1966 is a pivotal year marking changes in the cultural world, especially in fashion and music; with sexy girls/women, it was dubbed as Nineteen Sexty Sex.

The 1960's was the decade embarking on significant changes in both the cultural and social aspects.

With sexualness involving both boys and girls, the 1960's are dubbed as the Nineteen Sexties, making reference to the increased openness and discussion surrounding sexuality.

In addition, rhe Sexual Revolution also marked a move from conventional sexual trends towards sex, contraception and sexual freedom.

NewsCentre

Eyewitness News, Action News and NewsCentre are the most popular television news formats in the United States and the world, doubling as newscast titles.

The Eyewitness News concept has visual elements and action video, with reporters in the field being known as "eyewitnesses" to an event to the anchor in the studio and the viewer at home.

In addition, Eyewitness News uses banter or happy talk, in which news anchors and others give their personal comments, with simple jokes or a simply modified wording in asking questions.

Conversely, Action News uses a tight format with strict time limits on set packages, a focus on young people and a focus on surrounding outskirts.

Having been a competitor to both Eyewitness News and Action News, NewsCentre doubles as NBC's response to two aforementioned television news formats.

Lowell Thomas was the regular narrator of the Movietone News series from 20th Century-Fox Film Corporation from the 1930's to the 1950's.

In addition, Lowell Thomas was also the radio newscaster from 1930 to between 1975 and 1977.

Not confined to being a radio newscaster, Lowell Thomas also offered the first newscast ever aired on television, doubling as the first regularly-scheduled television news program.

On television, Lowell Thomas' own regular newscast was a camera simulcast of his radio program.

The War As It Happens, begun before the end of the Second World War, started as a local program, but later on, was being fed to Philadelphia and the Capital District via the NBC network.

With The War As It Happens, it became the first news program being distributed to mutiple cities.

Your Esso Reporter was a syndicated radio news program sponsored by Esso.

The NBC Television Newsreel was the new name for The War As It Happens in 1945.

Just a year after WWII's 1945 end, the NBC Television Newsreel gained a sponsor in Esso and became known as the Esso Newsreel, rescheduled to two nights a week.

In February 1948, Esso left, and Camel Cigarettes entered the NBC Television Newsreel, becoming the Camel Newsreel Theatre, with John Cameron Swayze as its narrator.

CBS News decided to put Douglas Edwards in front of the camera in May 1948; this launched the first regularly-scheduled television news program featuring an on-camera anchor on a network level.

Before Douglas Edwards, many television newscasts were done off-camera on a local basis.

Whereas the NBC Television Newsreel was simply film footage with voice narration, CBS Television News featured an on-camera anchor.

December 1948 was when NBC acquired an 11-story building at the Pathé complex based near Park Avenue, becoming NBC's Uptown Studios.

NBC had immediate access to filmed news stories from around the world through Pathé.

John Cameron Swayze jumped on Douglas Edwards' bandwagon in February 1949, and the Camel Newsreel Theatre underwent its expansion.

The Camel News Caravan is an expanded version of the Camel Newsreel Theatre.

In 1950, CBS Television News was renamed Douglas Edwards with the News, which was also the first television news program to be simulcast on both the East and West Coasts a year later.

A new coaxial cable connection was the reason for Douglas Edwards with the News marking a historic moment for television.

From 1948 to 1973, John Facenda was the lead news anchor for WCAU-TV; his newscasts were the highest-rated in Philadelphia and the Delaware Valley for over 2 decades.

John Facenda pioneered the format for the local newscasts: news, weather, sports and sign-off.

Launched in 1949, WSAZ has covered the Huntington-Charleston area.

Based in Huntington and Charleston, WSAZ pioneered the two-city news concept, utilized by many other television stations across the US and around the world, in the mid-1950's or before 1957.

WJW-TV's first newscast was being delivered by Warren Guthrie, who served as the head of the speech department at Western Reserve University.

Doug Adair joined WJW in September 1957, before moving to news a year later.

City Camera News was a news roundup seen on WJW-TV directly after Warren Guthrie; its name was taken from the use of Polaroid photographs taken from scenes involving news events.

The Sohio Reporter covered national and world news, and City Camera News focused on local news.

Joel Daly replaced Warren Guthrie as Doug Adair's partner in the mid-1960's or after 1962, and City Camera News underwent its expansion into a half-hour 11 p.m. newscast.

WJW-TV was one of the first stations to have two news anchors at the same desk together.

Plus, City Camera News on WJW-TV was the first local newscast to directly bring the news anchors, weather presenters and sportscasters together as a cohesive on-air team.

By eschewing a one-person news format, a two-person news team taking turns to bring flexibility and personality to news presentation was introduced for City Camera News on WJW-TV.

In the late-1960's, WCCO-TV pioneered a unique television news format called The Scene Tonight, on which the two-person news team, the weather forecaster and sportscaster sat in one desk.

For the innovative concept used by The Scene Tonight on WCCO, on-air news anchors rotate, with the weather forecaster and sportscaster appearing after the newscaster and sharing the space.

This innovative concept used by The Scene Tonight on WCCO allowed for longer, more detailed news stories being in-depth, creating a more integrated newscast.

Meanwhile, WFAA-TV had innovations in local news, like being the first US station to use worldwide satellite capacity and videotaped field reports.

Two of the now-defunct New England television stations WNAC-TV and WXPO-TV introduced some other innovations to local news presentation.

WXPO-TV is one of the pioneers in having non-stop news coverage with updates on the hour.

In addition, WNAC-TV is one of the first local American television stations to use a jingle-based news music package to promote its newscasts.

The CBS World News Roundup is the longest-running radio news program in the United States.

Having assembled a group of journalists called the Murrow Boys, Edward R. Murrow set standards for modern broadcast journalism.

William L. Shirer is the first of the original Murrow Boys.

Howard K. Smith, Charles Collingwood, Eric Sevareid, Bill Downs and Richard C. Hottelet are some other Murrow Boys.

Daniel Schorr, Alexander Kendrick, George Polk and Marvin Kalb are some members of the second generation Murrow Boys.

For its first edition in March 1938 as a one-time special in response to growing tensions in Europe, the CBS World News Roundup presented, for the first time, Edward R. Murrow's voice to the world.

I Can Hear It Now 1933-1945 (1948) is the first documentary record to become widely popular, which Edward R. Murrow narrated (and co-produced with Fred W. Friendly).

With the huge success of this first I Can Hear It Now record and two follow-ups in 1949 and 1950, the Edward R. Murrow and Fred W. Friendly pair parlayed them into a weekly program for CBS.

Hear It Now, which used a magazine format, was originally known as Report to the Nation, but had its name changed to capitalize on the high popularity of the albums from Edward R. Murrow.

See It Now, which is the television answer to Hear It Now, is one of the earliest documentary series on television, but also the program setting standards in broadcast journalism via Edward R. Murrow.

Unlike other news programs using newsreel companies to record events, See It Now utilized its own camera crews to coordinate filming on location.

Plus, See It Now had no rehearsed interviews, plus no background music to accompany the visuals.

Although See It Now relied on news correspondents from around the world, the first autonomous news unit was organized by Edward R. Murrow and Fred W. Friendly.

Don Hewitt, Joseph Wershba and Palmer Williams were involved in the first autonomous news unit for See It Now, which Edward R. Murrow and Fred W. Friendly organized.

Person to Person, which Edward R. Murrow hosted, uses celebrities in their homes from a comfortable chair in his New York studio, pioneering the celebrity interview concept.

One of the most notable guests on the original Person to Person version was Marilyn Monroe.

60 Minutes blends the elements made by the two television projects in which Edward R. Murrow was involved: See It Now and Person to Person.

Chet Huntley and David Brinkley teamed up for the national political conventions in the mid-1950's or before 1957, leading to NBC's eponymous flagship newscast called The Huntley-Brinkley Report.

Using the two-city news format that WSAZ pioneered with the opening of its Charleston branch, miles away from Huntington, The Huntley-Brinkley Report had become a cultural landmark.

Reuven Frank was the driving force behind The Huntley-Brinkley Report's huge success.

Chet Huntley offers national and international news on The Huntley-Brinkley Report from NBC's 30 Rockefeller Plaza studios in New York; David Brinkley focuses on Washington reports.

For The Huntley-Brinkley Report, Chet Huntley was portrayed as a straightforward newsman; David Brinkley had a lighter, more compressed and more whimsical approach.

Initially earning medicore ratings, The Huntley-Brinkley Report on NBC eventually gained popularity over Douglas Edwards' news program on CBS.

Due to the huge success of The Huntley-Brinkley Report, Douglas Edwards was succeeded by Walter Cronkite on CBS' flagship newscast in April 1962.

In Walter Cronkite's first year, the CBS news program was simply known as Walter Cronkite with the News.

Just one year later, in the mid-1960's or after 1962, the newscast, which was renamed the CBS Evening News, expanded its running time from the usual quarter-hour to 30 minutes or a half-hour.

With the mid-1960's expansion of its running time from a quarter-hour to a half-hour, the CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite became network television's first daily half-hour weeknight newscast.

NBC and ABC jumped on the bandwagon of the new half-hour CBS Evening News.

This expansion from the usual quarter-hour to a half-hour through the CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite revolutionized journalism, allowing for more in-depth reporting and analysis.

From 1962 to 1981, the CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite had become a cultural landmark; his successor Dan Rather anchored the CBS Evening News for 24 years from 1981 to 2005.

Edward R. Murrow's signature sign-off is "Good night, and good luck."

Walter Cronkite's famous and iconic sign-off on the CBS Evening News is "And that's the way it is," followed by the date of the broadcast.

Meanwhile, the signature sign-off on The Huntley-Brinkley Report is "Good night, Chet. Good night, David. And good night, for NBC News."

The KTLA Telecopter was the first ever television news helicopter in the world, which first went into operation in the late-1950's or after 1957 and was invented by John D. Silva.

Still in Los Angeles, KNXT (now KCBS-TV) innovated a concept in television news: The Big News.

Departing from the shorter network-focused news programs, The Big News on KNXT was one of the first news programs in a major US market to last 60 minutes or an hour.

Lasting 45 minutes, The Big News on KNXT covered local news, separate from weather and sports.

Sam Zelman was the driving force behind The Big News on KNXT.

Eyewitness News was a local newscast lasting 90 minutes on KYW-TV in Cleveland, which, like The Big News on KNXT, was the first news program to last 60 minutes or so.

Having begun at KYW-TV in Cleveland, the Eyewitness News name was also used by Westinghouse's other television stations for their local newscasts during the 1960's.

After the KYW-TV calls, management and some staffers moved to Philadelphia from Cleveland in the mid-1960's or before 1966, its then-news director Al Primo created the Eyewitness News format.

With Al Primo's Eyewitness News format, KYW-TV became the ratings leader at the time, displacing longtime leader WCAU-TV.

The huge success of the Eyewitness News format, made by Al Primo for KYW-TV, also spurred rival news executive Mel Kampmann to create Action News for WFIL-TV (now WPVI-TV).

Even when the Eyewitness News format began, Vince Leonard was the main evening news anchor for KYW-TV.

But Tom Snyder was harder-hitting and more urgent on KYW-TV's Eyewitness News at Noon.

Marciarose Shestack, Malcolm Poindexter and Trudy Haynes add diversity to KYW-TV's Eyewitness News under Al Primo.

For Action News, when it began, WFIL-TV served as the television extension of a Philadelphia radio station catering to teenagers and young adults.

Action News attracted the young radio audience with music, pop culture references and casual on-air personalities.

Larry Kane, who, in his radio years, was the only American reporter to travel with The Beatles in their American tour, was the first anchor for Action News on WFIL/WPVI.

Jim O'Brien, who was a radio DJ at WFIL, was the weatherman for Action News.

From 1972 to 1977, the news team of Mort Crim, Vince Leonard and Jessica Savitch helped KYW-TV achieve ratings success through Eyewitness News.

In 1977, with the fast-paced Action News concept it developed earlier, WPVI-TV made its surge to the number one ratings position in Philadelphia, and has held its position ever since.

Jim Gardner, imported from Buffalo, replaced Larry Kane on Action News in 1977.

The WPVI-TV news team of Jim Gardner, Don Tollefson, Jim O'Brien, Dave Roberts and Gary Papa have contributed to (and established) the success and legacy of the Action News format.

Some reasons for WPVI's dominance over KYW starting in 1977 include the latter station's declining ratings and the loss of some of its key news team, like Mort Crim and Jessica Savitch.

Larry Pollock and Pat Palillo, besides Mel Kampmann, are masterminds for Action News on WPVI.

Al Primo then took the Eyewitness News concept with him to WABC-TV in New York City, where he perfected/refined the one that he had created while at KYW-TV in Philadelphia.

By perfecting/refining the Eyewitness News format that Al Primo had created, WABC-TV became the ratings leader for the first time in its history, displacing longtime leader WCBS-TV.

Meanwhile, WTVT has its own renowned news department, with a unique name being Pulse.

Until the 1980's, Eyewitness News had started with a static shot of the studio set.

Ever since its debut, Action News has used its fast-paced cinematic opening montage, which includes quick cuts, bold graphics and driving music, different from the static Eyewitness News intro.

Some local television stations using the Eyewitness News brand are updating their intros to mirror the fast-paced Action News style to reflect a more fast-paced and modern presentation.

Many of the local and national television newscasts conclude with the weather forecast, others with a recap of the stories.

Local newscasts in North America end with sports, others with a last story.

Al Primo and Frank Magid are known as key figures in popularizing and spreading the formats of both Eyewitness News and Action News, both across the nation and around the world.

Having been with ABC Sports since 1960, Roone Arledge also took over ABC News in 1977.

Roone Arledge, who took control of ABC News in 1977, revitalized this organization by improving its financial standing and revolutionizing its presentation.

Both ABC World News Tonight and 20/20 started their long and successful tenures in 1978; Nightline likewise started its long and successful run in 1980.

The JFK assassination is a pivotal moment that cemented television's dominance for news.

Earlier on, 81 days before his death, John F. Kennedy was interviewed by Walter Cronkite for the first broadcast of the CBS Evening News, television's first daily half-hour evening newscast.

When the half-hour television newscasts began (and when JFK's death occurred), the print and radio industries dominated the news business, as did newsreels; television was in secondary status.

But with JFK's death (along with the half-hour newscasts), television's dominance in journalism was cemented.

America's Big Three television networks preempted regular programming for 4 days to offer live and uninterrupted coverage of the JFK assassination and his funeral.

JFK's death and the half-hour newscasts proved that television news could be done in real-time.

Besides JFK's death, some moments, such as the space race and the Vietnam War, played key roles in putting both Walter Cronkite and the CBS Evening News atop the ratings crown.

During World News Tonight's early years, Frank Reynolds reports from Washington, Max Robinson covers national news from Chicago and Peter Jennings covers world news from London.

This three-city format used during World News Tonight's first years was based on the two-city news format of The Huntley-Brinkley Report, which, in turn, was based on WSAZ.

For Independence Day, Peter Jennings permanently left London in the United Kingdom to co-anchor World News Tonight from Washington D.C. to fill in for the ailing Frank Reynolds.

Max Robinson continued to co-anchor World News Tonight from Chicago.

Eventually, after Frank Reynolds' death, this anchor setup for ABC World News Tonight was revised, with Peter Jennings anchoring himself from New York, its new base of operations.

As for Max Robinson, his role as World News Tonight anchor was demoted to weekend anchor.

Due to the ABC News turnaround being made by Roone Arledge, World News Tonight served as the catalyst for other networks to adapt.

Going back to the Midwest, WLWT and WTHR are some stations of the WLW Network.

North of the border, Global has had its news operation since its launch in 1974.

BCTV produces and airs its iconic 6 p.m. newscast called the News Hour; Tony Parsons served as its primary anchor from 1975 to December 2009.

Jack Webster was the host of an eponymous current affairs program for BCTV called Webster!

Upon its October 1978 launch, Webster! was seen on BCTV every weekday mornings at 9 a.m. for 90 minutes.

For its last season, starting in 1986, Webster! was seen at 5 p.m., leading to the News Hour with Tony Parsons on BCTV.

In Montreal, the Pulse name, already used by WTVT, is used by CFCF until 2001.

Multiple Access, which held CFCF, also partly held CityTV, under which it began using a variant of the Pulse name called CityPulse.

World News Tonight with Peter Jennings was the program's name from 1984 to 2005.

From 1989 to 1996, World News Tonight with Peter Jennings had been the top-rated national nightly newscast in the United States.

Vesti on RTR/Russia-1 is the first alternative news program in Russia.

Since its early-1990's launch, Vesti on RTR/Russia-1 has positioned itself as a modern and dynamic alternative to the traditional Vremya.

Dave Garroway, a radio disc jockey at WMAQ-AM, moved to television with the eponymous program known as Garroway at Large, which began in 1949.

Garroway at Large, which aired every week at 10pm from the WMAQ-TV studios in Chicago, notably introduced an innovative presentation and staging to television through Dave Garroway.

Saturday is the usual day on which Garroway at Large, which Dave Garroway hosted, was seen on the NBC television network (and later, on Sundays and Fridays).

Ernie Kovacs presented a program on WPTZ called Three to Get Ready, which began in 1950.

Three to Get Ready, which aired in the early mornings with a format mixing news, weather, music and humour, was Ernie Kovacs' innovative television project.

In addition, Ernie Kovacs' Three to Get Ready program, produced specifically for WPTZ, was the first television program to be aired in the early mornings in a major US market.

Some notable innovations for Ernie Kovacs' Three to Get Ready program on WPTZ included his zany manner with comedy sketches, impromptu gags and audience participation.

When television first began in New York City, programs seen on the medium used/adopted the frequent theatrical proscenium concept, separating the stage from the audience area.

After World War II, several programs originated from Chicago, where Dave Garroway was a radio disc jockey on WMAQ-AM.

Through his own innovative Garroway at Large television program, Dave Garroway circumvented the conventions for a more casual approach in which the reality of the studio was acknowledged.

Followed by a single camera, Dave Garroway, in his own Garroway at Large program, walked around large studios and simple abstract sets as he directly talked to guests and television viewers.

Known as the Chicago Style, this live staging technique, made for Dave Garroway's own Garroway at Large program, was developed further through his other innovative program called Today.

During its initial years, NBC's Today program emanated from the RCA Exhibition Hall.

In the first ever studio used for NBC's Today program from the RCA Exhibition Hall was an open-plan working area with teletypes, wall clocks and workstations all visible (and audible) on the air.

Many people all around the United States described this open-plan working area in the first studio ever utilized for NBC's Today program from the RCA Exhibition Hall as television's command centre.

Plus, this open-plan working area in the first studio ever used for NBC's Today program from the RCA Exhibition Hall was described by Dave Garroway as "the nerve centre of the world."

Based at Rockefeller Plaza and West 49th Street in New York's Midtown Manhattan portion, the RCA Exhibition Hall was down the block from the current studio used for NBC's Today program.

Over the years, this working area in the first studio for NBC's Today program emanating from the RCA Exhibition Hall has become working newsrooms, though not as immersive as its original space.

Instead, working television newsrooms are usually placed directly behind the news anchor desk, with a physical or a imaginary divider between the studio and newsroom area.

Layouts for working television newsrooms include glass separating them from the broadcast area.

However, designs placing news anchors in the middle of the newsroom have been used by numerous programs over the years - in varying degrees.

In addition, numerous other news studios include smaller, scaled down work areas seen on camera.

Plus, television stations feature camera positions placed more inside newsroom areas; often called flash cams, they are used for live reports/updates, as well as prerecorded teases and promos.

Newsrooms are used by TV stations for temporary sets, whereas primary studios are being renovated or updated with a new set or equipment.

A similar idea is also often used for working weather centres in modern television studio sets.

When NBC's Today program started in the 1950's, weather centres did not utilize chroma key, since it requires, by definition, colour cameras.

Upon its debut in early-1950's, NBC's Today program utilized panels, with printed maps, handwritten notations and movable cutout pieces to symbolize weather conditions.

On many local news studio sets, the weather team works in the studio from built-in workstations and video panels, while usually starting/ending their weather reports from in front of a working area.

Many weather centres use a desk or pod allowing weather forecasters to appear on screen, facing the camera, while also viewing computer monitors and manipulating graphics/maps in realtime.

Street-level and windowed studios, meanwhile, are still used from now on.

Technically, all Big Three networks have their morning newscasts from street-level studio sets.

Local US television stations also have street-level and windowed studios, though they often serve as secondary sets or double as a satellite operation for the station's main newsroom.

In many ways, however, these street-level and windowed studios serve more as a highly visual public showcase for the local station rather than using the view as a primary backdrop.

Many of these street-level and windowed studios feature sets, built inside of a traditional windowless studio and having looked much indifferent for all intents and purposes.

Plus, modern and efficient news tickers were not created or launched until 1993, nor fully popularized until September 2001.

The news ticker being used when NBC's Today program first began was an actual piece of paper with typewritten headlines superimposed on the lower third of the screen.

During its first 48 years, the weekday version of the Today Show lasted two hours from 7 a.m. to 9 a.m. Eastern Time.

After 48 years, the Today Show began having an additional hour, ending at 10 a.m. Eastern Time.

Seven years after its extension to an additional hour, the Today Show started having another additional hour, ending at 11 a.m. Eastern Time.

In the mid-1990's or after 1993, Today moved to a street-level location at Rockefeller Plaza, which is known as the Window on the World, recalling the program's early-1950's origins.

J. Fred Muggs, a chimpanzee, is a mascot of NBC's Today program from 1953 to 1957.

Although his tenure as a mascot of NBC's Today program was short-lived, J. Fred Muggs was deemed popular amongst its viewers, especially children.

Having revived the initially struggling ratings (and poor viewership) of NBC's Today program, J. Fred Muggs was often paired with Lee Meriwether.

Despite his on-screen success, J. Fred Muggs is also known for his difficult and sometimes aggressive approach.

Both Garroway at Large and Today are notably innovative and groundbreaking television programs in which Dave Garroway was involved.

In addition, both Garroway at Large and Today are some influences for modern broadcast design.

Three to Get Ready, made in Philadelphia for WPTZ and hosted by Ernie Kovacs, was a precursor for NBC's Today program

WEWS was also a pioneer in early-morning television through The Morning Exchange, which began airing in January 1972.

Alan Douglas was the first presenter of The Morning Exchange on WEWS; when he was here, it was known as The Alan Douglas Morning Exchange.

Some notable innovations for The Morning Exchange on WEWS include a set that resembled a living room and news and weather updates at the top and bottom of the hour.

Don Webster was the announcer and sometimes interviewer for The Morning Exchange on WEWS.

Joel Rose was also an well-known icon in The Morning Exchange on WEWS from 1972 to 1984, and again from 1986 to 1990; in his first stint, he was the news anchor.

Liz Richards replaced Don Webster as co-host of The Morning Exchange on WEWS in March 1972.

July 1972 was when Alan Douglas left WEWS' The Morning Exchange, and Fred Griffith assumed his place.

Upon its launch in January 1972, WEWS' The Morning Exchange used a news desk set, but in August 1972, it was replaced by a set resembling a living room.

The Morning Exchange was created in 1972 by Donald L. Perris and William F. Baker for WEWS.

During its first 26 years, The Morning Exchange on WEWS lasted two hours from 7 a.m. to 9 a.m.

WCVB-TV, meanwhile, locally-aired Good Day!, which began its run on September 24, 1973 as Good Morning!, and which was similar in format to The Morning Exchange on WEWS.

For WCVB's Good Day!, it focused more on arts and entertainment than news and weather.

Good Day! on WCVB also broke ground by taking its production on the road and broadcasting from locations outside Boston and around the world.

AM America is ABC's first attempt to break the long-standing dominance of NBC's Today program.

Having aired on ABC (of which WEWS was an affiliate, and which the Cleveland station chose not to broadcast in favour of The Morning Exchange), AM America was unsuccessful.

The Morning Exchange on WEWS and Good Day! on WCVB served as models for the famous Good Morning America on ABC (with which both WEWS and WCVB-TV are affiliated).

In fact, when GMA began in 1975, WCVB station manager Bob Bennett accused ABC entertainment president Fred Silverman of stealing the Good Morning! title being used by WCVB-TV.

With GMA's 1975 debut, WCVB's morning program became Good Day! to avoid confusion.

Having blended the concepts of both WEWS' The Morning Exchange and WCVB's Good Day!, Good Morning America successfully broke the long-standing dominance of NBC's Today program.

Before Roone Arledge turned around the ailing ABC News, both NBC and CBS have maintained more traditional formats in their news presentation, while not entirely plain.

Under Roone Arledge, ABC News distinguished itself from its own rivals with its own cinematic style, comprising dramatic music, bold graphics and the newsroom as a backdrop of the studio.

Plus, under Roone Arledge, ABC News focused on journalists being known as star celebrities, but also closed the gap between news and entertainment.

Having brought his innovative approach from ABC Sports to ABC News, Roone Arledge extended his influence beyond ABC.

20/20 started its long run on June 6, 1978, with its first anchors being Esquire magazine editor Harold Hayes and Australian-born art critic Robert Hughes.

Nevertheless, the first broadcast of 20/20 had earned harsh criticism.

According to Roone Arledge, in his autobiography, the most embarassing part of the first ever 20/20 broadcast was the Claymation segments.

Hugh Downs, previously a semi-retired television personality, took over from both Harold Hayes and Robert Hughes as the solo anchor on the second 20/20 edition.

On its second edition, but also Hugh Downs' first one as anchor, 20/20 changed its format into a more traditional yet unique newsmagazine.

Joining Hugh Downs on 20/20 was Barbara Walters, who began as a correspondent on this program.

In 1984, Barbara Walters moved to the anchor desk on 20/20 to join Hugh Downs, reuniting a duo who previously worked together on NBC's Today program.

The duo of Hugh Downs and Barbara Walters helped to maintain the success and popularity of 20/20.

WBBM-TV is one of the first local television stations in the United States and the world to broadcast newscasts from an open-plan working newsroom on a regular basis, starting in 1973.

This WBBM-TV newsroom studio concept was based on the open-plan working area used in the first studio ever for NBC's Today program from the RCA Exhibition Hall.

Not confined to the WBBM-TV newsroom studio set, Chicago also originated Dave Garroway's own Garroway at Large program, with the Chicago Style, also used by NBC's Today program.

Meanwhile, in Los Angeles, KNXT (now KCBS-TV) likewise used the newsroom studio concept from 1973 to 1986, like WBBM-TV, and in turn, based on the open area for NBC's Today program.

From the mid-1960's to 1986, the CBS Evening News emanated from Studio 33 at the CBS Broadcast Centre in New York.

During its 22 years at Studio 33, the CBS Evening News used a fishbowl-like desk being held by both Walter Cronkite and Dan Rather, with the newsroom, filled with teletypes, being included.

In its first year at Studio 33, the CBS Evening News used a newsroom set, modeled after the previous newsroom studio at the Graybar Building with the famous fishbowl-like desk.

Plus, from the late-1960's until 1977, the CBS Evening News used a plain chroma key backdrop.

The newsroom set being utilized by the CBS Evening News, during its years at Studio 33 at the CBS Broadcast Centre, made famous by Walter Cronkite, was also used by some CBS stations.

ABC News used studio sets with newsrooms as backdrops under Roone Arledge, in turn, based on the open area being used for NBC's Today program from the RCA Exhibition Hall.

Upon its 1974 launch, Global used its own version of the newsroom studio concept based on the CBS Evening News set from Studio 33, including a fishbowl-like desk.

Still in Canada, BCTV used an open working newsroom studio until 2010.

BCTV's newsroom studio, built in 1975, was an extended version of the WBBM-TV newsroom studio starting in 1973.

During its first 30 years, CNN had used the newsroom as the backdrop of the studio from its two main headquarters in Atlanta.

What served as an unlikely inspiration for this newsroom studio set being used by CNN upon its 1980 launch was the newsroom studio from Canadian station CHAN-TV or BCTV.

For CNN's co-founders, like Ted Turner and Reese Schonfeld, they thought that the BCTV newsroom studio was the closest to what they wanted to have.

CNN's sister network CNN2 (later CNN Headline News or Headline News) used a studio set, which featured a control room backdrop from its early-1980's launch to the late-1990's.

The trend of having used the newsroom as a studio backdrop on a regular basis was created by NBC's  famous Today program under Dave Garroway and popularized and cemented by CNN.

In turn, CNN's newsroom studio was based on BCTV.

Before CNN, network television news broadcasts were short half-hour segments that featured a single anchor seated at a desk; sets were isolated, with a logo or simple backdrop behind the host.

With CNN, the busy newsroom was a solver to the simple talking head format.

In May 2010, the newsroom studio used by CNN was gone, moving to Studio 7 at CNN Centre; this continued until 2014, when its own daytime programming and personnel moved to New York.

CNN Headline News took over Studio 7 in 2014.

Upon its relocation to 299 Queen Street West, CityPulse transformed its presentation from an isolated studio into an open-plan working newsroom without an anchor desk.

This desk-less newsroom for CityPulse was based on the open area utilized for NBC's Today program which came from the RCA Exhibition Hall, plus the Eyewitness NewsCentre format by WTHR.

During its first years, Vesti on RTR/Russia-1 came from the Ostankino Technical Centre, featuring an enclosed and isolated studio set comprising of a world map backdrop.

However, during the 1993 events, the Ostankino Technical Centre suffered damage, which meant that Vesti on RTR/Russia-1 emanated from a makeshift studio with a plain backdrop.

Even after the 1993 events (and even with a new look featuring its high-end opening sequence and its different duratran), Vesti on RTR/Russia-1 srtill came from the Ostankino Technical Centre.

With its move to its own studio based at Yamskoye Pole, Vesti on RTR/Russia-1 became Russia's first newscast on television to use a newsroom studio set.

This Vesti newsroom studio was based on CNN's, in turn, based on BCTV.

News music features the rhythm of a teletype machine or Morse code, together with two of the loudest instrumental groups in the Western orchestra: brass and percussion.

During the 20th century, teletypes and Morse code are major methods being used to transmit news and information, especially in newsrooms before computers and telephones become widespread.

Eyewitness News creator Al Primo started using film music as news themes.

Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence by Lalo Schifrin is also used through newscasts.

For Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence, what makes it a fitting music cue for newscasts, in particular television news, is a staccato rhythm resembling the teletype.

Despite not being used in its original form, Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence has been influential in news music.

Utilized in many television newscasts from around the world, Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence has established a certain style and sonic landscape for news music.

The cinematic quality being heard in Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence, which combines its driving rhythm with instrumentation, is adopted and adapted in news themes.

From the late-1960's to the early-1990's, Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence had been the Eyewitness News theme tune, mainly used in its edited form by ABC-owned stations and affiliates.

Increased licensing fees forced local television stations, in particular those using the Eyewitness News concept, to drop Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence in the 1990's.

New York's ABC station WABC-TV was the first to exploit Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence as the Eyewitness News theme when Al Primo arrived in the late-1960's or before 1969.

Adding to Eyewitness News on WABC-TV under Al Primo was happy talk.

The Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence cue was also used outside the United States, notably in both Canada and Australia.

For Canadians, Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence is the famous theme tune for Pulse on CFCF; for Australians, it is the famous theme tune for National Nine News.

Just before Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence was adopted for the WABC-TV version of Eyewitness News, earlier television news themes featured fanfares in a neutral tone.

Plus, the teletype or Morse code sound was a news sounder without music accompaniment.

With Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence, television news themes have a modern cinematic sound.

Television stations have either used The Tar Sequence or created their own news themes mirroring its modern cinematic sound, especially since the WABC-TV version of Eyewitness News.

007 and 007 Takes The Lektor, two of the music pieces being composed by John Barry for the 1960's James Bond film called From Russia With Love, are also notably used through newscasts.

Like Lalo Schifrin's Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence, what makes From Russia With Love: 007 a suitable music cue for newscasts is a staccato rhythm resembling the teletype.

Aujourd'hui C'est Toi from A Man and a Woman by Francis Lai (in its instrumental iteration) is also utilized through newscasts and current affairs.

What makes A Man and a Woman: Aujourd'hui C'est Toi a fitting music cue for both news and current affairs is its French flavour and its use of timpani.

Until the 1980's, the intro sequences for Eyewitness News had a simple wide shot of the studio as the news team walked onto the studio set.

Move Closer to Your World is an iconic and famous television news music package that is based on a jingle and most notably utilized by WPVI-TV and WNEP-TV.

The two masterminds of the Move Closer to Your World package are Al Ham and Walt Liss.

For years, WPVI-TV and WNEP-TV, two of the ABC television stations based in Pennsylvania, have utilized Move Closer to Your World, doubling as the only US stations to use this music package.

Aside from both WPVI-TV and WNEP-TV, WJET-TV is another ABC station in Pennsylvania which utilizes Move Closer to Your World.

WPXI, though not an ABC station, is another Pennsylvania station using Move Closer to Your World.

The first station to use Move Closer to Your World is WNAC-TV, which is one of the first television stations in the United States to use a jingle-based news music package as well.

Classical Gas by Mason Williams is one of the pop music tunes also being used through newscasts.

For Classical Gas, what makes it a fitting music piece for newscasts, in particular television news, is a distinctive and unique classical and pop combination, its driving rhythm and its upbeat feel.

Like Move Closer to Your World, Classical Gas is used for Action News.

Ever since its inception, Action News has used its fast-paced cinematic intro montage, which includes quick cuts, bold graphics and driving music.

The fast-paced intro sequence for Action News differs from the static intro for Eyewitness News.

Some stations that use the Eyewitness News format have their intro sequences made in the style of an Action News intro to reflect a more fast-paced and modern presentation.

Fool's Overture by Supertramp is one of the pop music tunes also being used through current affairs programs.

An synth-heavy instrumental portion of Fool's Overture by Supertramp was used on W5.

Dancing in the Stars by Mannheim Steamroller is likewise a pop music piece also being used through newscasts.

What makes Mannheim Steamroller's Dancing in the Stars a fitting music cue for television news is a combination of pop and orchestral elements.

The Mission is an orchestral suite, composed by world-famous Hollywood film music composer John Williams as a television news music package for NBC News.

Having consisted of four movements, The Mission altered this news music sound by moving from the conventional fanfare-based themes towards a symphonic and nuanced approach.

During its first years, CNN used stock music from labels like De Wolfe, KPM, Bruton, etc.

In the 1990's, CNN contracted Score Productions to create custom music; it already provided music for CNN's sister network called CNN Headline News since the 1980's.

Besides CNN and CNN Headline News, Score Productions did music for ABC News and ABC Sports.

Some music composed for CNN by Score Productions are being stored in the Turner Broadcast Music Library by Sound Ideas, which also distributed De Wolfe Music and Beatbox Music in Canada.

During the Cold War, television news music themes in the Eastern Bloc sounded neutral.

With Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms (glasnost/perestroika), television news music themes in the Eastern Bloc began adopting a more modern uniform Western-influenced sound.

Meanwhile, in both mainland China and Vietnam, many news music themes utilize a modern Western sound, whereas some others sound traditional.

Some Chinese composers also do television news music in a modern Western sound.

Radio disc jockeys serve as announcers for television stations and other media.

Ever since the late-1920's advent of talkies, many stock music labels have used recorded music from different eras and genres.

For the corporate/industrial genre, especially in news and current affairs, stock music incorporates the sounds of technology like the teletype or Morse code.

Plus, the corporate/industrial genre in stock music uses a modern and cinematic orchestral feel, which combines grand orchestral arrangements with industrial and corporate settings in a modern age.

Many modern news music packages incorporate music techniques frequently found in film scores to enhance the emotional impact and storytelling of the news.

During its first decade, CNN lagged behind the established evening newscasts being aired on network television in the US.

However, the first Gulf War turned CNN into a major force in 24-hour television news coverage.

Between the 1960's and the 1980's, the structure and graphics of television news changed.

For newscasts, a presentation style in which scrolling graphics or video consuming the solo screen has evoled into smaller text-to-picture composite graphics positioned alongside the anchor.

During the 1980's, television news presentation changed again (mainly due to advances in production technology and increased competition).

Many of the news studio sets have incorporated elements resembling a command centre, in particular since the 1980's, including video monitors and displays.

For Marilyn Monroe, her beauty and premature death contribute to her status as an iconic figure.

In nostalgia, smoking cigarettes are icons of youth, rebellion, elegance, sexuality and style, especially when associated with people like Marilyn Monroe and James Dean.

Whilst cultural icons like Marilyn Monroe, James Dean, Elvis Presley, Michael Jackson and Whitney Houston are not eternally youthful in physical sense, their deaths have preserve their youth.

Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley, Michael Jackson, Madonna, Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey, Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera are cultural icons for teens and young adults.

Since the 1990's, pop/rock songs have used instrumental intros featuring soulful vocal riffs, runs and melisma before the main melody, inspired by Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey and Celine Dion.

For the last chorus of a pop song since the 1990's, the backup singers have harmonized with the lead singer doing soulful vocals, inspired by Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey and Celine Dion.

Riffs, runs and melisma, described as soulful vocal techniques, are accompanied by vocalizations.

Action News

Eyewitness News, Action News and NewsCentre are the most popular television news formats in the United States and the world, doubling as newscast titles.

Lowell Thomas was the regular narrator of the Movietone News series from 20th Century-Fox Film Corporation from the 1930's to the 1950's.

In addition, Lowell Thomas was also the radio newscaster from 1930 to between 1975 and 1977.

Not confined to being a radio newscaster, Lowell Thomas also offered the first newscast ever aired on television, doubling as the first regularly-scheduled television news program.

On television, Lowell Thomas' own regular newscast was a camera simulcast of his radio program.

The War As It Happens, begun before the end of the Second World War, started as a local program, but later on, was being fed to Philadelphia and the Capital District via the NBC network.

With The War As It Happens, it became the first news program being distributed to mutiple cities.

Your Esso Reporter was a syndicated radio news program sponsored by Esso.

The NBC Television Newsreel was the new name for The War As It Happens in 1945.

Just a year after WWII's 1945 end, the NBC Television Newsreel gained a sponsor in Esso and became known as the Esso Newsreel, rescheduled to two nights a week.

In February 1948, Esso left, and Camel Cigarettes entered the NBC Television Newsreel, becoming the Camel Newsreel Theatre, with John Cameron Swayze as its narrator.

CBS News decided to put Douglas Edwards in front of the camera in May 1948; this launched the first regularly-scheduled television news program featuring an on-camera anchor on a network level.

Before Douglas Edwards, many television newscasts were done off-camera on a local basis.

Whereas the NBC Television Newsreel was simply film footage with voice narration, CBS Television News featured an on-camera anchor.

December 1948 was when NBC acquired an 11-story building at the Pathé complex based near Park Avenue, becoming NBC's Uptown Studios.

NBC had immediate access to filmed news stories from around the world through Pathé.

John Cameron Swayze jumped on Douglas Edwards' bandwagon in February 1949, and the Camel Newsreel Theatre underwent its expansion.

The Camel News Caravan is an expanded version of the Camel Newsreel Theatre.

In 1950, CBS Television News was renamed Douglas Edwards with the News, which was also the first television news program to be simulcast on both the East and West Coasts a year later.

A new coaxial cable connection was the reason for Douglas Edwards with the News marking a historic moment for television.

From 1948 to 1973, John Facenda was the lead news anchor for WCAU-TV; his newscasts were the highest-rated in Philadelphia and the Delaware Valley for over 2 decades.

John Facenda pioneered the format for the local newscasts: news, weather, sports and sign-off.

Launched in 1949, WSAZ has covered the Huntington-Charleston area.

Based in Huntington and Charleston, WSAZ pioneered the two-city news concept, utilized by many other television stations across the US and around the world, in the mid-1950's or before 1957.

WJW-TV's first newscast was being delivered by Warren Guthrie, who served as the head of the speech department at Western Reserve University.

Doug Adair joined WJW in September 1957, before moving to news a year later.

City Camera News was a news roundup seen on WJW-TV directly after Warren Guthrie; its name was taken from the use of Polaroid photographs taken from scenes involving news events.

The Sohio Reporter covered national and world news, and City Camera News focused on local news.

Joel Daly replaced Warren Guthrie as Doug Adair's partner in the mid-1960's or after 1962, and City Camera News underwent its expansion into a half-hour 11 p.m. newscast.

WJW-TV was one of the first stations to have two news anchors at the same desk together.

Plus, City Camera News on WJW-TV was the first local newscast to directly bring the news anchors, weather presenters and sportscasters together as a cohesive on-air team.

By eschewing a one-person news format, a two-person news team taking turns to bring flexibility and personality to news presentation was introduced for City Camera News on WJW-TV.

In the late-1960's, WCCO-TV pioneered a unique television news format called The Scene Tonight, on which the two-person news team, the weather forecaster and sportscaster sat in one desk.

For the innovative concept used by The Scene Tonight on WCCO, on-air news anchors rotate, with the weather forecaster and sportscaster appearing after the newscaster and sharing the space.

This innovative concept used by The Scene Tonight on WCCO allowed for longer, more detailed news stories being in-depth, creating a more integrated newscast.

Meanwhile, WFAA-TV had innovations in local news, like being the first US station to use worldwide satellite capacity and videotaped field reports.

Two of the now-defunct New England television stations WNAC-TV and WXPO-TV introduced some other innovations to local news presentation.

WXPO-TV is one of the pioneers in having non-stop news coverage with updates on the hour.

In addition, WNAC-TV is one of the first local American television stations to use a jingle-based news music package to promote its newscasts.

The CBS World News Roundup is the longest-running radio news program in the United States.

Having assembled a group of journalists called the Murrow Boys, Edward R. Murrow set standards for modern broadcast journalism.

William L. Shirer is the first of the original Murrow Boys.

Howard K. Smith, Charles Collingwood, Eric Sevareid, Bill Downs and Richard C. Hottelet are some other Murrow Boys.

Daniel Schorr, Alexander Kendrick, George Polk and Marvin Kalb are some members of the second generation Murrow Boys.

For its first edition in March 1938 as a one-time special in response to growing tensions in Europe, the CBS World News Roundup presented, for the first time, Edward R. Murrow's voice to the world.

I Can Hear It Now 1933-1945 (1948) is the first documentary record to become widely popular, which Edward R. Murrow narrated (and co-produced with Fred W. Friendly).

With the huge success of this first I Can Hear It Now record and two follow-ups in 1949 and 1950, the Edward R. Murrow and Fred W. Friendly pair parlayed them into a weekly program for CBS.

Hear It Now, which used a magazine format, was originally known as Report to the Nation, but had its name changed to capitalize on the high popularity of the albums from Edward R. Murrow.

See It Now, which is the television answer to Hear It Now, is one of the earliest documentary series on television, but also the program setting standards in broadcast journalism via Edward R. Murrow.

Unlike other news programs using newsreel companies to record events, See It Now utilized its own camera crews to coordinate filming on location.

Plus, See It Now had no rehearsed interviews, plus no background music to accompany the visuals.

Although See It Now relied on news correspondents from around the world, the first autonomous news unit was organized by Edward R. Murrow and Fred W. Friendly.

Don Hewitt, Joseph Wershba and Palmer Williams were involved in the first autonomous news unit for See It Now, which Edward R. Murrow and Fred W. Friendly organized.

Person to Person, which Edward R. Murrow hosted, uses celebrities in their homes from a comfortable chair in his New York studio, pioneering the celebrity interview concept.

One of the most notable guests on the original Person to Person version was Marilyn Monroe.

60 Minutes blends the elements made by the two television projects in which Edward R. Murrow was involved: See It Now and Person to Person.

Chet Huntley and David Brinkley teamed up for the national political conventions in the mid-1950's or before 1957, leading to NBC's eponymous flagship newscast called The Huntley-Brinkley Report.

Using the two-city news format that WSAZ pioneered with the opening of its Charleston branch, miles away from Huntington, The Huntley-Brinkley Report had become a cultural landmark.

Reuven Frank was the driving force behind The Huntley-Brinkley Report's huge success.

Chet Huntley offers national and international news on The Huntley-Brinkley Report from NBC's 30 Rockefeller Plaza studios in New York; David Brinkley focuses on Washington reports.

For The Huntley-Brinkley Report, Chet Huntley was portrayed as a straightforward newsman; David Brinkley had a lighter, more compressed and more whimsical approach.

Initially earning medicore ratings, The Huntley-Brinkley Report on NBC eventually gained popularity over Douglas Edwards' news program on CBS.

Due to the huge success of The Huntley-Brinkley Report, Douglas Edwards was succeeded by Walter Cronkite on CBS' flagship newscast in April 1962.

In Walter Cronkite's first year, the CBS news program was simply known as Walter Cronkite with the News.

Just one year later, in the mid-1960's or after 1962, the newscast, which was renamed the CBS Evening News, expanded its running time from the usual quarter-hour to 30 minutes or a half-hour.

With the mid-1960's expansion of its running time from a quarter-hour to a half-hour, the CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite became network television's first daily half-hour weeknight newscast.

NBC and ABC jumped on the bandwagon of the new half-hour CBS Evening News.

This expansion from the usual quarter-hour to a half-hour through the CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite revolutionized journalism, allowing for more in-depth reporting and analysis.

From 1962 to 1981, the CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite had become a cultural landmark; his successor Dan Rather anchored the CBS Evening News for 24 years from 1981 to 2005.

Edward R. Murrow's signature sign-off is "Good night, and good luck."

Walter Cronkite's famous and iconic sign-off on the CBS Evening News is "And that's the way it is," followed by the date of the broadcast.

Meanwhile, the signature sign-off on The Huntley-Brinkley Report is "Good night, Chet. Good night, David. And good night, for NBC News."

The KTLA Telecopter was the first ever television news helicopter in the world, which first went into operation in the late-1950's or after 1957 and was invented by John D. Silva.

Still in Los Angeles, KNXT (now KCBS-TV) innovated a concept in television news: The Big News.

Departing from the shorter network-focused news programs, The Big News on KNXT was one of the first news programs in a major US market to last 60 minutes or an hour.

Lasting 45 minutes, The Big News on KNXT covered local news, separate from weather and sports.

Sam Zelman was the driving force behind The Big News on KNXT.

Eyewitness News was a local newscast lasting 90 minutes on KYW-TV in Cleveland, which, like The Big News on KNXT, was the first news program to last 60 minutes or so.

Having begun at KYW-TV in Cleveland, the Eyewitness News name was also used by Westinghouse's other television stations for their local newscasts during the 1960's.

After the KYW-TV calls, management and some staffers moved to Philadelphia from Cleveland in the mid-1960's or before 1966, its then-news director Al Primo created the Eyewitness News format.

With Al Primo's Eyewitness News format, KYW-TV became the ratings leader at the time, displacing longtime leader WCAU-TV.

The huge success of the Eyewitness News format, made by Al Primo for KYW-TV, also spurred rival news executive Mel Kampmann to create Action News for WFIL-TV (now WPVI-TV).

Even when the Eyewitness News format began, Vince Leonard was the main evening news anchor for KYW-TV.

But Tom Snyder was harder-hitting and more urgent on KYW-TV's Eyewitness News at Noon.

Marciarose Shestack, Malcolm Poindexter and Trudy Haynes add diversity to KYW-TV's Eyewitness News under Al Primo.

For Action News, when it began, WFIL-TV served as the television extension of a Philadelphia radio station catering to teenagers and young adults.

Action News attracted the young radio audience with music, pop culture references and casual on-air personalities.

Larry Kane, who, in his radio years, was the only American reporter to travel with The Beatles in their American tour, was the first anchor for Action News on WFIL/WPVI.

Jim O'Brien, who was a radio DJ at WFIL, was the weatherman for Action News.

From 1972 to 1977, the news team of Mort Crim, Vince Leonard and Jessica Savitch helped KYW-TV achieve ratings success through Eyewitness News.

In 1977, with the fast-paced Action News concept it developed earlier, WPVI-TV made its surge to the number one ratings position in Philadelphia, and has held its position ever since.

Jim Gardner, imported from Buffalo, replaced Larry Kane on Action News in 1977.

The WPVI-TV news team of Jim Gardner, Don Tollefson, Jim O'Brien, Dave Roberts and Gary Papa have contributed to (and established) the success and legacy of the Action News format.

Some reasons for WPVI's dominance over KYW starting in 1977 include the latter station's declining ratings and the loss of some of its key news team, like Mort Crim and Jessica Savitch.

Larry Pollock and Pat Palillo, besides Mel Kampmann, are masterminds for Action News on WPVI.

Al Primo then took the Eyewitness News concept with him to WABC-TV in New York City, where he perfected/refined the one that he had created while at KYW-TV in Philadelphia.

By perfecting/refining the Eyewitness News format that Al Primo had created, WABC-TV became the ratings leader for the first time in its history, displacing longtime leader WCBS-TV.

Meanwhile, WTVT has its own renowned news department, with a unique name being Pulse.

Until the 1980's, Eyewitness News had started with a static shot of the studio set.

Ever since its debut, Action News has used its fast-paced cinematic opening montage, which includes quick cuts, bold graphics and driving music, different from the static Eyewitness News intro.

Some local television stations using the Eyewitness News brand are updating their intros to mirror the fast-paced Action News style to reflect a more fast-paced and modern presentation.

Many of the local and national television newscasts conclude with the weather forecast, others with a recap of the stories.

Local newscasts in North America end with sports, others with a last story.

Al Primo and Frank Magid are known as key figures in popularizing and spreading the formats of both Eyewitness News and Action News, both across the nation and around the world.

Having been with ABC Sports since 1960, Roone Arledge also took over ABC News in 1977.

Roone Arledge, who took control of ABC News in 1977, revitalized this organization by improving its financial standing and revolutionizing its presentation.

Both ABC World News Tonight and 20/20 started their long and successful tenures in 1978; Nightline likewise started its long and successful run in 1980.

The JFK assassination is a pivotal moment that cemented television's dominance for news.

Earlier on, 81 days before his death, John F. Kennedy was interviewed by Walter Cronkite for the first broadcast of the CBS Evening News, television's first daily half-hour evening newscast.

When the half-hour television newscasts began (and when JFK's death occurred), the print and radio industries dominated the news business, as did newsreels; television was in secondary status.

But with JFK's death (along with the half-hour newscasts), television's dominance in journalism was cemented.

America's Big Three television networks preempted regular programming for 4 days to offer live and uninterrupted coverage of the JFK assassination and his funeral.

JFK's death and the half-hour newscasts proved that television news could be done in real-time.

Besides JFK's death, some moments, such as the space race and the Vietnam War, played key roles in putting both Walter Cronkite and the CBS Evening News atop the ratings crown.

During World News Tonight's early years, Frank Reynolds reports from Washington, Max Robinson covers national news from Chicago and Peter Jennings covers world news from London.

This three-city format used during World News Tonight's first years was based on the two-city news format of The Huntley-Brinkley Report, which, in turn, was based on WSAZ.

For Independence Day, Peter Jennings permanently left London in the United Kingdom to co-anchor World News Tonight from Washington D.C. to fill in for the ailing Frank Reynolds.

Max Robinson continued to co-anchor World News Tonight from Chicago.

Eventually, after Frank Reynolds' death, this anchor setup for ABC World News Tonight was revised, with Peter Jennings anchoring himself from New York, its new base of operations.

As for Max Robinson, his role as World News Tonight anchor was demoted to weekend anchor.

Due to the ABC News turnaround being made by Roone Arledge, World News Tonight served as the catalyst for other networks to adapt.

Going back to the Midwest, WLWT and WTHR are some stations of the WLW Network.

North of the border, Global has had its news operation since its launch in 1974.

BCTV produces and airs its iconic 6 p.m. newscast called the News Hour; Tony Parsons served as its primary anchor from 1975 to December 2009.

Jack Webster was the host of an eponymous current affairs program for BCTV called Webster!

Upon its October 1978 launch, Webster! was seen on BCTV every weekday mornings at 9 a.m. for 90 minutes.

For its last season, starting in 1986, Webster! was seen at 5 p.m., leading to the News Hour with Tony Parsons on BCTV.

In Montreal, the Pulse name, already used by WTVT, is used by CFCF until 2001.

Multiple Access, which held CFCF, also partly held CityTV, under which it began using a variant of the Pulse name called CityPulse.

World News Tonight with Peter Jennings was the program's name from 1984 to 2005.

From 1989 to 1996, World News Tonight with Peter Jennings had been the top-rated national nightly newscast in the United States.

Vesti on RTR/Russia-1 is the first alternative news program in Russia.

Since its early-1990's launch, Vesti on RTR/Russia-1 has positioned itself as a modern and dynamic alternative to the traditional Vremya.

Dave Garroway, a radio disc jockey at WMAQ-AM, moved to television with the eponymous program known as Garroway at Large, which began in 1949.

Garroway at Large, which aired every week at 10pm from the WMAQ-TV studios in Chicago, notably introduced an innovative presentation and staging to television through Dave Garroway.

Saturday is the usual day on which Garroway at Large, which Dave Garroway hosted, was seen on the NBC television network (and later, on Sundays and Fridays).

Ernie Kovacs presented a program on WPTZ called Three to Get Ready, which began in 1950.

Three to Get Ready, which aired in the early mornings with a format mixing news, weather, music and humour, was Ernie Kovacs' innovative television project.

In addition, Ernie Kovacs' Three to Get Ready program, produced specifically for WPTZ, was the first television program to be aired in the early mornings in a major US market.

Some notable innovations for Ernie Kovacs' Three to Get Ready program on WPTZ included his zany manner with comedy sketches, impromptu gags and audience participation.

When television first began in New York City, programs seen on the medium used/adopted the frequent theatrical proscenium concept, separating the stage from the audience area.

After World War II, several programs originated from Chicago, where Dave Garroway was a radio disc jockey on WMAQ-AM.

Through his own innovative Garroway at Large television program, Dave Garroway circumvented the conventions for a more casual approach in which the reality of the studio was acknowledged.

Followed by a single camera, Dave Garroway, in his own Garroway at Large program, walked around large studios and simple abstract sets as he directly talked to guests and television viewers.

Known as the Chicago Style, this live staging technique, made for Dave Garroway's own Garroway at Large program, was developed further through his other innovative program called Today.

During its initial years, NBC's Today program emanated from the RCA Exhibition Hall.

In the first ever studio used for NBC's Today program from the RCA Exhibition Hall was an open-plan working area with teletypes, wall clocks and workstations all visible (and audible) on the air.

Many people all around the United States described this open-plan working area in the first studio ever utilized for NBC's Today program from the RCA Exhibition Hall as television's command centre.

Plus, this open-plan working area in the first studio ever used for NBC's Today program from the RCA Exhibition Hall was described by Dave Garroway as "the nerve centre of the world."

Based at Rockefeller Plaza and West 49th Street in New York's Midtown Manhattan portion, the RCA Exhibition Hall was down the block from the current studio used for NBC's Today program.

Over the years, this working area in the first studio for NBC's Today program emanating from the RCA Exhibition Hall has become working newsrooms, though not as immersive as its original space.

Instead, working television newsrooms are usually placed directly behind the news anchor desk, with a physical or a imaginary divider between the studio and newsroom area.

Layouts for working television newsrooms include glass separating them from the broadcast area.

However, designs placing news anchors in the middle of the newsroom have been used by numerous programs over the years - in varying degrees.

In addition, numerous other news studios include smaller, scaled down work areas seen on camera.

Plus, television stations feature camera positions placed more inside newsroom areas; often called flash cams, they are used for live reports/updates, as well as prerecorded teases and promos.

Newsrooms are used by TV stations for temporary sets, whereas primary studios are being renovated or updated with a new set or equipment.

A similar idea is also often used for working weather centres in modern television studio sets.

When NBC's Today program started in the 1950's, weather centres did not utilize chroma key, since it requires, by definition, colour cameras.

Upon its debut in early-1950's, NBC's Today program utilized panels, with printed maps, handwritten notations and movable cutout pieces to symbolize weather conditions.

On many local news studio sets, the weather team works in the studio from built-in workstations and video panels, while usually starting/ending their weather reports from in front of a working area.

Many weather centres use a desk or pod allowing weather forecasters to appear on screen, facing the camera, while also viewing computer monitors and manipulating graphics/maps in realtime.

Street-level and windowed studios, meanwhile, are still used from now on.

Technically, all Big Three networks have their morning newscasts from street-level studio sets.

Local US television stations also have street-level and windowed studios, though they often serve as secondary sets or double as a satellite operation for the station's main newsroom.

In many ways, however, these street-level and windowed studios serve more as a highly visual public showcase for the local station rather than using the view as a primary backdrop.

Many of these street-level and windowed studios feature sets, built inside of a traditional windowless studio and having looked much indifferent for all intents and purposes.

Plus, modern and efficient news tickers were not created or launched until 1993, nor fully popularized until September 2001.

The news ticker being used when NBC's Today program first began was an actual piece of paper with typewritten headlines superimposed on the lower third of the screen.

During its first 48 years, the weekday version of the Today Show lasted two hours from 7 a.m. to 9 a.m. Eastern Time.

After 48 years, the Today Show began having an additional hour, ending at 10 a.m. Eastern Time.

Seven years after its extension to an additional hour, the Today Show started having another additional hour, ending at 11 a.m. Eastern Time.

In the mid-1990's or after 1993, Today moved to a street-level location at Rockefeller Plaza, which is known as the Window on the World, recalling the program's early-1950's origins.

J. Fred Muggs, a chimpanzee, is a mascot of NBC's Today program from 1953 to 1957.

Although his tenure as a mascot of NBC's Today program was short-lived, J. Fred Muggs was deemed popular amongst its viewers, especially children.

Having revived the initially struggling ratings (and poor viewership) of NBC's Today program, J. Fred Muggs was often paired with Lee Meriwether.

Despite his on-screen success, J. Fred Muggs is also known for his difficult and sometimes aggressive approach.

Both Garroway at Large and Today are notably innovative and groundbreaking television programs in which Dave Garroway was involved.

In addition, both Garroway at Large and Today are some influences for modern broadcast design.

Three to Get Ready, made in Philadelphia for WPTZ and hosted by Ernie Kovacs, was a precursor for NBC's Today program

WEWS was also a pioneer in early-morning television through The Morning Exchange, which began airing in January 1972.

Alan Douglas was the first presenter of The Morning Exchange on WEWS; when he was here, it was known as The Alan Douglas Morning Exchange.

Some notable innovations for The Morning Exchange on WEWS include a set that resembled a living room and news and weather updates at the top and bottom of the hour.

Don Webster was the announcer and sometimes interviewer for The Morning Exchange on WEWS.

Joel Rose was also an well-known icon in The Morning Exchange on WEWS from 1972 to 1984, and again from 1986 to 1990; in his first stint, he was the news anchor.

Liz Richards replaced Don Webster as co-host of The Morning Exchange on WEWS in March 1972.

July 1972 was when Alan Douglas left WEWS' The Morning Exchange, and Fred Griffith assumed his place.

Upon its launch in January 1972, WEWS' The Morning Exchange used a news desk set, but in August 1972, it was replaced by a set resembling a living room.

The Morning Exchange was created in 1972 by Donald L. Perris and William F. Baker for WEWS.

During its first 26 years, The Morning Exchange on WEWS lasted two hours from 7 a.m. to 9 a.m.

WCVB-TV, meanwhile, locally-aired Good Day!, which began its run on September 24, 1973 as Good Morning!, and which was similar in format to The Morning Exchange on WEWS.

For WCVB's Good Day!, it focused more on arts and entertainment than news and weather.

Good Day! on WCVB also broke ground by taking its production on the road and broadcasting from locations outside Boston and around the world.

AM America is ABC's first attempt to break the long-standing dominance of NBC's Today program.

Having aired on ABC (of which WEWS was an affiliate, and which the Cleveland station chose not to broadcast in favour of The Morning Exchange), AM America was unsuccessful.

The Morning Exchange on WEWS and Good Day! on WCVB served as models for the famous Good Morning America on ABC (with which both WEWS and WCVB-TV are affiliated).

In fact, when GMA began in 1975, WCVB station manager Bob Bennett accused ABC entertainment president Fred Silverman of stealing the Good Morning! title being used by WCVB-TV.

With GMA's 1975 debut, WCVB's morning program became Good Day! to avoid confusion.

Having blended the concepts of both WEWS' The Morning Exchange and WCVB's Good Day!, Good Morning America successfully broke the long-standing dominance of NBC's Today program.

Before Roone Arledge turned around the ailing ABC News, both NBC and CBS have maintained more traditional formats in their news presentation, while not entirely plain.

Under Roone Arledge, ABC News distinguished itself from its own rivals with its own cinematic style, comprising dramatic music, bold graphics and the newsroom as a backdrop of the studio.

Plus, under Roone Arledge, ABC News focused on journalists being known as star celebrities, but also closed the gap between news and entertainment.

Having brought his innovative approach from ABC Sports to ABC News, Roone Arledge extended his influence beyond ABC.

20/20 started its long run on June 6, 1978, with its first anchors being Esquire magazine editor Harold Hayes and Australian-born art critic Robert Hughes.

Nevertheless, the first broadcast of 20/20 had earned harsh criticism.

According to Roone Arledge, in his autobiography, the most embarassing part of the first ever 20/20 broadcast was the Claymation segments.

Hugh Downs, previously a semi-retired television personality, took over from both Harold Hayes and Robert Hughes as the solo anchor on the second 20/20 edition.

On its second edition, but also Hugh Downs' first one as anchor, 20/20 changed its format into a more traditional yet unique newsmagazine.

Joining Hugh Downs on 20/20 was Barbara Walters, who began as a correspondent on this program.

In 1984, Barbara Walters moved to the anchor desk on 20/20 to join Hugh Downs, reuniting a duo who previously worked together on NBC's Today program.

The duo of Hugh Downs and Barbara Walters helped to maintain the success and popularity of 20/20.

WBBM-TV is one of the first local television stations in the United States and the world to broadcast newscasts from an open-plan working newsroom on a regular basis, starting in 1973.

This WBBM-TV newsroom studio concept was based on the open-plan working area used in the first studio ever for NBC's Today program from the RCA Exhibition Hall.

Not confined to the WBBM-TV newsroom studio set, Chicago also originated Dave Garroway's own Garroway at Large program, with the Chicago Style, also used by NBC's Today program.

Meanwhile, in Los Angeles, KNXT (now KCBS-TV) likewise used the newsroom studio concept from 1973 to 1986, like WBBM-TV, and in turn, based on the open area for NBC's Today program.

From the mid-1960's to 1986, the CBS Evening News emanated from Studio 33 at the CBS Broadcast Centre in New York.

During its 22 years at Studio 33, the CBS Evening News used a fishbowl-like desk being held by both Walter Cronkite and Dan Rather, with the newsroom, filled with teletypes, being included.

In its first year at Studio 33, the CBS Evening News used a newsroom set, modeled after the previous newsroom studio at the Graybar Building with the famous fishbowl-like desk.

Plus, from the late-1960's until 1977, the CBS Evening News used a plain chroma key backdrop.

The newsroom set being utilized by the CBS Evening News, during its years at Studio 33 at the CBS Broadcast Centre, made famous by Walter Cronkite, was also used by some CBS stations.

ABC News used studio sets with newsrooms as backdrops under Roone Arledge, in turn, based on the open area being used for NBC's Today program from the RCA Exhibition Hall.

Upon its 1974 launch, Global used its own version of the newsroom studio concept based on the CBS Evening News set from Studio 33, including a fishbowl-like desk.

Still in Canada, BCTV used an open working newsroom studio until 2010.

BCTV's newsroom studio, built in 1975, was an extended version of the WBBM-TV newsroom studio starting in 1973.

During its first 30 years, CNN had used the newsroom as the backdrop of the studio from its two main headquarters in Atlanta.

What served as an unlikely inspiration for this newsroom studio set being used by CNN upon its 1980 launch was the newsroom studio from Canadian station CHAN-TV or BCTV.

For CNN's co-founders, like Ted Turner and Reese Schonfeld, they thought that the BCTV newsroom studio was the closest to what they wanted to have.

CNN's sister network CNN2 (later CNN Headline News or Headline News) used a studio set, which featured a control room backdrop from its early-1980's launch to the late-1990's.

The trend of having used the newsroom as a studio backdrop on a regular basis was created by NBC's  famous Today program under Dave Garroway and popularized and cemented by CNN.

In turn, CNN's newsroom studio was based on BCTV.

Before CNN, network television news broadcasts were short half-hour segments that featured a single anchor seated at a desk; sets were isolated, with a logo or simple backdrop behind the host.

With CNN, the busy newsroom was a solver to the simple talking head format.

In May 2010, the newsroom studio used by CNN was gone, moving to Studio 7 at CNN Centre; this continued until 2014, when its own daytime programming and personnel moved to New York.

CNN Headline News took over Studio 7 in 2014.

Upon its relocation to 299 Queen Street West, CityPulse transformed its presentation from an isolated studio into an open-plan working newsroom without an anchor desk.

This desk-less newsroom for CityPulse was based on the open area utilized for NBC's Today program which came from the RCA Exhibition Hall, plus the Eyewitness NewsCentre format by WTHR.

During its first years, Vesti on RTR/Russia-1 came from the Ostankino Technical Centre, featuring an enclosed and isolated studio set comprising of a world map backdrop.

However, during the 1993 events, the Ostankino Technical Centre suffered damage, which meant that Vesti on RTR/Russia-1 emanated from a makeshift studio with a plain backdrop.

Even after the 1993 events (and even with a new look featuring its high-end opening sequence and its different duratran), Vesti on RTR/Russia-1 srtill came from the Ostankino Technical Centre.

With its move to its own studio based at Yamskoye Pole, Vesti on RTR/Russia-1 became Russia's first newscast on television to use a newsroom studio set.

This Vesti newsroom studio was based on CNN's, in turn, based on BCTV.

News music features the rhythm of a teletype machine or Morse code, together with two of the loudest instrumental groups in the Western orchestra: brass and percussion.

During the 20th century, teletypes and Morse code are major methods being used to transmit news and information, especially in newsrooms before computers and telephones become widespread.

Eyewitness News creator Al Primo started using film music as news themes.

Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence by Lalo Schifrin is also used through newscasts.

For Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence, what makes it a fitting music cue for newscasts, in particular television news, is a staccato rhythm resembling the teletype.

Despite not being used in its original form, Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence has been influential in news music.

Utilized in many television newscasts from around the world, Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence has established a certain style and sonic landscape for news music.

The cinematic quality being heard in Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence, which combines its driving rhythm with instrumentation, is adopted and adapted in news themes.

From the late-1960's to the early-1990's, Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence had been the Eyewitness News theme tune, mainly used in its edited form by ABC-owned stations and affiliates.

Increased licensing fees forced local television stations, in particular those using the Eyewitness News concept, to drop Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence in the 1990's.

New York's ABC station WABC-TV was the first to exploit Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence as the Eyewitness News theme when Al Primo arrived in the late-1960's or before 1969.

Adding to Eyewitness News on WABC-TV under Al Primo was happy talk.

The Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence cue was also used outside the United States, notably in both Canada and Australia.

For Canadians, Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence is the famous theme tune for Pulse on CFCF; for Australians, it is the famous theme tune for National Nine News.

Just before Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence was adopted for the WABC-TV version of Eyewitness News, earlier television news themes featured fanfares in a neutral tone.

Plus, the teletype or Morse code sound was a news sounder without music accompaniment.

With Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence, television news themes have a modern cinematic sound.

Television stations have either used The Tar Sequence or created their own news themes mirroring its modern cinematic sound, especially since the WABC-TV version of Eyewitness News.

007 and 007 Takes The Lektor, two of the music pieces being composed by John Barry for the 1960's James Bond film called From Russia With Love, are also notably used through newscasts.

Like Lalo Schifrin's Cool Hand Luke: The Tar Sequence, what makes From Russia With Love: 007 a suitable music cue for newscasts is a staccato rhythm resembling the teletype.

Aujourd'hui C'est Toi from A Man and a Woman by Francis Lai (in its instrumental iteration) is also utilized through newscasts and current affairs.

What makes A Man and a Woman: Aujourd'hui C'est Toi a fitting music cue for both news and current affairs is its French flavour and its use of timpani.

Until the 1980's, the intro sequences for Eyewitness News had a simple wide shot of the studio as the news team walked onto the studio set.

Move Closer to Your World is an iconic and famous television news music package that is based on a jingle and most notably utilized by WPVI-TV and WNEP-TV.

The two masterminds of the Move Closer to Your World package are Al Ham and Walt Liss.

For years, WPVI-TV and WNEP-TV, two of the ABC television stations based in Pennsylvania, have utilized Move Closer to Your World, doubling as the only US stations to use this music package.

Aside from both WPVI-TV and WNEP-TV, WJET-TV is another ABC station in Pennsylvania which utilizes Move Closer to Your World.

WPXI, though not an ABC station, is another Pennsylvania station using Move Closer to Your World.

The first station to use Move Closer to Your World is WNAC-TV, which is one of the first television stations in the United States to use a jingle-based news music package as well.

Classical Gas by Mason Williams is one of the pop music tunes also being used through newscasts.

For Classical Gas, what makes it a fitting music piece for newscasts, in particular television news, is a distinctive and unique classical and pop combination, its driving rhythm and its upbeat feel.

Like Move Closer to Your World, Classical Gas is used for Action News.

Ever since its inception, Action News has used its fast-paced cinematic intro montage, which includes quick cuts, bold graphics and driving music.

The fast-paced intro sequence for Action News differs from the static intro for Eyewitness News.

Some stations that use the Eyewitness News format have their intro sequences made in the style of an Action News intro to reflect a more fast-paced and modern presentation.

Fool's Overture by Supertramp is one of the pop music tunes also being used through current affairs programs.

An synth-heavy instrumental portion of Fool's Overture by Supertramp was used on W5.

Dancing in the Stars by Mannheim Steamroller is likewise a pop music piece also being used through newscasts.

What makes Mannheim Steamroller's Dancing in the Stars a fitting music cue for television news is a combination of pop and orchestral elements.

The Mission is an orchestral suite, composed by world-famous Hollywood film music composer John Williams as a television news music package for NBC News.

Having consisted of four movements, The Mission altered this news music sound by moving from the conventional fanfare-based themes towards a symphonic and nuanced approach.

During its first years, CNN used stock music from labels like De Wolfe, KPM, Bruton, etc.

In the 1990's, CNN contracted Score Productions to create custom music; it already provided music for CNN's sister network called CNN Headline News since the 1980's.

Besides CNN and CNN Headline News, Score Productions did music for ABC News and ABC Sports.

Some music composed for CNN by Score Productions are being stored in the Turner Broadcast Music Library by Sound Ideas, which also distributed De Wolfe Music and Beatbox Music in Canada.

During the Cold War, television news music themes in the Eastern Bloc sounded neutral.

With Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms (glasnost/perestroika), television news music themes in the Eastern Bloc began adopting a more modern uniform Western-influenced sound.

Meanwhile, in both mainland China and Vietnam, many news music themes utilize a modern Western sound, whereas some others sound traditional.

Some Chinese composers also do television news music in a modern Western sound.

Radio disc jockeys serve as announcers for television stations and other media.

Ever since the late-1920's advent of talkies, many stock music labels have used recorded music from different eras and genres.

For the corporate/industrial genre, especially in news and current affairs, stock music incorporates the sounds of technology like the teletype or Morse code.

Plus, the corporate/industrial genre in stock music uses a modern and cinematic orchestral feel, which combines grand orchestral arrangements with industrial and corporate settings in a modern age.

Many modern news music packages incorporate music techniques frequently found in film scores to enhance the emotional impact and storytelling of the news.

During its first decade, CNN lagged behind the established evening newscasts being aired on network television in the US.

However, the first Gulf War turned CNN into a major force in 24-hour television news coverage.

Between the 1960's and the 1980's, the structure and graphics of television news changed.

For newscasts, a presentation style in which scrolling graphics or video consuming the solo screen has evoled into smaller text-to-picture composite graphics positioned alongside the anchor.

During the 1980's, television news presentation changed again (mainly due to advances in production technology and increased competition).

Many of the news studio sets have incorporated elements resembling a command centre, in particular since the 1980's, including video monitors and displays.

For Marilyn Monroe, her beauty and premature death contribute to her status as an iconic figure.

In nostalgia, smoking cigarettes are icons of youth, rebellion, elegance, sexuality and style, especially when associated with people like Marilyn Monroe and James Dean.

Whilst cultural icons like Marilyn Monroe, James Dean, Elvis Presley, Michael Jackson and Whitney Houston are not eternally youthful in physical sense, their deaths have preserve their youth.

Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley, Michael Jackson, Madonna, Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey, Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera are cultural icons for teens and young adults.

Since the 1990's, pop/rock songs have used instrumental intros featuring soulful vocal riffs, runs and melisma before the main melody, inspired by Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey and Celine Dion.

For the last chorus of a pop song since the 1990's, the backup singers have harmonized with the lead singer doing soulful vocals, inspired by Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey and Celine Dion.

Riffs, runs and melisma, described as soulful vocal techniques, are accompanied by vocalizations.