in the 1930's by engineers of the innovative company AEG, based on the invention made by Austrian-German inventor Fritz Pfleumer (d. 1945).

John T. Mullin (1913-1990's) modified Magnetophones into the Ampex Model 200A in 1948.

By making the move from radio to television just before 1957, John T. Mullin created Ampex's 2-inch quadruplex videotape, revolutionizing the broadcast industry.

Ampex created the HS-100 in the late-1960's or after 1966, introducing slow-motion instant replay.

Joining with Sony, Ampex co-developed/introduced the 1-inch Type C videotape format between 1975 and 1977, used in Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom.

Type C videotapes are smaller-sized, easily operated, and slightly higher in video quality than Quad. 

Ross S. Snyder (1920-2008) made contributions to recording techniques, notably multi-track and early stereo recording, the earlier in collaboration with Les Paul.

Both Les Paul and Bill Putnam were positioned as recording studio pioneers.

Tom Dowd (1925-2002), who worked for years at Atlantic Records, was influential in creating the pop music sound of the second half of the 20th century.

During the teen pop era of the late-1990's, many teen pop acts have their songs recorded at Cheiron.

Just before Cheiron, top forty hits in core Anglophone countries were frequently created by musicians hailing from core Anglophone nations.

Top forty hits were being made by musicians from non-Anglophone countries who sing in the English language before the Cheiron era as well.

Plus, top forty hits were made in core Anglophone nations, but sung by singers from non-Anglophone nations singing in English, featuring musicians from core Anglophone nations before Cheiron.

Cheiron changed pop music by using singers coming from core Anglophone countries singing songs written/produced by musicians from non-Anglophone nations.

SweMix (1986-1990's) and Sonet (1950's-1990's) created/perfected the Nordik beat sound (blending modern technologies and building inexpensive, small studios with computers and samplers).

Denniz PoP (1960's-1998), who worked at SweMix, was the driving force behind Cheiron.

Besides Denniz PoP, SweMix featured Stonebridge (b. 1961), Douglas Carr and SoundFactory.

The Swedish Nordik beat scene inspired the neighbouring countries and major cities.

In Norway, Stargate comprise Mikkel S. Eriksen (b. 1972) and Tor E. Hermansen (b. 1972).

For years, pro-Western nations use graphics in high-end, high-budget and high-quality fashion.

High-end 3D/2D graphics are made using software from Quantel, Adobe, Silicon Graphics, Inc. (SGI), NewTek, Autodesk and Discreet Logic.

Quantel brought newly-innovative software to film and television technology.

In other words, Quantel turned graphics from the sixteen/thirty-five milllimetre film and caption card biscuitty sludginess into the twiddly, neon and pastel-hued, pin sharp 'electronic wine bar' look.

Some of Quantel's innovative and groundbreaking software include the DFS 3000, the DPE 5000, the DLS 6000, the Paintbox, the Mirage, the Harry, the Henry and the HAL.

Image West, Dolphin Productions and the Computer Image Corporation were some of the companies which used the Scanimate process, developed by CIC's Lee Harrison III (1929-1998).

Lee Harrison III earned a national Emmy Award for developing Scanimate in 1972.

Chyron, which was founded in 1966 or the mid-1960's by Austrian-American psychologist Francis Mencher, specializes in broadcast graphics creation.

The software by Chyron included the Chyron Infinit!, the Chyron III, etc.

Just before the Quantel Cypher and the Chyron Infinit! workstations, character generators (CG) were being described as old-fashioned.

In television's infancy, text superimposed over a picture disappeared, either because the colour of the letters was too similar to the underlying picture or because the detail underwhelmed the letters.

During the 1980's, the method of character generators was to add an edge to the letters, either a drop shadow or a border, using contrasting colours.

Utilizing both the Quantel Cypher and Chyron Infinit! workstations, character generators made some improvements, notably by adding a bar behind letters, either opaque or semi-transparent.

The Ampex Video Art (AVA) led to the innovative Quantel Paintbox, whilst the Ampex Digital Optics (ADO) was a high-end device used to create digital video effects.

Likewise, during the early-to-mid-1980's, computer animation was produced with minicomputers, but shifted to cheaper desktops with 3D graphics capabilities during the late-1980's.

Graphic Films featured some of the famous alumni including Douglas Trumbull (1942-2022) and Con Pederson (b. 1930's).

Information International, Inc. (Triple-I) was involved in early computer animation, under the Motion Pictures Product Group.

Robert Abel (1937-2001) ran his company named after him, just before 1972.

During its existence, Robert Abel and Associates created some of the most advanced and impressive computer-animated effects, like full ray-traced renders and fluid animation.

Not only them, but Robert Abel and Associates used innovative effects, like creative slit-scan and film streaking techniques, plus the process dubbed the "candy apple neon" look.

People who worked at Robert Abel and Associates moved to other groundbreaking projects, including Wavefront Technologies (est. 1984), Rhythm & Hues and other studios.

The Advanced Visualizer (TAV) was the flagship product of Wavefront Technologies.

Besides, Wavefront's other products include Preview, the Personal Visualizer, Composer, etc.

Up the border, Alias and Softimage, both introduced in the 1980's, were positioned as major forces in high-end 3D computer graphics.

While Alias was based in Toronto, Softimage was based in Montreal.

PowerAnimator was one of Alias' main products.

Meanwhile, the Video Paint Brush Company was a high-end 3D CGI company in Australia.

In the early-1990's or after 1990; the Video Paint Brush Company was sold and became Animal Logic, whose 2D image compositor was Eddie.

Richard Szalwinski, a Canadian tech entrepreneur, left Softimage in the early-1990's or before 1990 to found Discreet Logic and re-distribute Animal Logic's image compositor Eddie.

Softimage took Eddie from Discreet in the early-1990's or before 1993, becoming Softimage|Eddie.

Discreet Logic shifted its focus to Flame, created by Gary Tregaskis as one of the first software-only image compositing products, in the early-1990's or before 1993.

Flint is similar to Flame, both by Discreet Logic.

With Discreet Logic's products of both Flame and Flint is Inferno.

Microsoft took Softimage in the mid-1990's or after 1993, not long after Softimage went public in the early-1990's or before 1993.

Responding to Microsoft taking over Softimage in the mid-1990's or after 1993, SGI also moved on to acquire Wavefront in the mid-1990's or before 1996.

Both SGI and Wavefront merged with Alias (also in the mid-1990's or before 1996) to form one single company called Alias|Wavefront.

In addition, Alias|Wavefront also owned Thomson Digital Image (TDI), whose flagship software was Explore.

Softimage|3D was released in 1989 as the Softimage Image Environment for SGI workstations; with Microsoft acquiring Softimage in the mid-1990's, its first Windows port was in 1996.

Plus, Softimage's mid-1990's sale to Microsoft brought about the intention to introduce high-end 3D animation software to its Windows NT platform.

Avid took Softimage from Microsoft in 1998, and a decade later, in 2008, Autodesk took Softimage.

In the late-1980's or after 1986, Robert Abel and Associates closed its doors after an unsuccessful 1986 merger with Omnibus Computer Graphics, based in Toronto, Canada.

Omnibus Computer Graphics featured Kim Davidson (b. 1950's) and Greg Hermanovic, both of whom moved on to found Side Effects (est. 1980's), with its flagship software being Houdini.

Both Robert Abel and Associates and Omnibus were joined by Digital Productions.

Cubicomp, which was one of the first PC-based 3D animation systems, was sold to Ampex in 1986.

The Bosch FGS-Four Thousand was one of the first 3D video effects systems.

Just before SGI, Intelligent Light (est. 1984), whose current focus is solving engineering visualization problems, formerly developed software for rendering and animation.

NewTek developed the revolutionary Video Toaster in 1990.

Blending special effects in television post-production, the Video Toaster, specially used for the Amiga computer until the mid-1990's or after 1993, made a desktop a Hollywood SFX studio.

One of the notable Video Toaster features is LightWave 3D.

LightWave 3D, which derives its name from both Intelligent Light and Wavefront, was likewise used exclusively for the Amiga computer until the mid-1990's or after 1993.

Since the Video Toaster 2.0, frequent LightWave 3D features are motion blur, lens flare and others.

Developed from two former Amiga programs: Videoscape 3D and Modeler 3D, both from a company called Aegis, LightWave was also used for Windows, Macintosh, SGI and DEC Alpha computers.

The same core group of engineers who created LightWave 3D also created Modo from Luxology.

3D Studio was made in 1990 by Gary Yost (b. 1950's) and published by Autodesk; it was rewritten for Windows NT and renamed 3D Studio MAX, with its first release under the new name in 1996.

Maya was the codename for Alias|Wavefront's IRIX-based products; it became a standalone product in February 1998 and was sold to Autodesk in 2005.

Going back to Canada, Vertigo was purchased by Ampex/Cubicomp in the 1980's.

Some other iconic and famous 3D rendering and animation packages specially created for the Amiga computer, besides LightWave 3D, include Traces, which led to Blender, and Cinema 4D.

Alias|Wavefront (with Maya), TDI Explore, Softimage, Cubicomp/Vertigo, LightWave 3D, 3ds Max, Blender, Cinema 4D and Houdini are major forces in high-end 3D CGI graphics.

Cascom International (est. 1980) markets products through four divisions, one of which is the Select Effects graphics and animation library, which consists of over 5000 effects.

Digital Juice (1990's-2020's) was founded by David Hebel (d. 2020's) under the banner of Dimension Technologies Media Group as a developer of third-party products for the Video Toaster.

By 1997, Dimension Technologies moved from the Amiga and towards Windows and Macintosh.

The first non-Amiga product for Dimension Technologies was Digital Juice for PowerPoint, which the company was named after.

Vizrt (est. 1997) includes products with applications creating real-time 3D graphics and maps.

Slides were made using card, Letraset and spray mount before Quantel; animated sequences were also created using film-based cel/backlit animation or video-based Scanimate.

Quantel's innovative software changed the way film and television graphics were being made.

John J. Graham (1920's-1990's) worked for NBC for many years until 1977.

William Golden (d. 1950's) also worked for CBS, starting in 1937, except for a leave of absence from 1941 to 1945.

Harry Marks (1930's-2010's) created innovative and groundbreaking television graphics.

The NBC peacock, which John J. Graham created, had evolved into different forms, whereas William Golden's CBS eye remains constant.

SuperstationWTBS' on-air look in the 1980's was heavily reliant on state-of-the-art Quantel Paintbox graphics, with slick animation made by a team of in-house graphic designers.

The SuperstationWTBS on-air look, using state-of-the-art Quantel Paintbox graphics, was developed further in the years ahead, eventually forming the design firm Television by Design (TVbD).

Leading a team of in-house graphic designers, who started out with Turner Broadcasting System and moved on to form TVbD, was a person known by his nickname jcbD.

While jcbD left TVbD to start his company named after his nickname, others stayed with TVbD.

Melanie Goux (b. 1950's), Jay Antzakas (1950's-2010's) and Jay Cordova (b. 1960) were TVbd's other founders.

Atlanta also belonged to Crawford Communications (est. 1981), whose assets include DESIGNefx.

Earl Quimby Vance (b. 1950's), shortened to E.Q. Vance, made television graphics described as being modern and slick in the 1990's and beyond.

Besides TVbd/jcbD, DESIGNefx and E.Q. Vance, other graphic design firms having slick and modern animation include Novocom/GRFX, etc.

Novocom/GRFX (est. 1981) was led/founded by John Ridgway (b. 1950's), who started his career in Arizona and went to Hollywood in 1978.

The Novocom/GRFX style features colour hues.

While Australia's metropolitan television outlets used modern graphics and high production values, its regional television assets used staid graphics and low production values until aggregation in 1989.

Aggregation made regional TV in Australia use similar presentation to the metropolitan counterparts.

Cinema Concepts, founded by Stewart Harnell, is a creative animation studio.

Rivalling Cinema Concepts were Pike Productions (est. 1950) and Willming-Reams Animation.

Speciallizing in producing film theatre snipes and policy trailers in movie theatres, Cinema Concepts transformed the way film snipes and policy trailers were made.

Located in Massachusetts, Pike Productions was run by (and named after) its founder James A. Pike.

James A. Pike's sons include Travis and Adam, the latter being a music composer.

Gibson (est. 1890's) made the Gibson Les Paul, used in genres, including rhythm & blues, soul, etc.

In addition, Gibson created the Gibson SG guitar in 1961 or the early-1960's.

Leo Fender (1909-1990's), whose namesake company he headed. created the Telecaster guitar, the first mass-produced solid-body electric guitar in the world, in 1950.

Plus, Leo Fender created the Stratocaster, one of the iconic electric guitars.

Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) is a technical standard to transmit and store music, being originally designed for digital music synthesizers.

Invented in the early-1980's or after 1981, MIDI revolutionized the music business.

Sequential Circuits (est. 1974), founded by Dave Smith (1950-2022), developed the Prophet-5 synth instrument, which Dave Smith co-designed with John S. Bowen in 1977, released in 1978.

Tom Oberheim (b. 1936), whose namesake company he founded in 1969, developed the OB-X.

Yamaha Corporation introduced the Yamaha CS-80 in 1977; production ceased in 1980.

Facing the Sequential Prophet-5 and Oberheim OB-X polysynths for the title, the Yamaha CS-80 is the dominant polyphonic synth ever.

Roland Corporation (est. 1972) was founded by Ikutaro Kakehashi (1930-2017).

Under the leadership of Ikutaro Kakehashi, Roland introduced the Roland SH-1000, which was Japan's first compact synth, in 1973.

Ikutaro Kakehashi also created Ace Tone in 1960 or the early-1960's, 12 years before Roland in 1972.

Just 8 years after its founding in 1972, in 1980, Roland introduced the TR-808 drum machine, which, although not a commercial success, was a cornerstone of the electronic and hip-hop genres.

The Roland TR-808 has been described as hip-hop's answer to the Fender Stratocaster guitar.

Korg (est. 1962) entered mass-produced synths in 1973.

John Chowning (b. 1930's) developed FM synthesis.

FM synthesis paved the way for three of the best, greatest and most popular digital synthesizers in the 1980's decade: the Yamaha DX7, the Roland D-50 and the Korg M1.

Pro Tools was developed in 1989 by Avid.

Ableton (est. 1990's) was co-founded by Robert Henke (b. 1969) and Gerhard Beheles, who together formed Monolake (f. 1996), with software engineer Bernd Roggendorf.

William E. Boeing (d. 1950's) founded his namesake company, originally known as the Pacific Aero Company, whose rival is Airbus.

James Smith McDonnell (1890's-1980) and Donald Wills Douglas (1890's-1981) led their company.

In 1996, Boeing announced their merger with McDonnell Douglas, completed in 1997.

The Boeing Dreamliner, whose maiden flight was in December 2009, is a safe airliner to fly.

Minor safety problems aside, the Boeing Dreamliner provides improved fuel efficiency, cabin comfort, navigation and communication technology and safety features.

During the Cold War, television broadcasters behind the Iron Curtain looked like being stranded in the ancient past, with Chyrons and slides invading the screens.

With the end of the Cold War, television broadcasters located behind the Iron Curtain started to have a more contemporary feel as opposed to the strictly autocratic style they used before.

Television channels behind the Iron Curtain after this Cold War utilize younger and sexier personalities using modern and casual clothes, more modern graphics and a looser, more energetic presentation.

Some of the other television elements behind the Iron Curtain in the post-Cold War era include modern production techniques growingly used and more field reports with visible anchors/staff.

Plus, the influx of the high-end 3D computer graphics formula for television stations behind the Iron Curtain came in the early-1990's during this post-Cold War era.

Many television broadcasters located behind the Iron Curtain in this post-Cold War era spiffed up their presentation on par with their Western counterparts.

Spiffing up television presentation for stations behind the Iron Curtain in the period after the Cold War reminds people of Australia's regional television industry in the post-aggregation era.

Huge changes for television behind the Iron Curtain in the posr-Cold War period have made production values become more in line with Western broadcasters and more appealing to younger viewers.

Meanwhile, during the Cold War, television outlets across Yugoslavia looked like being stranded in the past, with Chyrons and slides invading the screens.

With its break-up in the ealy-1990's, television assets in Yugoslavia started using a more contemporary feel as opposed to the autocratic style used before.

Television outlets in Yugoslavia after the Cold War era utilize younger and sexier personalities utilizing modern and casual clothes, more modern graphics and a looser, more energetic presentation.

Some other television elements in Yugoslavia after the Cold War era are modern production techniques growingly used and more field reports with visible anchors/staff.

In addition, the influx of the high-end 3D computer graphics formula for Yugoslavian television in this post-Cold War era came in the early-1990's.

Many television broadcasters in Yugoslavia after the Cold War period spiffed up their presentation to become on par with their Western counterparts.

Spiffing up television presentation all across the Yugoslavia union after the Cold War period reminds people of Australia's regional television industry in the post-aggregation era.

Huge changes for television in Yugoslavia after this Cold War period made production values become more in line with Western broadcasters and more appealing to younger viewers.

During the pre-EDSA era, Filipino television broadcasters looked like being stranded in the past, with Chyrons and slides invading the screens.

With the EDSA Revolution, Filipino television broadcasters began using a more contemporary feel as opposed to the autocratic style used before.

Filipino television broadcasters in the post-EDSA era use younger and sexier personalities donning modern and casual clothes, more modern graphics and a looser, more energetic presentation.

Some of the other elements for many Filipino television broadcasters in the post-EDSA era include modern production techniques growingly used and more field reports with visible anchors/staff.

In addition, the influx of the high-end 3D computer graphics formula for television broadcasters in the Philippines in this post-EDSA era came in the late-1980's.

Many Filipino television outlets in the post-EDSA period spiffed up their presentation to be on par with their Western counterparts.

Spiffing up Filipino television presentation in the post-EDSA era reminds people of Australia's regional television industry in the post-aggregation era.

Huge changes for Filipino television in the post-EDSA period made production values become more in line with Western broadcasters and more appealing to younger viewers.

Batten, Barton, Durstine and Osborn (BBDO) is the largest of the three global agency networks in the portfolio of Omnicom Group (est. 1986).

Joining BBDO in Omnicom's portfolio are Doyle Dane Bernbach (DDB) and TBWA Worldwide.

Interpublic Group (est. 1961) started off as McCann Erickson (est. 1930), whereas Wine and Plastic Products (WPP) has Grey (est. 1917), Ogilvy (est. 1948) and J. Walter Thompson (JWT).

Publicis (est. 1926) is regarded as one of the oldest continuously running and largest marketing and communications agencies in the whole world, using networks like Saatchi and Saatchi.

Havas joins Publicis in a group of French advertising agencies.

Chiat/Day, based in Los Angeles, which is also Marilyn Monroe's birthplace and hometown, made its innovative advertising style fused with pop culture.

MoJo, an Australian advertising agency, named after its co-founders Alan Morris (b. 1942) and Allan Johnston, created a unique cinematic style imitated by others.

Ridley Scott (b. 1937) led his own advertising agency called Ridley Scott Associates (RSA), alongside Adrian Lyne (b. 1941), Tony Scott (d. 2010's), Hugh Hudson (b. 1936) and Alan Parker (d. 2020).

Commercials seen on television became sexualized in the 1960's decade.

AFN has been the best and most effective way people all around the world could get American culture since May 26, 1942; in fact, many of the best global celebrities were influenced by AFN.

With many stations connected with AFRTS all across the world, AFN was (and is) the best unintended ambassador for the American way of life in the post-war era.

Newscasts being seen/heard through AFRTS stations all across the world are compiled from the major American broadcasters, wired services and public affairs offices.

In 1969 or the late-1960's, a small name change for AFRTS resulted in it being known as the American Forces Radio and Television Service; in the early-1980's or after 1981, its name reverted to Armed.

Before 2001, the AFRTS name reverted to American; in 2017 or the late-2010's, AFRTS became AFN.

May 26, 1942 was when AFRTS was founded through the efforts of its first ever commander Thomas Lewis (1901-1980's), a former Los Angeles advertising executive, with Hollywood as its base.

1953 was when television was added to AFRTS, with an experimental station based at Limestone Air Force Base in Maine.

From its May 26, 1942 debut to 1954, AFRTS was called the Armed Forces Radio Service (AFRS).

By adding television to this mission, AFRS became known as the Armed Forces Radio and Television Service (AFRTS) in 1954.

Utilizing his Hollywood connections via his marriage to Marlo Thomas' grandparent, Thomas Lewis scraped together enough personnel and equipment to create AFRTS on May 26, 1942.

For years, US foreigners (and citizens all across the world) used AFN as an alternative to the national public broadcasters since US culture was rare in the early stages of the post-war era.

Although top Hollywood stars have kept US troops entertained via AFN, it also introduced American citizens to famous faces involved with AFN.

Some AFRTS stations include the American Forces Network Europe, the Far East Network (FEN), the Central Pacific Network (CPN) and the Southern Command Network (SCN).

Down under, AFRTS also ran the 1ZM station, under whose ownership it became popular among both American troops and New Zealand citizens with its American programming line-up.

In 1986, after many years at its Hollywood base since 1942, AFRTS relocated its operations to the Sun Valley neighbourhood of Los Angeles.

With the relocation of its operations from Hollywood to Sun Valley in 1986, the AFRTS Programming Centre became the AFRTS Broadcast Centre (AFRTS-BC).

Not long after, in the mid-1990's or before 1996, the AFRTS-BC moved to Riverside, California.

The AFRTS-BC joined with the Television-Audio Support Activity (T-ASA) to become the Defence Media Centre after 2002.

Before 2005, DMC became the AFN Broadcast Centre (AFN-BC).

Some of the first AFN stations ever to be operated in post-war Germany included AFN Munich, AFN Frankfurt and AFN Bremerhaven, together forming the basis for AFN Europe.

Also in the Alps were the other assets of AFRTS, which were respectively named Southern European Broadcasting (SEB) and the Blue Danube Network (BDN).

Since November 1945, BDN had been popular among American troops and Austrian citizens with its American programming line-up, but ended with the Austrian State Treaty after 1954.

Moving from London to Frankfurt, where it operated from a confiscated house, in August 1945, AFN Europe then moved its headquarters to Frankfurt's medieval Höchst Castle a year later.

Frankfurt's Höchst Castle was/is the first ever proper headquarters for AFN Europe located in post-war Germany, but also the most remembered and well-loved location AFN had ever had.

In 1966, AFN Europe relocated its headquarters from this well-loved Höchst Castle to its new home in Dornbusch, which is north of Frankfurt's downtown core.

Built in a more modern and open design than the famous and well-loved Höchst Castle, AFN Europe's headquarters at Dornbusch in Frankfurt lasted 38 years since its move in 1966 or the mid-1960's.

The main AFN Europe headquarters, based at Frankfurt's Dornbusch quarter, is close to Broadcasting House Dornbusch, which is the main headquarters of Hessischer Rundfunk.

Just before 2005, after nearly 60 years at its iconic and famous Frankfurt home, AFN Europe made the relocation of its headquarters to Coleman Barracks in Mannheim.

2014 was when (after a decade at Coleman Barracks in Mannheim) AFN Europe made the move of its headquarters to Sembach Kaserne, which is located in Sembach near Kaiserslautern.

In the Asia-Pacific region, the AFRTS stations were the American Forces Korea Network (AFKN), the American Forces Thailand Network (AFTN) and the American Forces Vietnam Network (AFVN).

Having been the largest of AFN's Asia-Pacific operations, AFKN had been serving American military personnel across South Korea since 1953.

On September 13, 1957, AFKN began its television operations.

With its main headquarters at District 1 in Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City), AFVN had been serving American military personnel across South Vietnam from 1962 or the early-1960's to March 1973.

Some AFVN detachments were in Da Nang, Nha Trang, Hue, Quang Tri and so forth.

Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base, located in Udon Thani, was the main headquarters for AFTN.

Plus, the AFRTS station in Taiwan since 1957 was the Armed Forces Network Taiwan (AFNT).

Due to the United States ending diplomatic relations with the Republic of China, based in Taiwan, in a year between 1978 and 1980, AFNT became International Community Radio Taipei (ICRT).

FEN began operations in 1945 via WVTR, sharing studios with NHK from 1945 to the early-1950's.

SCN was the oldest network in the AFRTS system from 1941 to the late-1990's or after 1998, whereas CPN was the only civil AFRTS station.

The US Office of War Information (OWI) was influential in victory for the Allies in World War II and mobilizing domestic US support in this war.

From 1942 to 1945, the OWI discarded (and revised) film scripts that portrayed the United States in a negative manner, including anti-war material.

BFBS, like the worldwide AFRTS system, is being spoken in English, and belongs to countries where English is not a first language.

RIAS, founded by American occupational authorities after World War II, earned popularity through its innovative and creative programming; its importance was magnified with the 1948-1949 blockade.

The 1948-1949 blockade turned RIAS into a surrogate service for East Germans, as it broadcast news, commentary and cultural programs unavailable in the controlled East German media.

Having won a huge East German audience, RIAS was the most popular foreign radio station.

In the late-1980's or before 1989, RIAS started its own television service, before which there were no Western television broadcasts targeting the East.

But the November 1989 fall of the infamous wall being erected in 1961, along with the October 1990 German reunification, meant that RIAS-TV was short-lived.

Deutsche Welle took over RIAS-TV's operations in the early-1990's or before 1993.

Superman's world-famous motto is 'Truth, Justice, and the American Way,' changed in 2021 to 'Truth, Justice, and a Better Tomorrow.'

The Chicago School of Television is a term used by its performers and production staff, whose guiding axiom was that television was neither film nor theatre, but a unique, new medium.

For example, Dave Garroway (1913-1980's) used to be a radio disc jockey at WMAQ-AM; in 1949, he moved to television with his own program named after him called Garroway at Large.

Garroway at Large, which aired every week at 10pm from the WMAQ-TV studios in Chicago, notably introduced an innovative presentation and staging to television.

When television first began in New York City, programs seen on the medium used/adopted the frequent theatrical proscenium concept, separating the stage from the audience area.

After World War II, several programs originated from Chicago, where Dave Garroway was a radio disc jockey on WMAQ-AM.

Through his own innovative Garroway at Large television program, Dave Garroway circumvented the conventions for a more casual approach in which the reality of the studio was acknowledged.

Followed by a single camera, Dave Garroway, in his own Garroway at Large program, walked around large studios and simple abstract sets as he directly talked to guests and television viewers.

Known as the Chicago Style, this live staging technique, which was made for Garroway at Large, was developed further through Dave Garroway's other innovative television program called Today.

Upon its debut in the early-1950's or before 1953, Today came from the RCA Exhibition Hall.

Featured in Today's first studio set from the RCA Exhibition Hall was an open-plan working area with teletypes, wall clocks and workstations all visible (and audible) on the air.

Many people in the US described the open-plan working area in Today's first studio set from the RCA Exhibition Hall as television's nerve centre.

Based at the corner of Rockefeller Plaza and West 49th Street in New York City's Midtown Manhattan portion, the RCA Exhibition Hall was down the block from Today's current studio.

Over the years, this open-plan area used in Today's first studio set from the RCA Exhibition Hall has become working newsrooms, though not as immersive as Today's original space.

Instead, working television newsrooms are often placed directly behind the news anchor desk with a physical or a imaginary divider between the studio and newsroom area.

Layouts for working TV newsrooms even include a wall of glass separating the spaces.

However, designs that place news anchors in the middle of the newsroom have been used by numerous programs over the years - in varying degrees.

For example, when CNN started, it borrowed a variant of this centralized newsroom set concept, while numerous sets have smaller, scaled down work areas visible on camera.

Plus, TV stations/networks frequently do camera positions placed more inside newsroom areas; often called flash cams, they are used for live reports/updates, as well as taped teases/promos.

Newsrooms are used by TV stations for temporary sets whilst primary studios are being renovated or updated with a new set or equipment.

Indeed, newsrooms are used as a backdrop during newscasts.

A similar idea is also often used for working weather centres in modern television studio sets.

When Today started in the 1950's, weather centres did not utilize chroma key, since it requires, by definition, colour cameras.

Upon its early-1950's launch, Today utilized panels, with printed maps, handwritten notations and movable cutout pieces to symbolize weather conditions.

On many local news studio sets, the weather team works in the studio from built-in workstations and video panels, while usually starting/ending their weather reports from in front of a working area.

Many weather centres use a desk or pod allowing weather forecasters to appear on screen, facing the camera, while also viewing computer monitors and manipulating graphics/maps in realtime.

Street-level and windowed studios, meanwhile, are still used from now on.

Technically, all Big Three networks have their morning newscasts from street-level studio sets.

Local US television stations also have street-level and windowed studios, though they often serve as secondary sets or double as a satellite operation for the station's main newsroom.

In many ways, however, these street-level and windowed studios serve more as a highly visual public showcase for the local station rather than using the view as a primary backdrop.

Many of these street-level and windowed studios feature sets, built inside of a traditional windowless studio and having looked much indifferent for all intents and purposes.

Plus, modern and efficient news tickers were not created or launched until CNN Headline News' own SportsTicker in 1993, nor fully popularized until September 11, 2001.

The ticker being utilized for Today's early-1950's debut was an actual piece of paper with typewritten headlines superimposed on the lower third of the screen.

Creating NBC's Today program was Sylvester L. Weaver (1900's-2002), who was Sigourney Weaver's father.

Some of Dave Garroway's own television projects, notably Garroway at Large and Today, influenced modern broadcast design, like CityTV's 299 Queen Street West in downtown Toronto.

Indeed, both Garroway at Large and Today innovated many modern TV studio design trends, such as CityTV's desk-less CityPulse newsroom.

During the first 48 years since its inception in the early-1950's or before 1953, NBC's Today program lasted two hours from 7 a.m. to 9 a.m. Eastern Time.

Besides Dave Garroway, NBC's Today program also included Bryant Gumbel (b. 1948), Tom Brokaw, Hugh Downs (1921-2020), Barbara Walters (1929-2022), Jane Pauley (b. 1950), etc.

One of NBC's most successful programs ever, Today, also called the Today Show, is also the first ever regular early-morning television program in both the United States and the world.

Merv Griffin (b. 1925) created two of the world-famous game show franchises: Wheel of Fortune and Jeopardy!, both of which air on first-run syndication.

Pat Sajak hosted Wheel of Fortune from 1981 to the mid-2020's or before 2025.

Lin Bolen (1941-2010's) served as the Vice President of Daytime Programming at NBC from 1972 to between 1975 and 1977.

Having been NBC's VP of Daytime Programming, Lin Bolen turned the game show genre around.

Just before Lin Bolen's daytime work at NBC from 1972 to between 1975 and 1977, game shows were hosted by staid and stuffy personalities, monotonous formats and dull clothes.

But during Lin Bolen's daytime work at NBC from 1972 to between 1975 and 1977, game shows were hosted by younger and sexier personalities, flashier formats and current wardrobes.

Some elements first used at game shows during Lin Bolen's daytime work at NBC, most notably neon lights, young and sexy hosts and an open look with a less claustrophobic feel, are still intact.

Of all the game shows commissioned by Lin Bolen at NBC, the most successful is Wheel of Fortune.

Launched in January 1975, replacing the original 1960's iteration of Jeopardy!, Wheel of Fortune, like Jeopardy!, has won success in first-run syndication.

Andrew J. Kuehn (b. 1937) revolutionized the film trailer business in the 1960's and beyond; his own company was Kaleidoscope Films (est. 1960's), which he co-founded with Dan Davis.

Just before Andrew J. Kuehn, film trailers were created by the National Screen Service (NSS).

NSS' film trailer work had important scenes and huge text, in addition to music from the studio music archives and narration in a stentorian voice to accompany the text and moving images.

This film trailer work of Andrew J. Kuehn used no text with quick editing and a montage of stills and moving images, using new techniques popular in television being brought to this business.

NBC Saturday Night at the Movies was television's first anthology series to air relatively recent films coming from major Hollywood studios in colour.

During television's early stages, major Hollywood studios did not release their films on television.

Instead, films shown on television during its early stages were typically low-budget B movies or older black-and-white academy ratio films that have already lost their value in theatres.

By the 1950's, movies were on local television stations or during non-primetime line-ups.

Plus, during the 1950's, ABC aired Famous Film Festival and Hollywood Film Theatre.

While Famous Film Festival aired British films made during and after World War II, Hollywood Film Theatre aired some pre-1948 films by RKO.

RKO sold some pre-1948 films to ABC, while others were syndicated to local television stations.

Famous Film Festival and Hollywood Film Theatre, both seen on ABC, featured films which lasted 90 minutes, meaning that some were severely edited or shown in two parts.

However, NBC Saturday Night at the Movies was the first ever network movie anthology series to use major Hollywood films lasting 2 hours (or occassionally longer).

The Tonight Show is likewise one of the most successful programs on NBC.

Co-created by Sylvester L. Weaver, who also created the equally-famous and equally-successful Today Show, the Tonight Show on NBC popularized the late-night talk show genre.

Some of the guest hosts for the third incarnation of the Tonight Show franchise on NBC include David Letterman, Jay Leno (b. 1950) and Joan Rivers (1933-2014).

Late-night talk shows use a formula:

Opening monologues used by late-night talk shows are delivered by their hosts, plus interviews with celebrities, comedy bits and performances by musicians and comedians.

Horn sections are being included in a house band for late-night talk shows.

Alternatives to the Tonight Show on NBC include Late Night, the Late Show and the Late Late Show.

David Letterman created the Late Night franchise (which he also hosted in its first incarnation from its inception in the early-1980's or after 1981 to June 1993 on NBC).

Having been the first alternative late-night talk show, Late Night with David Letterman did not use the conventions that the Tonight Show used.

For instance, Late Night with David Letterman could not use old-school guests in show business, horn sections in a house band and sidekicks of the late-night talk show hosts.

Usual segments on Late Night with David Letterman include the Top Ten list and Viewer Mail.

Before Late Night with David Letterman, Tomorrow, which was hosted by former news anchor Tom Snyder, was the lead-out program of the Tonight Show on NBC from 1973 to 1981.

Utilizing an intimate interview format without a studio audience, Tomorrow with Tom Snyder was a softer and quieter one than the Tonight Show.

The Late Show, which Joan Rivers hosted, was the first television program ever aired on the new Fox Broadcasting Company.

One of Joan Rivers' replacements on the Late Show on Fox was Arsenio Hall (b. 1950's).

Although his tenure as the host of the Late Show on Fox was a short-lived experience, Arsenio Hall performed well amongst young adults ranging from ages 18 to 49.

Due to his short-lived, yet successful tenure as the host of the Late Show on Fox, Arsenio Hall was successfully given his own late-night talk show, which began in January 1989.

Especially aimed at (but not limited to) a younger urban audience, the original iteration of the Arsenio Hall Show was the place for entertainers to go to in order to reach the MTV Generation.

In addition, the original incarnation of the Arsenio Hall Show quickly appealed to young people of all different races and began attracting a wide variety of guests uncommon on other talk shows.

Spurred by the huge success of the original version of the Arsenio Hall Show, the long run of the third version of the Tonight Show on NBC, starting in 1962, ended in the early-1990's or after 1993.

Plus, the Late Show title was revived by CBS in 1993 for an unrelated franchise for David Letterman.

Coming from the Ed Sullivan Theatre in New York City's Midtown Manhattan portion, the Late Show with David Letterman lasted from August 1993 to the mid-2010's or after 2014.

By the same token, David Letterman co-created the Late Late Show on CBS.

During Tom Snyder's reign as its host, the Late Late Show used a format similar to his old Tomorrow program on NBC from 1973 to 1981.

Former ESPN anchor Craig Kilborn began hosting the Late Late Show.

With Craig Kilborn assuming his position as its host, the Late Late Show was reformatted to resemble David Letterman and other late-night talk shows, appealing to a younger audience.

Saturday Night Live (SNL) is one of NBC's most successful programs ever.

Launched in October 1975, Saturday Night Live uses comedy sketches often spoofing contemporary American culture and politics, performed by a cast of repertory and newer cast members.

Each Saturday Night Live episode is hosted by a celebrity guest who frequently delivers the opening monologue and performs in sketches with the cast, with musical guests being featured.

Plus, each Saturday Night Live episode begins with a cold open, usually based on political events.

Saturday Night Live's cold open ends with an iconic proclaimation: "Live from New York, it's Saturday Night!"

Lorne Michaels created Saturday Night Live, which he co-developed with Dick Ebersol.

The Saturday Night Live Band features the rhythm & blues, jazz and rock genres.

Don Pardo (1918-2014) was the announcer for Saturday Night Live, in his best-known work, from its inception in 1975 to his 2014 death, except when he took a break.

The Army and Air Force Exchange Service (AAFES) provides goods and services at US Army and Air Force installations around the world.

PAMS was a world-famous jingle company in Dallas, as was its spin-off JAM Creative Productions.

Dallas also belongs to Tom Merriman (1924-2009), whose jingle assets include Commercial Recording Corporation (CRC) and TM Productions, the latter being a rival to both PAMS and JAM.

In addition, Dallas belongs to Century 21 Programming (1972-1990), which rivalled TM Productions.

TM, founded in the late-1960's or after 1966 by Tom Merriman and Jim Long (d. 2022), merged with Century 21 in 1990 to form TM Century.

Also in Dallas, Thompson Creative (et. 1986) updated the traditional radio jingle industry.

VTS Productions was located in North Carolina, with jingles sung in Dallas.

Pepper Tanner (est. 1957) was named after its co-leaders John Pepper and William B. Tanner.

HLC/Killer Music was a jingle production company located in California, whose personnel included Michael Sheehy, Dain Blair and Al Capps (1930's-2010's).

Staying in California, Tuesday Productions, Telesound and Peters Productions are jingle companies.

Non-Stop Music and Six-One-Five Music are jingle companies based in red US states, both held by Warner Chappell.

Joining these iconic jingle companies are Klein &, Mayoham Music and Michael Randall.

The Soundtrack Group (est. 1978) was co-led by John Kiehl (b. 1950) and Robert Cavicchio.

Dain Blair left HLC/Killer Music in the early-1990's or before 1993 to found Who Did That Music?, becoming Groove Addicts in 1996 or the mid-1990's.

Alan Ett (b. 1950's) ran his own company called the Alan Ett Creative Group (AECG), whose notable outlets included the Alan Ett Music Group (AEMG) and Media City Sound (MCS).

Sound Ideas has sound effects through acquisition, which it releases in collections by download or on compact disc or hard drive, exclusive arrangement with film studios and in-house production.

Brian Niemens (b. 1950's) has led Sound Ideas since its 1978 inception.

Radio disc jockey Steve England (b. 1950's), together with Alan Fawkes (1930-2010), co-founded Alfasound from between 1978 and 1980 to 1997.

Still in the United Kingdom, WiseBuddah was run by radio disc jockey Mark Goodier (b. 1961).

The iconic stock music labels based in the British Isles include De Wolfe, KPM, Bruton, Boosey and Hawkes/Cavendish, Chappell, Music House, Atmosphere, JW, Focus, Audio Network, etc.

Network Music, FirstCom, Killer Tracks, Parry Music, Abaco Music, Megatrax, VideoHelper, Major Records, Omnimusic, Aircraft and others are stock music labels in North America.

Stock music labels based in non-Anglosphere countries include Sonoton, Tele Music, Koka, Arcadia, Kosinus, Intervox, Selected Sound, Flippermusic, Primrose Music, RCAL, etc.

Library music is usually used as a theme/background music in film, television, radio and other forms.

Representing all stock music labels is the Production Music Association (PMA).

Andy Mark (d. 2010's) had played a role in the PMA since it was founded in 1997; his legacy lives on through the awards named after him.

Before the KPM 1000 Series, the typical stock music styles were jaunty orchestral or traditional jazz.

Since the KPM 1000 Series, from the mid-1960's until the early-1980's, the typical styles used in stock music were top forty fare à la funk, laid-back fare à la Henry Mancini and electronica.

In addition, production music composers created rip-off iterations of songs in the mainstream top forty charts à la funk and Hollywood film scores used in low-budget films and television.

Plus, funk-based stock music tunes are also sampled by rhythm & blues/soul and hip-hop artists.

Energy, composed for Network Music by Craig Palmer, gave new definition to the network television sound; in fact, it reshaped production music's sound in the 1980's and beyond.

Some iconic US Founding Fathers were Benjamin Franklin, George Washington (b. 1730's), Thomas Jefferson, John Adams (b. 1730's) and James Madison (b. 1750's).

Christopher Columbus (b. 1450's) completed four Spanish-based expeditions to the Americas.

Held in the 1490's and beyond, Christopher Columbus' expeditions and their effects persisting to date launched globalization and accompanying changes in many sectors.

The Sons of Liberty included Paul Revere (1730's-1818) and others.

Plus, the Daughters of Liberty have George Washington's spouse Martha (1730's-1802) and Benjamin Franklin's daughter Sarah (d. 1808).

Besides the Founding Fathers' women, the Daughters of Liberty have Esther de Berdt Reed (d. 1780), Deborah Sampson, Elizabeth Nichols Dyar (1750's-1818) and Sarah Bradlee Fulton.

Having been an American Revolution hero for his midnight ride in April 1775, Paul Revere freed the United States from the British.

In addition to entertainment, Norman Lear also stood for (and funded) liberal/progressive causes and politicians across the United States.

For example, Norman Lear owned the People for the American Way group (est. 1980) to counter the Moral Majority agenda.

Alexis de Tocqueville (b. 1800's) was an early observer of American pop culture.

The answer to Alexis de Tocqueville in the 20th century was Alistair Cooke (b. 1900's), who notably observed the special relationship between the United States and the United Kingdom

Let's Go (Pony) features the world-famous hand-clapping rhythmic chant, which has since become a favourite of cheerleaders and football fans around the world.

During the 20th century and beyond, Hollywood films, plus other popular culture forms, have spread Western culture and triggered pro-Western sentiments all around the world.

The NFL is one of the major pro sports leagues in the world and consists of 30+ teams divided into the National Football Conference (NFC) and the American Football Conference (AFC).

Each and every NFL season starts with a preseason throughout August, followed by the regular season lasting from early fall to early winter, and the postseason culminating with the Super Bowl.

What the Super Bowl means is that, since its first game in the late-1960's or after 1966, it has been the climax of every postseason for the NFL championship between an NFC team and an AFC club.

At the end of each and every Super Bowl, the NFL team with the highest score would leave each and every venue with a trophy as their reward for being crowned Super Bowl champions.

Produced by Tiffany and Co., the Super Bowl championship trophy features a depiction of a gridiron football in a kicking angle on a three concave stand, entirely made of sterling silver.

NFL Films (est. 1962) is the film/television production division of the National Football League.

With elements defining its distinctive style, NFL Films made the NFL a highly-successful league.

Some of the elements defining the NFL Films style were slow-motion shots, Hollywood-style editing, poignant storytelling, stirring orchestral music, stunning cinematography and all-access sound.

The men driving the vision for NFL Films was Ed Sabol (d. 2010's) and his son Steve (1942-2010's).

During his spare time, Ed Sabol often used a movie camera, which was a wedding gift, to record high school football games for his son Steve.

Ed Sabol's company was initially named Blair Motion Pictures, named after his daughter.

Blair Motion Pictures was sold to the NFL in the mid-1960's, becoming NFL Films.

Sam Spence (1920's-2010's) was NFL Films' main music composer from 1966 to 1990.

The last survivor of the four men who popularized pro football highlights and propelled pro football's popularity in no small measure, Sam Spence is also one of the best music composers ever.

Having spent most of his adult life in Munich, Sam Spence achieved unexpected fame in 1998 with a compilation album called The Power and the Glory.

Mahlon Merrick was the first music composer for NFL Films during the mid-1960's.

Having been a television music composer based in Los Angeles, Mahlon Merrick was keen on making jaunty march-like music for the newsreel-like NFL highlights in the 1960's.

Whilst in Munich, in 1966, Sam Spence was hired by his true friend/assistant Mahlon Merrick to score mini-documentaries conveying NFL highlights and personalities in the network television era.

Influenced by iconic film composers (including Erich Wolfgang Korngold, Bernard Herrmann, Miklos Rozsa and Dimitri Tiomkin), Sam Spence made Hollywood-like orchestral music for NFL Films.

Sam Spence's cues, mixed with cues from stock music labels like KPM/EMI, ATV/Bruton, De Wolfe, Network Music and others, turned NFL Films into an influential force in film and television.

David Robidoux and Tom Hedden took Sam Spence's place as NFL Films' main composers in 1990.

Roone Arledge single-handedly transformed American television by infusing dramatic story lines, star personalities and vivid grahpics presentations into news and sports.

NFL Monday Night Football is one of Roone Arledge's creations.

The famous announcing team of Frank Gifford (1930-2010's), Howard Cosell (1918-1990's) and Don Meredith (1938-2010) defined NFL Monday Night Football with their chemistry.

Likewise, Frank Gifford, Al Michaels and Dan Dierdorf (b. 1949) are

Hanna-Barbera was among the first ever animation studios to incorporate digital techniques into their pipeline; Scanimate was used to create digital cutout style in an early form.

Likewise, Hanna-Barbera was the first ever animation studio in the United States to enact a computer animation system for digital ink and paint usage.

Marc Revoy (b. 1953) led Hanna-Barbera's digital lab from 1980 to the mid-1980's or before 1984.

Under Marc Levoy as its leader, the Hanna-Barbera Animation Laboratory circumvented much of the time-consuming labor of painting and photographing cels.

The digital ink and paint process, made by Hanna-Barbera, was being used on a third of the animated series, television films and specials from 1984 to 1996.

On the other hand, the Walt Disney Company was an innovator in the entertainment business.

Television news across the world has roots - radio news, theatrical newsreels and documentary films.

Upon WWII's 1945 end, and the start of the post-war era, when television's popularity increased, these roots in television news were swiftly and uncontroversially joined together.

When it was founded, Cinema Concepts' early work sampled various stock motion graphics from the CASCOM Select Effects library, produced with an Oxberry stand.

Music was also provided through stock labels for Cinema Concepts' entire existence.

Beginning in the late-1980's or the early-1990's, Cinema Concepts' work was rendered with SGI and Alias|Wavefront technology, produced at Flying Foto Factory in Durham, North Carolina.

Likewise, Pike Productions offered music through stock labels, but also specialized in original music compositions.

Al Primo (1930's-2022) created the Eyewitness News format; in fact, he changed the face of broadcast journalism.

Mel Kampmann (1930-2010's) created the Action News format.

Independent Network News was a television newscast produced by Tribune Broadcasting's New York station WPIX and distributed by Tribune's syndication division from 1980 to 1990.

Now That's What I Call Music! (or Now!) is a series of CD albums using modern, contemporary songs from pop singers made across the core Anglosphere.

Stan Freberg (1926-2010's) revolutionized advertising by adding satire to this field and by urging staid advertising companies to imitate his style into their previously dead-serious commercials.

Stephen Frankfurt (1930's-2010's) turned television advertising from staid sales pitches in the 1950's decade into sophisticated productions, but also modernized the film poster industry.

Phil Gips (1930's-2010's) and Stephen Frankfurt started a partnership in the late-1960's period; South African-born Aubrey Balkind joined both Gips and Frankfurt in 1972.

In 2002, Frankfurt Balkind's Los Angeles office was renamed Bemis Balkind which was named after creative head and chief executive officer Peter Bemis (d. 2013).

Facing the Bemis Balkind firm was Intralink Film Graphic Design, which was founded by Anthony Goldschmidt (1942-2014), who worked alongside John Alvin (1948-2008).

Stephen Frankfurt, along with Bob Peak (1920's-1990's), created the modern movie poster.

Arthur Hays Sulzberger (1890's-1960's) published the New York Times from the mid-1930's or before 1936 to 1961.

Henry Luce (1898-1960's) and Briton Hadden (1898-1929) co-founded Time Inc. in the mid-1920's.

In addition to its self-titled flagship property, Time Inc. created Life, Fortune and Sports Illustrated.

While Time summarizes (and interprets) the week's news, Life is a picture magazine featuring politics, culture and society dominating American visual perceptions in the era before television.

Plus, Sports Illustrated looks at the sports world, while Fortune looks at business.

Large foreign sales by ITC during the 1960's and beyond led to ACC winning the Queen's Award for Export on numerous occasions.

Quantel won the Queen's Award on numerous occasions for its innovative software being utilized on motion pictures and television, notably the Paintbox and the Henry.

EMI won the Queen's Award on numerous occasions for its work in the music industry.

Gerhard Narholz won the first Hall of Fame Mark Award from the PMA for his efforts in creating stock music's innovations through Sonoton in the mid-2010's or after 2014.

Peter Cox received the second Hall of Fame Mark Award from the PMA for his efforts in pushing stock music's boundaries through KPM/EMI and West One in the mid-2010's or before 2017.

Romano di Bari won the third PMA Hall of Fame Mark Award for his efforts in putting stock music on Italy's map through Flippermusic in 2017.

Both Jim Long and Sam Trust won PMA Hall of Fame Mark Awards respectively in the late-2010's for their work in enhancing stock music in North America through FirstCom and Killer Tracks.

In-flight entertainment (IFE) means entertainment offered to aircraft passengers during a flight.

Howdy Chicago! (1921) was the first in-flight film; it served as a promotional film.

The Lost World (1925) was the first Hollywood theatrical film seen during the flight.

But it wasn't until 1961 that David Flexer (1909-1980's), a Memphis film exhibitor, made the in-flight entertainment system more mainstream.

David Flexer's Inflight Motion Pictures developed a sixteen milimetre system with a 25-inch film reel being used for commercial aircraft.

Trans World Airlines (TWA) is the first ever commercial airline to use entertainment in the form of full feature-length films from Hollywood and Europe on a regular basis.

By Love Possessed (1961) was the first film regularly seen on flights and Come September (1961) was likewise the first movie seen on transcontinential and intercontinential flights.

System safety is one major obstacle in creating an in-flight entertainment system; with the sometimes miles of wiring involved, voltage leaks and arcing become a problem.

The IFE system safety obstacle is not simply a theorical concern, but it also serves as the cause of the disastrous crash involving Swissair Flight 111, held on September 2, 1998.

With the Swissair Flight 111 crash, taken place on September 2, 1998, this IFE system made changes leading to this system being isolated from the main systems of the aircraft to fix issues.

Evening sign-offs and morning sign-ons have been a feature of the television landscape for decades.

Television stations start/end their programming schedule with a look at the program line-up, a station ident, a prayer, scenic views, news/weather, a clock ID, technical information or an anthem.

During sign-offs, people at home on TV who were not being able to go to bed are invited to tune in to alternate services hosted by their sisters/affiliates for music, news or chat through the night.

Some of the test cards include the SMPTE colour bars (NTSC), the circle pattern (PAL/SECAM), the Telefunken PuBK (PAL) and the EBU colour bars.

Both CityTV and MuchMusic use a profound influence on the television industry, both in Canada and around the world.